初三英語總復習 中考我不怕!

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1、初三英語總復習資料八種動詞時態(tài)，有的只要求達到理解層次，有的則要求達到熟練運用層次。至少其中五種時態(tài)包括過去進行時是要求達到熟練運用層次的，而且其考查方式肯定不會以某一時態(tài)的獨立形式出現，而是時態(tài)的綜合運用，尤其要重視各種時態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。找出它們之間的不同冠詞的用法. 現以冠詞為例：1.John was given _ orange bag for his birthday but _ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the2.Theres _ old tree near _ house. A.a,an B.an,the C

2、.a,the D.the,a 3.There is _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the4._ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a5._ bad weather!I hope it wont last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a6._ they are listening to the teacher!A.How careful B.What careful C.How care

3、fully D.What carefully 由上例題我們可以發(fā)現冠詞和感嘆句是必考內容。同樣，象賓語從句的語序、代詞的格、主謂語一致、動詞和介詞的搭配、近義詞的比較以及習慣表達法和情態(tài)動詞的使用等，無一不在考查之列。 所有這一切語言基礎知識，我都將通過對典型試題的解題分析，展開討論，分層展示難易對比，系統(tǒng)歸納。 對于語言基礎知識是這樣處理，那么對以能力測試為主要目的的中考其他試題形式又該怎么辦呢？ 這里我們以一篇完形填空題為例： A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decid

4、ed to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅館)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐館)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服務員)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farme

5、r had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7). The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(聲音),Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave 2.A.D

6、uring B.Though C.When D.Because 3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought 5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise 7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told 9.A.cant B.dont C.wont D.mustnt 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter 要求

7、考生從所給的選項中選出正確答案，使補足后的短文意思通順，結構完整。對此，考生必須通篇考慮，不能拿來就做，那樣必然顧此失彼，前后意思不得連貫。目前的中考完型還側重于語法，這將在逐年試題的變革中轉向按上下文的要求來推斷理解。 在解這類題時，必須掌握“詞感現象”，注意學會區(qū)分“干擾項”。所謂詞感，“the sense of word是指一種對詞或詞群的感受能力。對詞的感受力強，在解題時會較為容易地找到它與情景的關系。詞感并不僅僅指詞與詞之間的細微差異，也并不注重詞的搭配與組合，它較多地強調選用恰當的詞，以利于對情景作出合乎邏輯的判斷。同時也就把其它三個作為干擾項的選擇項排除掉了。最后復讀一篇全文，就

8、會語感流暢，句意明確。 這兒舉例的目的是想說明，我從一個較高的立意來對中考題型，特別是完形、閱讀等，進行分析、探討，借以使同學們獲得較為完整的解題思路和解題方法。 詞匯（一）這一講里，主要幫助同學們掌握名詞、冠詞、數詞的用法，特別是針對同學不易掌握的方面。 一、名詞 關于名詞，我們必須掌握名詞的數，名詞的格。單數可用a、an來修飾可數名詞單數，在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an，而不是a 1.復數的構成方法：(1)一般在復數名詞后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh結尾的名詞加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加es， 如：country

9、-countries。請區(qū)別：如果是元音字母加y結尾的名詞，則只須加s。 如：monkey-monkeys。 (4)以o結尾的名詞，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西紅柿)加es構成復數。(5)以f、fe結尾的名詞，變f、fe為v再加es， 如：knife-knives。 2.單復數形式相同的詞：sheep-sheep，fish-fish Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese 3.特殊變化的單詞有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot-feeth(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen,Frenchman-Fr

10、enchmen 請區(qū)別：German(德國人)Germans (3)childchildren 4.常以復數形式出現的名詞：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(褲子) glasses(眼鏡) ,這些名詞作主語時，同學們應特別注意它們的謂語，用復數。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 5.有些名詞看似復數形式，實際上是單數。這一點是同學不易掌握的，應特別加以記憶。如：news(消息)，maths(數學)，physics(物理) No news is good news. 6.可用how many，many，a few，few

11、，a lot of，lots of，some，any等來修飾可數名詞復數。 How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife) 不可數名詞：1.常見的不可數名詞有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。應特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood. 2.不可數名詞無復數，作主語時?？闯蓡螖怠Ｈ纾篠ome bread_over there.(be) 3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,an

