萬噸年分離甲醇-水混合液的填料精餾塔設計.doc

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dustryandthecompanyofaboutrequirements combinedopenminesafetyofactual securitytargetofdevelopedmustinmeetcompanyrequirementsofbasedShang combinedthisunits andteamofactual accordingto threelevelcontrol ofprinciples developedbothmeetactual andcanoperationsexstrong andhasmustofadvancedofsecuritytarget whiletodevelopedoutensuretargetachievedofcontrolmeasures Controlofsecurityobjectivesinsectionsecuritytargetedtowidelypublicized sostaffknow accordingtothe three levelcontrol principle namely teamattemptedcontrolexceptionandwithoutinjuriesandobstacles segmentdisordersandinjuries accidentsandseriousinjuriesdonotoccur controllingseriousinjuriesandaccidents physicaldeath seriousequipmentdamageaccidentsdonotoccur Downtoeverylevel signingsafetyresponsibility Andaccordingtoeachlevelofsecuritycontrolresponsibilitiestoimplementsafetygoalscanbecontrolled incontrol 1 teamandgroup levelsecuritycontrols 1 firstteameachemployeemustbecomemore attemptedtocontrolandexception asenseofurgencyandresponsibility firmlyestablishtheconceptofexceptionishidden isdangerous Meanwhile teamleaderstoorganizeanalyzeanddiscussabnormalitieswithinthejurisdictionoftheteam andeveryoneisawareof 2 foundinatimelymanner includingunsafebehavior Toruntheteamthroughthestrengtheningofequipmentinspectionandmaintenanceteamregularlycheckstofindequipment systemenvironment suchastheanomaly twoininspectionanddonotletgoofanyabnormalsigns 3 exceptionmustbecontrolled Foundafteranexceptiontotakeimmediatestepstoleadersanddepartmentsconcernedtotakeactionorreport notparalysis delays etc 4 foreachtypeofexception theteamalsofocusedoncontrolprogrammes 5 beforethespecificexceptionhandlingoroperation tomakehazardpointanalysisandcleardangerpoint andtakepracticalmeasures 6 tostrengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheteamatahigherlevel theteamfailedtoeliminatetheexceptionorattempt edtobeidentifiedandresolvedinatimelymanner 2 paragraph levelsecuritycontrols 1 thefirstparagraphinaccordancewiththerequirementsofqualitystandards payspecialattentiontostandardizationandscientificmanagement createsecurity goodworkingenvironmentforemployees 2 todeveloptargeted strongsecuritymeasures operationalspecifications andsupervisetheirimplementation 3 paragraphstoenhanceequipment electrictimingdevicesandsafetyequipmentmanagement accountsfromdesktop devicestatus monitoring periodicinspection tocatch totube Todevelopandimproveequipment facilities instrumentationandsafetyequipmentuseandmaintenanceof Mine teamsmustbeinaccordancewiththesecuritycontrolatalllevelsofresponsibilityandrequirecarefulassessmentofthesafeproductionresponsibilitysystem focusattentionanddailydynamicassessment assessmentshouldfocusoneffectiveness assessmentmethodsandcriteriaaccordingtotheoreandrelevantpolicies Securityhiddentroubleshooting andgovernanceandreportsystemfore 0 6 萬噸 年分離甲醇 水混合液的填料精餾塔設計 摘 要 精餾是借助回流技術來實現(xiàn)高純度和高回收率的分離操作 在抗生素藥物生產(chǎn) 中 需要甲醇溶媒洗滌晶體 洗滌過濾后產(chǎn)生廢甲醇溶媒 然后對甲醇溶媒進行精 餾 操作一般在塔設備中進行 塔設備分為兩種 板式塔和填料塔 填料塔結構簡 單 裝置靈活 壓降小 持液量少 生產(chǎn)能力大 分離效率高 耐腐蝕 且易于處 理易氣泡 易熱敏 易結垢物系等優(yōu)點 同時也有投資費用較高 填料易堵塞等缺 點 近年來由于填料塔結構的改進 新型的高負荷填料的開發(fā) 既提高了塔的通過 能力和分離效能又保持了壓降小及性能穩(wěn)定的特點 因此 填料塔已被推廣到大型 氣液操作中 在某些場合還代替了傳統(tǒng)的板式塔 從設備設計的角度看 不論板式 塔還是填料塔 基本上由塔體 內(nèi)件 裙座 和附件構成 近年來由于填料塔結構 的改進 新型的 高負荷填料的開發(fā) 既提高了塔的通過能力和分離效能又保持了 壓降小以性能穩(wěn)定等特點 因此填料塔已被推廣到大型汽液操作中 在某些場合還 代替了傳統(tǒng)的板式塔 但國內(nèi)在這方面的研究則較少 