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1、1會計學Unit西方文化導論西方文化導論Get StartedGet Started1. A General Introduction2. Focus InGet StartedGet Started Modernism was born at the turn of the 20th century and swept many countries. Many social and psychological problems found expression in cultural and literary form, thus representing the real mood and

2、 emotion of the ordinary people in the West who were torn by countless troubles arising out of the social, political and cultural contradictions and clashes. At this juncture, the emergence of a number of schools of social ideology in the late 19th century, such as Freuds theory of psycho-analysis,

3、Bergsons theory of intuitionalism as well as the seemingly irrational ideas of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche helped define and clarify the spiritual needs of those intellectuals. These ideological varieties further emancipated peoples mind and gave them both courage and direction to tap the new area of

4、 human knowledge and ideology.Get Started In a way the change of the cultural and intellectual climate in this period had something to do with romanticism and cultural trend of the time. More radical modes of creation appeared, first in poetry and then spread to other forms of writing and art. They

5、were more rebellious, more radical, more opposed to tradition and social reality and more concerned with their own forms of subjective representation. Such a changed approach moved eventually into modernism. Symbolism as an aesthetic movement opened the way for the eventual arrival of modernism, a g

6、rand and complicated cultural movement taking form at the beginning of the 20th century. It included literature and art and embraced many schools of ideological rebellion and alternative forms of artistic representation. It marked the inception of a really new era in terms of cultural and intellectu

7、al development. Get Startedl To understand the background and definition of modernisml To compare the different modernist trends of literaturel To get familiar with the major modernist figuresl To get to know the literary and cultural criticism of new eraText StudyText StudyI. A General Account of M

8、odernismII. Modernist Trend of LiteratureIII. Modernist Literature in Britain and Other English-speaking CountriesIV. Literary and Cultural Criticism of New EraText StudyMain Ideasl The early signs of Modernism (the middle of the 19th century in France) Baudelaire in poetry/Manet in painting/Flauber

9、t in prose fiction two schools of arts and letters: impressionism and symbolisml The definition of Modernism (by Morris Bib) i. two extremes: the reestablishment of religious faith on the one hand and the defence of individualist, anarchist culture on the other ii. one middle line: the vacillation b

10、etween faith and bewilderment, belief and suspicionMain Ideasl a salient characteristic of Modernismindividual awarenessl The core of Modernist thought i. the sense of despair, bitterness and anxiety: the death of all modern idols: God, man, reason, science, progress and history age of anxiety: anxi

11、ety of meaninglessness (loss of a spiritual center, faith and values) ii. the maturation of the modernist movement: literary revolution by the “l(fā)ost generation”: to rebel against the senseless slaughter of WWI and the traditional values artistic revolution by the Dada: to break with the values of th

12、e 19th century and its philosophical and personal materialism and its rationalism Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeaslModernist performances in literature and art features: represent both progressive and radical tendencies; insist upon the subjectivity expressive means: expressionism,

13、 cubism, post-impressionism, futurism, etc. emblem: the adversary culture major figures among writers: T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf major figures among composers: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern major figures of modern dance: Emile Jaques-Delcroze, Rudolf

14、 Laban, Loie Fuller Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideas Modernist Influence to bring about a variety of Modernist genres and groups: Bolshevik tendencies, International Style, avant-garde activity, etc. to revolt against the values of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois conservative values to cause a

15、 series of cultural and artistic works different from traditional form of art to open a way of thinking and creation to human cultural and spiritual development, and move to the Postmodernist eraMain Ideasmajor figures among painters: Edouard Manetmajor figures among architects: Ludwig Mies van der

16、Rohe, Le Corbusierl Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsRealpolitik (power policy) 實力政策實力政策: It refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considera

17、tions, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism. Realpolitik is a theory of politics that focuses on considerations of power, not ideals, morals, or principles. Balancing p

18、ower to keep the European pentarchy was the means for keeping the peace, and careful Realpolitikers tried to avoid arms races. The most famous German advocate of “Realpolitik” was Otto von Bismarck. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural

19、TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe Lost Generation 迷惘的一代迷惘的一代: A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is

20、commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and others. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsDada or Dadaism 達達主義達達主義: A cultural movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement

21、primarily involved visual arts, literaturepoetry, art manifestoes, art theorytheatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be