12、y等來修飾不可數名詞。 4.常用a piece of,a cup of等來表示不可數名詞的量。如要表達“兩片面包”這樣的意義，bread仍為不可數名詞，不加s，而piece則可加s。即：twopiecesof bread 請區(qū)別：可數名詞也可用量來表示， 如：三箱蘋果three boxes of apples 例： 1、These two pieces of bread _over there.(be) 2、Could I have three _,please？ A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of

13、breads 名詞的格 名詞所有格的構成方法，在名詞后加“ s”。如：TomToms譯為“的”，若遇上以s結尾的復數名詞，則在s后加“ ”即可。如：TeachersDay , twoweeksholiday，而不以s結尾的復數名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加s 。如：Childrens Day 關于名詞所有格，應掌握以下幾點： 1.可用名詞所有格表示地點。 如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去醫(yī)生家。 2.表示兩人共同擁有，在最后一個名詞后加s 如：Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的 3.掌握詞組：a girl of five 一個五歲的女孩 a frien

14、d of mine 我的一個朋友 eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kates,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kates,my 二、冠詞 冠詞是詞匯中的基礎的，也是簡單的部分，所以同學們有必要掌握其基本用法，歸納起來，同學們應該掌握以下幾點： 1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the 2.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前，如：an hour,an English car. 請區(qū)別：a useful machine 3.指上文提到過的人或物，用定冠詞the 4.在世界上獨一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如：the s

15、un,the moon,the earth 5.定冠詞the用于序數詞前，表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級前。如：the first,the best ,in the south 6.在復數姓氏前加the，表示一家人，?？闯蓮蛿怠?如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 7.在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the，如：in the box ,behind the chair 8.特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個方面：(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：in summer,in August 請區(qū)別：in t

16、he spring of 1945. (這里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類運動名不用冠詞。 如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定詞組中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同，請注意區(qū)別：in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里 in the front of 在范圍內的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 練習:Theres _800-metre-long road behind _hospital. A.an,an

17、 B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the 三、數詞 同學們首先應會讀會寫所有基數詞和序數詞，以及與數詞有關的鐘點表達法。對數詞的考查，中考常采用單選題及聽力題，這些題型歸納起來，應掌握以下幾點特別容易出錯的地方。 1.基數詞變序數詞。其規(guī)律為： 1,2,3特殊記，加th從4起 (first,second,third,fourth) 8少t，9去e，千萬別忘記 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12，ve變f (fifth,twelfth) 20到90，y要變ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是幾十幾，前基后序別倒位 (ninety-first) 2.hundre

18、d,thousand,million 在構成具體的數字時用單數形式。 如：five hundred people. 只有在表達籠統(tǒng)的多數時才加s，構成復數形式。 hundreds of 數以百計的，成百上千的 thousands of 數以千計的，成千上萬的 millions of 數百萬的 這些詞組前不能用具體數字。 3.序數詞常與定冠詞the 連用。練習:Henry has learned eight _ French words this year. A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of The _lesson is the mo

19、st difficult one in Book Two. (twenty) 另外，同學們還應掌握與數詞有關的鐘點表達法。 順讀法(鐘點分鐘) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒讀法(分鐘topast鐘點) 如：4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five 練習題 :1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century,the

20、worlds population was about 1700 million. 2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes. 3.You dont look well.Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once. 4.Would you give me_,please? A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers 5.There are three_and seven_in the picture. A.monkeys,shee

21、ps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps 6.A lot of_are talking with two_. A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen 7.June 1 is _. A.the Childrens Day B.the Childrens Day C.Childrens Day D.Childrens Day 8._people went out to see what had happened. A

22、.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands 9.We have been in the school for_. A.three and a half month B.three and a half monthsC.three month and a half D.three months and half 10._English is_ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /11.John was given _ orange bag for h

23、is birthday but _ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the12.Theres _ old tree near _ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a 13.There is _ 800-metre-long road behind _ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the 四.代詞人稱代詞: 主格: 單數I 、you 、he 、she 、it 復數 we 、you 、they 賓格: 單數me 、you 、him 、her 、

24、it 復數us 、you 、them 物主代詞: 形容詞性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their 名詞性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs 反身代詞: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves 1.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語，相當于一個形容詞，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語，相當于一個名詞。 2.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關系,是單數還是復數。 如：T

25、hese books arent ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room) 3.of+名詞性物主代詞表示所屬 如：a sister of his 他的一個妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一個朋友 4.人稱代詞在并列使用時的順序為：“第二人稱，第三人稱，第一人稱”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music. 5.關于反身代詞，同學們須掌握其固定結構：enjoy oneself=have a good