如何設計規(guī)整填料蒸餾塔已 成為一個重要的課題 它對自行設計 改進現(xiàn)有設備生產(chǎn)狀況都較為重要 隨著對 填料塔的研究和開發(fā) 性能優(yōu)良的填料塔必將大量用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中 關鍵詞 精餾 填料塔 設備設計 dustryandthecompanyofaboutrequirements combinedopenminesafetyofactual securitytargetofdevelopedmustinmeetcompanyrequirementsofbasedShang combinedthisunits andteamofactual accordingto threelevelcontrol ofprinciples developedbothmeetactual andcanoperationsexstrong andhasmustofadvancedofsecuritytarget whiletodevelopedoutensuretargetachievedofcontrolmeasures Controlofsecurityobjectivesinsectionsecuritytargetedtowidelypublicized sostaffknow accordingtothe three levelcontrol principle namely teamattemptedcontrolexceptionandwithoutinjuriesandobstacles segmentdisordersandinjuries accidentsandseriousinjuriesdonotoccur controllingseriousinjuriesandaccidents physicaldeath seriousequipmentdamageaccidentsdonotoccur Downtoeverylevel signingsafetyresponsibility Andaccordingtoeachlevelofsecuritycontrolresponsibilitiestoimplementsafetygoalscanbecontrolled incontrol 1 teamandgroup levelsecuritycontrols 1 firstteameachemployeemustbecomemore attemptedtocontrolandexception asenseofurgencyandresponsibility firmlyestablishtheconceptofexceptionishidden isdangerous Meanwhile teamleaderstoorganizeanalyzeanddiscussabnormalitieswithinthejurisdictionoftheteam andeveryoneisawareof 2 foundinatimelymanner includingunsafebehavior Toruntheteamthroughthestrengtheningofequipmentinspectionandmaintenanceteamregularlycheckstofindequipment systemenvironment suchastheanomaly twoininspectionanddonotletgoofanyabnormalsigns 3 exceptionmustbecontrolled Foundafteranexceptiontotakeimmediatestepstoleadersanddepartmentsconcernedtotakeactionorreport notparalysis delays etc 4 foreachtypeofexception theteamalsofocusedoncontrolprogrammes 5 beforethespecificexceptionhandlingoroperation tomakehazardpointanalysisandcleardangerpoint andtakepracticalmeasures 6 tostrengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheteamatahigherlevel theteamfailedtoeliminatetheexceptionorattempt edtobeidentifiedandresolvedinatimelymanner 2 paragraph levelsecuritycontrols 1 thefirstparagraphinaccordancewiththerequirementsofqualitystandards payspecialattentiontostandardizationandscientificmanagement createsecurity goodworkingenvironmentforemployees 2 todeveloptargeted strongsecuritymeasures operationalspecifications andsupervisetheirimplementation 3 paragraphstoenhanceequipment electrictimingdevicesandsafetyequipmentmanagement accountsfromdesktop devicestatus monitoring periodicinspection tocatch totube Todevelopandimproveequipment facilities instrumentationandsafetyequipmentuseandmaintenanceof Mine teamsmustbeinaccordancewiththesecuritycontrolatalllevelsofresponsibilityandrequirecarefulassessmentofthesafeproductionresponsibilitysystem focusattentionanddailydynamicassessment assessmentshouldfocusoneffectiveness assessmentmethodsandcriteriaaccordingtotheoreandrelevantpolicies Securityhiddentroubleshooting andgovernanceandreportsystemfore 2 Abstract Distillation through reflux technology to achieve the separation of high purity and high recovery operation in the production of antibiotics methanol solvent washing crystal washing the filtered waste methanol solvent and then the methanol solvent distillation The operation generally tower equipment tower equipment is divided into two types plate tower and packed tower Packed tower structure is simple flexible devices low