沙灘鏟手柄注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)(帶CAD圖紙)
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:沙灘鏟手柄注塑模具設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 專(zhuān) 業(yè): 所在學(xué)院: 指導(dǎo)教師: 職 稱(chēng): 20xx年 2月 27日任務(wù)書(shū)填寫(xiě)要求1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫(xiě),經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專(zhuān)業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系(院)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書(shū)應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生。2任務(wù)書(shū)內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書(shū)寫(xiě),不得涂改或潦草書(shū)寫(xiě);或者按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁(yè)上下載)打印,要求正文小4號(hào)宋體,1.5倍行距,禁止打印在其它紙上剪貼。3任務(wù)書(shū)內(nèi)填寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容,必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成的情況相一致,若有變更,應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過(guò)所在專(zhuān)業(yè)及系(院)主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫(xiě)。4任務(wù)書(shū)內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院”、“專(zhuān)業(yè)”等名稱(chēng)的填寫(xiě),應(yīng)寫(xiě)中文全稱(chēng),不能寫(xiě)數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫(xiě)全號(hào),不能只寫(xiě)最后2位或1位數(shù)字。 5任務(wù)書(shū)內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫(xiě),應(yīng)按照金陵科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫(xiě)規(guī)范的要求書(shū)寫(xiě)。6有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫(xiě),應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國(guó)標(biāo)GB/T 740894數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書(shū)寫(xiě)。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū)1本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的: (1)通過(guò)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有運(yùn)用已學(xué)理論專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)去分析實(shí)際工程問(wèn)題和解決實(shí)際工程問(wèn)題的能力。(2)通過(guò)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行基本技能訓(xùn)練,如設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、繪圖及查閱技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)資料等,以提高學(xué)生的技能水平。2本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等): 1、設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容注塑成型是塑料成型加工的主要方法,其制品具有高精度、高復(fù)雜程度和高一致性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)該成型方法效率高而且消耗低,對(duì)各種塑料的加工適用性強(qiáng),因此有很大的市場(chǎng)需求和良好的發(fā)展前景?;谏鲜霰尘?,本課題以生活中某款沙灘鏟手柄塑料件為對(duì)象,進(jìn)行注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)。要求塑料件具有較好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性、結(jié)實(shí)耐用、光滑無(wú)毛刺。2、設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求(1)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙規(guī)范、清晰、準(zhǔn)確,圖面布局勻稱(chēng),表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確清楚,圖面清潔。(2)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中要求做到:方案合理,計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,計(jì)算書(shū)寫(xiě)工整。 (3)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)敘述詳盡、內(nèi)容完整,表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算正確,圖表、字體、文獻(xiàn)資料引用符合相應(yīng)規(guī)范。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū)3對(duì)本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題成果的要求包括圖表、實(shí)物等硬件要求: 總裝配圖一份;零件圖一份;開(kāi)題報(bào)告一份;論文大綱一份;外文資料翻譯一份;畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份。4主要參考文獻(xiàn): 1 齊曉杰.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20052 趙波.UG CAD實(shí)用教程M.北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,20023 屈華昌.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19964 馮炳堯.模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)M.上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,19985 唐志玉.塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)師指南M.北京:國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社,19996 陸寧.實(shí)用注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)M.北京:中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,19977 唐金松.簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M.上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,19928 吳崇峰.實(shí)用注塑模CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)M.中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,20009 蔣繼宏.注塑模具典型結(jié)構(gòu)100例M.中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,200010 黃毅宏.模具制造工藝M.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,199911 唐應(yīng)謙.數(shù)控加工工藝學(xué)M. 北京:中國(guó)勞動(dòng)社會(huì)保障出版社,200012 彭建聲.模具技術(shù)問(wèn)答M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200113 李澄.機(jī)械制圖M.北京:高等教育出版社,199714 劉全坤.材料成形基本原理M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200515 申開(kāi)智.塑料成型模具M(jìn).中國(guó)輕工出版社.200216 賈潤(rùn)禮、程志遠(yuǎn)主編.實(shí)用注塑模設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M.北京:中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社,200017 王興天.注射成型技術(shù)M.