22、the meaninglessness of the modern world. In addition to being anti-war, Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchist in nature. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsInternational Style 國際風格國際風格: A major architectural style that emerg

23、ed in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of Modernist architecture. The term had its origin from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson written to record the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932 wh

24、ich identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristics common to Modernism across the world. As a result, the focus was more on the stylistic aspects of Modernism. Hitchcocks and Johnsons aims were to define a style of the time, which would encapsulate this modern architecture. They identifie

25、d three different principles: the Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsexpression of volume rather than mass, balance rather than preconceived symmetry and the expulsion of applied ornament.Interpretation of Cultural Term

26、sText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsavant-garde activity 先鋒派運動先鋒派運動: Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of

27、modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement and still continue to do so, tracing a history from Dada through the situationists to postmodern artists such as the language poets around 1981. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInt

28、erpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyComprehension ExercisesFill in the blanks.Comprehension Exercises1. The early signs of Modernism emerged in the middle of the 19th century. In the arts and letters, two schools originating in France had particular impact. They we

29、re and symbolism.2. The broadly acceptable definition of Modernism was given by Morris Bib, who stated that Modernism should contain and one middle line.3. The artists who rebelled against the senseless slaughter of the WWI and raised the literary revolution in the 1920s were called .impressionismtw

30、o extremesthe “l(fā)ost generation”_Text StudyComprehension ExercisesComprehension Exercises4. In the visual arts the roots of Modernism are often traced back to painter , who broke away in the 1860s from inherited notions of perspective, modeling, and subject matter.5. The second stage of Modernism is

31、, a period with more reflection on and positive attitude towards the past.Edouard ManetPostmodernist era_Fill in the blanks. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated

32、 cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social c

33、onventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Text StudyThink and DiscussSay something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features.Think and DiscussT

34、ext StudyThink and Discuss Modernism despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved

35、that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simpl

36、e no one could not reject allThink and DiscussText StudyThink and Discussthe inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, hav

37、e to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, that they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.Think and Discussdeath, dusk, autumn, fallen leaves, tolls at grave, burned-out candles, etc.representativestone of w

38、orksthemesBaudelaire, RimbaudVerlaine, MoreasMallarme, ValeryText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideascharacterized by pain, frustration and sorrowdeny rational knowledge and logical thinking;ignore reality and use intuitional power;express idealistic beauties in abstract imageMajor Schools of ModernismSymboli

39、smideas Ernest Hulme, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliotrepresentativesimage being the essence of intuitional language;catch images in life by intuitional powerideasImagismMarinetti, DAnnunziorepresentativesText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasdeny the importance of past cultural heritage;eulogize modern urban life an

40、d the machine-age civilization;advert formalism;use mathematical symbols to create “future art”FuturismideasModernist Techniques of Expressioni. preference for the symbolicii. fascination with the absurdiii. disillusionment with the traditional (anti-fiction, anti-drama)iv. representation of inwardn

41、essText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasdramatists: Eugene ONeil, Bertolt Brecht, Johan August Stindberg,novelist: Kafka Metamorphosi The Trial and The Castlerepresentativessocial crisis and mans alienation are the central concernExpress-ionismideasText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termscubism 立體主義立體主義:

42、 A 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential a

43、s a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInt

44、erpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termssurrealism 超現(xiàn)實主義超現(xiàn)實主義: A cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions an

45、d non sequitur; however, many surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader Andr Breton was explicit in his assertion that surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Interpretation

46、of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe stream of consciousness 意識流意識流: a modernist literary school emphasizing psychological representation, featured by interior monologue and associative (and at times

47、dissociative) leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsexistentialism 存在主義存在主義: A term applied to the work of a number of phil

48、osophers since the 19th century who, despite large differences in their positions, generally focused on the condition of human existence, and an individuals emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts, or the meaning or purpose of life. Existential philosophers often focused more on what they

49、believed was subjective, such as beliefs and religion, or human states, feelings, and emotions, such as freedom, pain, guilt, and regret, as opposed to analyzing objective knowledge, language, or science. The early 19th century philosopher Sren Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of existentialism

50、. Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyComprehension ExercisesMatch the following schools of modernism with their representatives. Schools(1) symbolism (2) futurism (3) imagism (4) expressionismRepresentativesa. Ezra Poun