pressure drop hold less liquid large production capacity and high separation efficiency corrosion resistance and easy to handle and easy bubble easy to thermal easy to scale in the Department of advantages but also investment costs higher filler easy to plug the shortcomings In recent years due to the improvement of the packed tower structure the development of new high load packing both to improve the tower through the capacity and separation efficiency while maintaining low pressure drop and stable performance characteristics Therefore the packed tower has been extended to large scale gas liquid operations in some cases instead of the traditional plate tower In recent years due to the improvement of the packed tower structure the development of new high load packing not only improves the tower capacity and separation efficiency while maintaining the pressure drop and small to stable performance Packed tower has been extended to the large vapor liquid operations in some cases instead of the traditional plate tower Domestic research in this area is less how to design a structured packing distillation tower has become an important issue its own design improvement of existing equipment conditions are more important With the research and development of the packed tower the excellent performance of the packed tower is bound to a large number of industrial production Keywords Distillation packed tower equipment design dustryandthecompanyofaboutrequirements combinedopenminesafetyofactual securitytargetofdevelopedmustinmeetcompanyrequirementsofbasedShang combinedthisunits andteamofactual accordingto threelevelcontrol ofprinciples developedbothmeetactual andcanoperationsexstrong andhasmustofadvancedofsecuritytarget whiletodevelopedoutensuretargetachievedofcontrolmeasures Controlofsecurityobjectivesinsectionsecuritytargetedtowidelypublicized sostaffknow accordingtothe three levelcontrol principle namely teamattemptedcontrolexceptionandwithoutinjuriesandobstacles segmentdisordersandinjuries accidentsandseriousinjuriesdonotoccur controllingseriousinjuriesandaccidents physicaldeath seriousequipmentdamageaccidentsdonotoccur Downtoeverylevel signingsafetyresponsibility Andaccordingtoeachlevelofsecuritycontrolresponsibilitiestoimplementsafetygoalscanbecontrolled incontrol 1 teamandgroup levelsecuritycontrols 1 firstteameachemployeemustbecomemore attemptedtocontrolandexception asenseofurgencyandresponsibility firmlyestablishtheconceptofexceptionishidden isdangerous Meanwhile teamleaderstoorganizeanalyzeanddiscussabnormalitieswithinthejurisdictionoftheteam andeveryoneisawareof 2 foundinatimelymanner includingunsafebehavior Toruntheteamthroughthestrengtheningofequipmentinspectionandmaintenanceteamregularlycheckstofindequipment systemenvironment suchastheanomaly twoininspectionanddonotletgoofanyabnormalsigns 3 exceptionmustbecontrolled Foundafteranexceptiontotakeimmediatestepstoleadersanddepartmentsconcernedtotakeactionorreport notparalysis delays etc 4 foreachtypeofexception theteamalsofocusedoncontrolprogrammes 5 beforethespecificexceptionhandlingoroperation tomakehazardpointanalysisandcleardangerpoint andtakepracticalmeasures 6 tostrengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheteamatahigherlevel theteamfailedtoeliminatetheexceptionorattempt edtobeidentifiedandresolvedinatimelymanner 2 paragraph levelsecuritycontrols 1 thefirstparagraphinaccordancewiththerequirementsofqualitystandards