26、 time (過得很愉快) by oneself=alone (單獨、獨自)help oneself to (隨便吃/喝 些.) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學) 練習題 1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think. A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them 2. Nobody taught_English. He taught_. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his （二） 修飾可數名詞 man

27、y few 表否定意義 a few 表肯定意義 修飾不數名詞 much little 表否定意義 a little 表肯定意義 few 和 little 與 quite 或 only 連用時，常加不定冠詞 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.= 用little, a little, few, a few填空: 1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here. 2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the

28、 glass. 3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well. 4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday. （三）不定代詞: something, anything, nothing. 當形容詞修飾這三個不定代詞時，常后置。 如：something new Theres _ in todays newspaper. 中考題 A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D

29、.something important (四)另外，還要注意代詞some, every, all, both, either, another 1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有時也可用于表示請求的疑問句中。 any（任何） 多用于疑問句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples? 2.every單數名詞 “每一個” 強調共性，作定語,形式上為單數。 each “每一個” 強調個性，作定語、主

30、語、賓語和同位語，常與of連用。 如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games. 3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位語時，一般放在連系、助動詞之后，行為動詞之前。 none “沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of 如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（單、復數均可） 4

31、.both “（兩者）都” ,作主語時，看作復數；作定語時，后跟名詞復數。 either “兩者中任何一個” ,作主語時，謂語用第三人稱單數;作定語時，后跟名詞單數。 neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義，用法同either。 如：They both swim well. Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next we

32、ek. Neither answer is right. 5. another +單數名詞, “另一個” one the other “一個，另一個” the other +復數名詞 = the others “其他的人或物” （指確定范圍內剩下的全部） others “別人” (五)疑問代詞 5個“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which 這里，which是同學們不易掌握的內容，其實，同學們只須記住，對作定語的內容提問，常用which. 例如: I like the red shirt. _ _ do you like ?練習:一、根據所給單詞的適當形式填空，使

33、句意通順，語法完整6Can you come with us?(we)7These skirts are hers. Yours are over there.(she)8Please take care of yourselves, boys and girls.(you)9I dont think this is my frisby, though it looks like mine.(I) 10Look at those books. Are they yours?(that) 二、根據首字母填空11Is there anything interesting in the newspa

34、per? 12She asked us to help each other.13The old man can neither read nor write. 14Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 15Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.三、同義句轉換16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday. 17、A

35、: He doesnt like mutton, and she doesnt, either.B: Neither he nor she likes mutton.18、A: All the American people dont like sandwiches.B: Not all the American people like sandwiches. 19、A: They dont often hear the twins sing the song in the school.B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the so

36、ng in the school.ZK) 四、單項選擇(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .A. little B. few C. a little D. a few (A)21、-Do you like Janes new skirt?-Yes, very much. Ill ask mum to buy for me.A. one B. it C. the other D. a (B)22、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.A. one B. that C. i

37、t D. this (B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.A. the others B. others C. the other D. other (A)24、-Ill give the boys to eat.-Oh, I know, fish and chips.A. something English B. English somethingC. anything English D. English anything

38、 (D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box?-No, thanks, I can do it .A. me B. my C. mine D. myself (D)26、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00?-I dont mind. time is OK.A. Neither B. Each C. Any D. Either (C)27、-My bag is full, what about ?- is full, too.A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yo

39、urs, Mine D. hers, She (D)28、-Ive had enough bread, Would you like ?-No, thanks.A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more (A)29、There are many trees on sides of the river.A. both B. either C. neither D. each(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.A. the other B. other C. the others D.

40、 others (C)2、Without the sun, could grow in the world.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything (B)3、 of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both (B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?-Look! This is a picture of .A. it B. one C. two D

41、. some (B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.A. few B. a few C. a little D. little二、形容詞 副詞大多數的形容詞、副詞都有三個等級： 原級：比較級： 比較.，更.一些 最高級： 最. （A）1.構成：(規(guī)則情況)情況 變 化 方 法 例 詞 單音節(jié)詞和少數雙音節(jié)詞: 一般情況 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母e結尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest 重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母時 雙寫加er

42、, est big-bigger-biggest以輔音字母加y結尾 變y為i加er, est early-earlier-earliest 部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞 在詞前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly 2.不規(guī)則變化，須熟記： good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least (B)常見的使用情況 1.as as 和.一樣（中間用原級） 2.not as(so) as 和.不一樣（中