51、d b. Baudelaire c. Eugene ONeilld. Marinetti Comprehension ExercisesText StudyThink and DiscussTell the major schools of modernism and their common techniques of expression. The major schools of modernism are: symbolism, futurism, imagism, expressionism, etc.Although they have diversities in their r

52、epresentative methods, the common techniques of expression they share are: preference for the symbolic; fascination with the absurd; disillusionment with the traditional (anti-fiction, anti-drama); representation of inwardness.Think and DiscussMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain I

53、deasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain I

54、deasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasEarly Modernist Events and FiguresEzra PoundMain IdeasText StudyMain Ideasanguish and depression of social turmoilHugh Selwyn MauberleyWorks Event

55、sFiguresThemes of Worksinitiation of imagismHulmepost-war Anglo-American modernismD.H. LawrenceThe Rainbow,Women in Lovesickness of modern civilization, human psyche, psychological alienation, intellectual declineMain IdeasText StudyMain Ideasdark side of modern western society, spiritual emptiness

56、and rootlessness of modern existenceT. S. EliotPrufrock and Other, Observations,The Waste LandMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasIrish Writerscreativity, selfhood, the individuals relationship to nature, time and historyWritersWorksThemes or Methods of WritingW.B.YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole,Michael Roba

57、rtes and the Dancer,The Tower,The Winding Stairpartly realistic partly symbolic, individual awareness of humanDubliners,A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManUlyssesthe stream of consciousnessMain IdeasText StudyMain Ideaspolyglot idiom of puns and portmanteau words, abundant songs and stories of b

58、oth history and present timeJames JoyceFinnegans WakeMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasFeminist Writingthe use of stream of consciousness,a new view and treatment of subjectivity, time and history,to create a certainty about the need to modify traditional forms of fictionWritersWorksFeatures of the Work

59、sVirginia WoolfTo the Lighthouse,The Waves,Between the ActsworksLord of the Flies, The Inheritors, Pincher Martin, Free Fall, etc.Animal Farm,Nineteen Eighty-fourworksWilliam GoldingGeorge OrwellMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasModernist Writing after the WWIIKingsley Amis Lucky Jim,Angus Wilsons No La

60、ughing Matter,Alan Sillitoes Saturday Night and Sunday Morningsubject of worksupward social mobility The Angry Young MenrepresentativenovelsWritersThe Bloody Chamber and Other Storiesbe occupied with myth, magic, and fable, to counter the “patriarchal discourse”Angela CarterMain IdeasText StudyMain

61、IdeasPostcolonial Writingstylistic miscellaneousness,to evoke controversy and misunderstanding from outside Britain to the extent of a death threatWorksFeatures of WritingSalman RushdieMidnights Children,Shame,The Satanic Versesfull of the existential disillusionment of Americas “l(fā)ost generation” ex

62、patriatessophisticated, featured either with expressionism or naturalism, wide range in subject matterFeatures or Themes of WritingHemingwayThe Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the SeaMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasAmerican LiteratureBeyond the Horizon,Anna Christie,The Hairy Ape,S

63、trange InterludeMajor WritersRepresentative Worksthe first half of the 20th centuryONeillSteinbeckthe social struggles of migrant farm worker in California during the Great DepressionIn Dubious Battle,The Grapes of Wraththe use of stream-of-consciousness techniques combined with the social history o

64、f the American southMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasThe Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, The HamletFaulknerSlaughterhouse-fiveKurt Vonnegut Jr.Irwin ShawThe Young Lions,Catch-22themes: cultural impact, social upheavals and political uncertaintieswriting techniques: black humour, ab

65、surdist fantasyMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasThe Naked and the Deadthe post-war periodNorman Mailerrevealed a genius for ironic lyricismthe Beat Poets: Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, etc.Theodore Roethkespiritual torments and family historyMain IdeasText StudyMain Ideaspoetry from 1945 to 19

66、60Robert LowellCountriesCanadapoets: A.J.M. Smith, F. R. Scott, A.M. Klein, Dorothy Livesay novelists: Morley CallaghanAustraliaRepresentativesFurnley Maurice, Christena Stead, Frederic Manning, Patrick WhiteMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasModernist Literature in Other English-Speaking CountriesKatherine MansfieldNew ZealandInterpretation of Cultural TermsText Studythe Great Depression 經(jīng)濟大蕭條經(jīng)濟大蕭條: A severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great