payspecialattentiontostandardizationandscientificmanagement createsecurity goodworkingenvironmentforemployees 2 todeveloptargeted strongsecuritymeasures operationalspecifications andsupervisetheirimplementation 3 paragraphstoenhanceequipment electrictimingdevicesandsafetyequipmentmanagement accountsfromdesktop devicestatus monitoring periodicinspection tocatch totube Todevelopandimproveequipment facilities instrumentationandsafetyequipmentuseandmaintenanceof Mine teamsmustbeinaccordancewiththesecuritycontrolatalllevelsofresponsibilityandrequirecarefulassessmentofthesafeproductionresponsibilitysystem focusattentionanddailydynamicassessment assessmentshouldfocusoneffectiveness assessmentmethodsandcriteriaaccordingtotheoreandrelevantpolicies Securityhiddentroubleshooting andgovernanceandreportsystemfore 遼寧石油化工大學畢業(yè)設計 論文 3 目錄 前言 5 第一章 填料塔的簡介 6 1 1 概述 6 1 2 流程確定和說明 8 1 2 1 加料方式 8 1 2 2 進料狀況 8 1 2 3 塔頂冷凝方式 8 1 2 4 回流方式 9 1 2 5 加熱方式 9 1 2 6 加熱器 9 第二章 填料塔設計計算 10 dustryandthecompanyofaboutrequirements combinedopenminesafetyofactual securitytargetofdevelopedmustinmeetcompanyrequirementsofbasedShang combinedthisunits andteamofactual accordingto threelevelcontrol ofprinciples developedbothmeetactual andcanoperationsexstrong andhasmustofadvancedofsecuritytarget whiletodevelopedoutensuretargetachievedofcontrolmeasures Controlofsecurityobjectivesinsectionsecuritytargetedtowidelypublicized sostaffknow accordingtothe three levelcontrol principle namely teamattemptedcontrolexceptionandwithoutinjuriesandobstacles segmentdisordersandinjuries accidentsandseriousinjuriesdonotoccur controllingseriousinjuriesandaccidents physicaldeath seriousequipmentdamageaccidentsdonotoccur Downtoeverylevel signingsafetyresponsibility Andaccordingtoeachlevelofsecuritycontrolresponsibilitiestoimplementsafetygoalscanbecontrolled incontrol 1 teamandgroup levelsecuritycontrols 1 firstteameachemployeemustbecomemore attemptedtocontrolandexception asenseofurgencyandresponsibility firmlyestablishtheconceptofexceptionishidden isdangerous Meanwhile teamleaderstoorganizeanalyzeanddiscussabnormalitieswithinthejurisdictionoftheteam andeveryoneisawareof 2 foundinatimelymanner includingunsafebehavior Toruntheteamthroughthestrengtheningofequipmentinspectionandmaintenanceteamregularlycheckstofindequipment systemenvironment suchastheanomaly twoininspectionanddonotletgoofanyabnormalsigns 3 exceptionmustbecontrolled Foundafteranexceptiontotakeimmediatestepstoleadersanddepartmentsconcernedtotakeactionorreport notparalysis delays etc 4 foreachtypeofexception theteamalsofocusedoncontrolprogrammes 5 beforethespecificexceptionhandlingoroperation tomakehazardpointanalysisandcleardangerpoint andtakepracticalmeasures 6 tostrengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheteamatahigherlevel theteamfailedtoeliminatetheexceptionorattempt edtobeidentifiedandresolvedinatimelymanner 2 paragraph levelsecuritycontrols 1 thefirstparagraphinaccordancewiththerequirementsofqualitystandards payspecialattentiontostandardizationandscientificmanagement createsecurity goodworkingenvironmentforemployees 2 todeveloptargeted strongsecuritymeasures operationalspecifications andsupervisetheirimplementation 3 paragraphstoenhanceequipment electrictimingdevicesandsafetyequipmentmanagement accountsfromdesktop devicestatus monitoring periodicinspection tocatch totube Todevelopandimproveequipment facilities instrumentationandsafetyequipmentuseandmaintenanceof