43、間用原級） 3 than . .比.（用比較級） 4.有范圍修飾的用最高級 如:in, of, among或用從句修飾的 eg.Winter is the coldest season of the year. This is the best film that I have ever seen . 5.比較級+and+比較級 意為“越來越.eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 6. The+比較級，the+比較級 越.就越. eg:The more, the better. 越多越好 (C)注意點：1.形容詞最高級前一定要用the,副詞

44、最高級前可省略。 2.可用much, a little, even, still等修飾比較級。 3.在比較級中為了避免重復，在than后常用one,that,those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. (D)掌握三種同義句轉換：1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class. 2.This film is less interesting than that

45、one. =This film isnt as interesting as that one. =That film is more interesting than this one. 3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and 此外，關于形容詞、副詞的內容同學們還須掌握： 1.形容詞修飾名詞作定語，跟在連系動詞之后作表語。 2.副詞

46、修飾動詞、形容詞或其它副詞 enough屬例外詞：形/副+enough to do enough+名詞 例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她夠上學的年齡了。 3.區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞: 也 too用于肯定、疑問句 also 較為正式書面語 either 用于否定句 已經 already 常用于肯定句、疑問句 yet 常用于否定句、疑問句 不再 no (not any) longer 從時間上講 no (not any) more 從動作上講 如此這樣 such 修飾名詞 eg: such a big box so 修飾形容詞、副詞 eg: so big

47、 單獨、獨自 alone 作表語 =by oneself 孤獨的 lonely 可作表語、定語 eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy) 練習題 1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill. A.Others B. Other C. Another D.The other 2.There isnt _ in todays newspaper.

48、 A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important 3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sisters? -No,Mum. Its not _. Its _. A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D.hers, mine 4.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world. A.long B.longer C.longest D

49、.the longest 5. An elephant is _ than a horse. A.more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong 6. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D. Best 一、 介詞 1與形容詞搭配的詞組有： be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的氣） be away from （不在某地） be different from （與不同） be

50、good at （善于） be good/ bad for (對有益/有害) be interested in （對感興趣） be late for （遲到） be/get ready for （為作好準備） be sure of (對有把握) be worried about （為感到擔憂） 2介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格和動詞-ing形式 1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well. 3幾組易混淆的介詞 A “在.之后” in + 一段時間（用于一般將來時） after + 一段時間（用于一般過去時）

51、 after + 一點時間（常用于一般將來時） 如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour. The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday. B for +一段時間 since +過去的一點時間 這兩者均用于現在完成時，具體在時態(tài)部分，我會繼續(xù)向同學們講解。 C be made of 用制成 be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成” D in, on, at表時間 in “在

52、某月(季節(jié)、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer 固定詞組：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end on 用于指具體的某一天或專指某一天上午、下午或晚上等 eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 at “用于具體時刻前和某些固定詞組中” 固定詞組：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this

53、 time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表時間里，下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介詞 。 如:不能說 in tomorrow ,只能說 tomorrow 在明天 E. except +賓格/doing something 除之外” （

54、不包括本身） Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同義句轉換) =Only Lin Tao isnt at school today. F “用” 通過交通工具 by plane 用語言 in English 通過媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV 用工具手段 with a pen, with ones hands G between “在和（兩者）之間” between.and., between the two. among 在.之間(三者或三者以上) eg.Sue

55、spent over two hours _ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over 二、 連詞 1并列連詞 bothand 既又謂語用復數動詞 neithernor 既不也不含否定意義，（就近原則）謂語動詞由靠近它的那個主語來決定單復數。 eitheror “或者 或者”“不是就是” and“和” 連接兩個并列成分,連接謂語時,兩個動詞時態(tài)應一致。 but “但是” 表轉折，不能與 though 同時出現在句中。 or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列舉常用 or，而不用 and。 Eg: I have brothers

56、 and sisters.(否) I dont have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters. 2引導賓語從句的連詞 陳述句：that 可省略 一般疑問句：if /whether “是否” 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞 3引導原因狀從的有：because (不能與so同時出現在句中) 4引導時間狀語從句的連詞： A. when（當時候），as soon as（一就），notuntil（直到才），after（在之后），引導的主從復合句，主句為一般將來時，從句則用一般現在時來代替一般將來時。 Eg: I wont leave until he comes back. B. since（自從以來）引導的主從復合句，主句為現在完成時，從句用一般過去時。 Eg：We havent met each other since she left here last year. C. while（當時候，一邊一邊）它引導的時間狀語從句常用進行時態(tài)。 Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework. 5引導條件狀語從句的連詞： if “如果”，引