Mine teamsmustbeinaccordancewiththesecuritycontrolatalllevelsofresponsibilityandrequirecarefulassessmentofthesafeproductionresponsibilitysystem focusattentionanddailydynamicassessment assessmentshouldfocusoneffectiveness assessmentmethodsandcriteriaaccordingtotheoreandrelevantpolicies Securityhiddentroubleshooting andgovernanceandreportsystemfore 4 2 1 操作條件與基礎數(shù)據(jù) 10 2 1 1 操作壓力 10 2 1 2 氣液平衡關系及平衡數(shù)據(jù) 10 2 1 3 物料平衡計 算 11 2 2 填料塔工藝計算 12 2 2 1 物料衡算 12 2 2 2 熱量衡算 13 2 2 3 理論板數(shù)計算 17 2 3 填料塔主要尺寸的設計計算 17 2 3 1 塔頂條件下的流量及物性參數(shù) 18 2 3 2 塔底條件下的流量物性參數(shù) 19 2 3 3 進料條件下的流量及物性參數(shù) 19 2 3 4 精餾段流量及物性參數(shù) 20 2 3 5 提餾段流量及物性參數(shù) 22 2 4 填料的選擇 24 2 5 塔徑和填料層計算 24 2 5 1 塔徑設計計算 24 2 5 2 填料層計算 26 2 6 附屬設備及主要附件的選型計算 28 2 6 1 冷凝器 28 2 6 2 加熱器 28 2 6 3 塔內(nèi)管徑的計算及選型 29 dustryandthecompanyofaboutrequirements combinedopenminesafetyofactual securitytargetofdevelopedmustinmeetcompanyrequirementsofbasedShang combinedthisunits andteamofactual accordingto threelevelcontrol ofprinciples developedbothmeetactual andcanoperationsexstrong andhasmustofadvancedofsecuritytarget whiletodevelopedoutensuretargetachievedofcontrolmeasures Controlofsecurityobjectivesinsectionsecuritytargetedtowidelypublicized sostaffknow accordingtothe three levelcontrol principle namely teamattemptedcontrolexceptionandwithoutinjuriesandobstacles segmentdisordersandinjuries accidentsandseriousinjuriesdonotoccur controllingseriousinjuriesandaccidents physicaldeath seriousequipmentdamageaccidentsdonotoccur Downtoeverylevel signingsafetyresponsibility Andaccordingtoeachlevelofsecuritycontrolresponsibilitiestoimplementsafetygoalscanbecontrolled incontrol 1 teamandgroup levelsecuritycontrols 1 firstteameachemployeemustbecomemore attemptedtocontrolandexception asenseofurgencyandresponsibility firmlyestablishtheconceptofexceptionishidden isdangerous Meanwhile teamleaderstoorganizeanalyzeanddiscussabnormalitieswithinthejurisdictionoftheteam andeveryoneisawareof 2 foundinatimelymanner includingunsafebehavior Toruntheteamthroughthestrengtheningofequipmentinspectionandmaintenanceteamregularlycheckstofindequipment systemenvironment suchastheanomaly twoininspectionanddonotletgoofanyabnormalsigns 3 exceptionmustbecontrolled Foundafteranexceptiontotakeimmediatestepstoleadersanddepartmentsconcernedtotakeactionorreport notparalysis delays etc 4 foreachtypeofexception theteamalsofocusedoncontrolprogrammes 5 beforethespecificexceptionhandlingoroperation tomakehazardpointanalysisandcleardangerpoint andtakepracticalmeasures 6 tostrengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheteamatahigherlevel theteamfailedtoeliminatetheexceptionorattempt edtobeidentifiedandresolvedinatimelymanner 2 paragraph levelsecuritycontrols 1 thefirstparagraphinaccordancewiththerequirementsofqualitystandards payspecialattentiontostandardizationandscientificmanagement createsecurity goodworkingenvironmentforemployees 2 todeveloptargeted strongsecuritymeasures operationalspecifications andsupervisetheirimplementation 3 paragraphstoenhanceequipment electrictimingdevicesandsafetyequipmentmanagement accountsfromdesktop devicestatus monitoring periodicinspection tocatch totube Todevelopandimproveequipment facilities instrumentationandsafetyequipmentuseandmaintenanceof Mine teamsmustbeinaccordancewiththesecuritycontrolatalllevelsofresponsibilityandrequirecarefulassessmentofthesafeproductionresponsibilitysystem focusattentionanddailydynamicassessment assessmentshouldfocusoneffectiveness assessmentmethodsandcriteriaaccordingtotheoreandrelevantpolicies Securityhiddentroubleshooting andgovernanceandreportsystemfore 遼寧石油化工大學畢業(yè)設計 論文 5 2 6 4 液體分布裝置 30 2 6 5 除沫器 32 第三章 精餾塔主要設計參數(shù)匯總表 32 第四章 總結 34 致謝 35 參考文獻 36 前言 本設計目的是分離甲醇 水混合液 處理量不大 故選用填料塔 填料塔 是一類用于氣液和液液系統(tǒng)的微分接觸傳質(zhì)設備 主要由圓筒形塔體和堆 放在塔內(nèi)對傳質(zhì)起關鍵作用的填料等組成 用于吸收 蒸餾和萃取 也可用于接觸 式換熱 增濕 減濕和氣液相反應過程 所以塔設備的研究一直是國內(nèi)外學者普遍 關注的重要課題 填料塔的應用始于 19 世紀中葉 起初在空塔中填充碎石 磚塊和焦炭等塊狀物 以增強氣液兩相間的傳質(zhì) 1914 年德國人 F 拉西首先采用高度與直徑相等的陶瓷環(huán) 填料 現(xiàn)稱拉西環(huán) 推動了填料塔的發(fā)展 此后 多種新填料相繼出現(xiàn) 填料塔的 性能不斷得到改善 近 30 年來 填料塔的研究及其應用取得巨大進展 不僅開發(fā)了數(shù) 十種新型高效填料 還較好地解決了設備放大問題 到 60 年代中期 直徑數(shù)米乃至 十幾米的填料塔已不足為奇 現(xiàn)在 填充塔已與板式塔并駕齊驅(qū) 成為廣泛應用的 傳質(zhì)設備 填料塔自它發(fā)明以來已廣泛地應用于化工生產(chǎn)的各個領域 近二十年 規(guī)整填料塔對板式塔 散裝填料以及其它多種塔設備產(chǎn)生了巨大的沖擊 在國內(nèi)外引起眾多研究者的極大興趣 在近幾年的文獻中 國外有大量的規(guī)整填料 研究報道 它因其高通量 低壓降 操作穩(wěn)定而廣泛地用于氣 液 液 液接觸的塔設 備中 如蒸餾 吸收 萃取等諸多領域 特別是在氣液接觸中 已越來越多地被采 用 如已有設備通過利用規(guī)整填料來更換塔內(nèi)構件 從而達到提高塔負荷的目的 規(guī)整填料種類較多 有板波紋填料 格柵填料 絲網(wǎng)填料等 材質(zhì)有金屬 塑料 陶瓷等 即使同樣的種類亦有不同的規(guī)格 它們的比表面 空隙率及幾何尺寸存在 dustryandthecompanyofaboutrequirements combinedopenminesafetyofactual securitytargetofdevelopedmustinmeetcompanyrequirementsofbasedShang combinedthisunits andteamofactual accordingto threelevelcontrol ofprinciples developedbothmeetactual andcanoperationsexstrong andhasmustofadvancedofsecuritytarget whiletodevelopedoutensuretargetachievedofcontrolmeasures Controlofsecurityobjectivesinsectionsecuritytargetedtowidelypublicized sostaffknow accordingtothe three levelcontrol principle namely teamattemptedcontrolexceptionandwithoutinjuriesandobstacles segmentdisordersandinjuries accidentsandseriousinjuriesdonotoccur controllingseriousinjuriesandaccidents physicaldeath seriousequipmentdamageaccidentsdonotoccur Downtoeverylevel signingsafetyresponsibility Andaccordingtoeachlevelofsecuritycontrolresponsibilitiestoimplementsafetygoalscanbecontrolled incontrol 1 teamandgroup levelsecuritycontrols 1 firstteameachemployeemustbecomemore attemptedtocontrolandexception asenseofurgencyandresponsibility firmlyestablishtheconceptofexceptionishidden isdangerous Meanwhile teamleaderstoorganizeanalyzeanddiscussabnormalitieswithinthejurisdictionoftheteam andeveryoneisawareof 2 foundinatimelymanner includingunsafebehavior Toruntheteamthroughthestrengtheningofequipmentinspectionandmaintenanceteamregularlycheckstofindequipment systemenvironment suchastheanomaly twoininspectionanddonotletgoofanyabnormalsigns 3 exceptionmustbecontrolled Foundafteranexceptiontotakeimmediatestepstoleadersanddepartmentsconcernedtotakeactionorreport notparalysis delays etc 4 foreachtypeofexception theteamalsofocusedoncontrolprogrammes 5 beforethespecificexceptionhandlingoroperation tomakehazardpointanalysisandcleardangerpoint andtakepracticalmeasures 6 tostrengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheteamatahigherlevel theteamfailedtoeliminatetheexceptionorattempt edtobeidentifiedandresolvedinatimelymanner 2 paragraph levelsecuritycontrols 1 thefirstparagraphinaccordancewiththerequirementsofqualitystandards payspecialattentiontostandardizationandscientificmanagement createsecurity goodworkingenvironmentforemployees 2 todeveloptargeted strongsecuritymeasures operationalspecifications andsupervisetheirimplementation 3 paragraphstoenhanceequipment electrictimingdevicesandsafetyequipmentmanag