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,199918 詹友剛.PRO/ENGINEER野火版5.0機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教程M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,201119 陳錫棟,周小玉.實(shí)用模具技術(shù)手冊(cè)M.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200120 李奇.模具材料及熱處理M.北京理工大學(xué)出版社. 2008畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū)5本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:20xx.12.16-20xx.1.10 領(lǐng)任務(wù)書(shū)、開(kāi)題20xx.2.25-2.16.3.9 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研,完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告、中英文翻譯、論文大綱20xx.3.19-20xx.4.25 提交論文草稿,4月中旬中期檢查20xx.4.26-20xx.5.6 提交論文定稿20xx.5.6-20xx.5.13 準(zhǔn)備答辯20xx.5.13-20xx.5.26 答辯,成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定,修改完成最終稿 所在專(zhuān)業(yè)審查意見(jiàn):通過(guò)負(fù)責(zé)人: 年 月 日 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目:現(xiàn)代快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制造模具技術(shù)學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 專(zhuān) 業(yè): 所在學(xué)院: 指導(dǎo)教師: 職 稱(chēng): 20xx年 2月 27日外文原文ModernfasteconomymanufacturemoldtechnologyAlongwiththeglobaleconomydevelopment,thenewtechnologicalrevolutionmadethenewprogressandthebreakthroughunceasingly,thetechnicalleapdevelopmentalreadybecomestheimportantattributewhichtheimpetusworldeconomicsgrew.Themarketeconomyunceasingdevelopment,urgestheindustryproductmoreandmoretothemulti-varieties,highgrade,thelowcostdirectiontodevelop,inordertomaintainandstrengthenstheproductinmarketcompetitivepower,productdevelopmentcycle,productioncyclemoreandmoreshort,thereupontomakeseachkindofproducttheessentialcraftequipmentmoldrequesttobemoreandmoreharsh.Ontheonehandtheenterpriseforthepursuescalebenefit,causesthemoldtoturntowardshighspeed,isprecise,thelonglifedirectiondevelops;Ontheotherhandenterpriseinordertosatisfythemulti-varieties,theproductrenewalquickly,winsthemarkettheneed,requeststhemoldtoturntowardsthemanufacturecycletobeshort,thecostlowfasteconomydirectiondevelops.Thecomputer,thelaser,electronic,thenewmaterial,thenewtechnicaldevelopment,causesthefasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologyevenmorepowerful,theapplicationscopeexpandsunceasingly,thetypeincreasesunceasingly,thecreationeconomicefficiencyandthesocialefficiencyaremoreandmoreremarkable.Thefasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologyandthetraditionalmachine-finishingcompares,hasthepatternmakingcycleshort,thecostislow,theprecisionandthelifecansatisfyintheproductiontheoperationrequirements,issynthesizesaneconomicefficiencyquiteremarkablekindtomakethemoldthetechnology,summarizesbelow,hasseveraltypestoleave.1. Fast prototype manufactures technologyThefastprototypemanufacturetechnologyiscalledRPM,isonekindofnewmanufacturetechnologywhichthe80slaterperioddevelops.US,Japan,England,Israel,Germany,Chinahaveallpromotedowncommercializationproduct,andhasformedthenewindustrygradually.RPMisthecomputer,thelaser,theopticalscanning,theadvancednewmaterial,thecomputer-aideddesign(CAD),thecomputerassistanceprocessing(CAM),thenumericalcontrol(CNC)synthesizestheapplicationthehightechnologyandnewtechnology.Intakesshapeintheconcepttaketheplaneseparate,pilesupastheinstruction,inthecontroltakethecomputerandthenumericalcontrolasthefoundation.Takebiggestflexibilityasgeneralgoals.Ithasabandonedthetraditionalmachine-finishingmethod;tothemanufacturingindustrytransformationisasignificantbreakthrough,andusestheRPMtechnologytobepossibledirectlyorindirectlythefastpatternmaking,thistechnologyalreadybyprofessionwidespreadapplicationandsoonautomobile,aviation,electricalappliances,ships,medicalservice.2.SurfacestakeshapethepatternmakingtechnologyThesurfacetakesshapethepatternmakingtechnology,mainlyistheusespurtsspreads,theelectrolyticcasting,chemistrycorrosionandsoonthenewtechniqueformationcavitysurfaceandthefinepatternonekindofcrafttechnology,inthepracticalapplicationincludingfollowingseveralkindoftypes.electricarcsspurtspreadtakeshapethepatternmakingtechnologyTheelectricarcspurtsspreadstakesshapethetechnicalprincipleis:Hastheelectricarcquantityofheatusingbetween2circulartelegramstinseltomeltthetinsel,dependsuponthecompressedgasitsfullatomization,andgivesthecertainkineticenergy,highspeedspraysinthetypemoldsurface,layeruponlayermounts,formsametalshell,namelythecavityinternalsurface,usestofillthesubstratematerialagain(generallyformetalsiltandresincompoundmaterials)performstosupportthereinforcement,enhancesitsintensityandtherigidity,combinesthemoldtogetherwiththemetalpatternframe.Thiskindofpatternmakingtechnologycraftsimple,costlow,manufacturecycleextremelyshort,thecavitysurfacetakesshapeonlyneedsforseveralhours,savestheenergyandthemetalmaterial,generalcavitysurface2-3mmisonlythick,simulationgreatlystrengthened,thepatternprecisionmayachieve0.5mum.Atpresentthistechnologywidelyusesinsuperficialshapeandsoonairplane,automobilemold,electricalappliances,furniture,shoemaking,fineartshandicraftiscomplexandthepatternfineeachkindofpolyurethaneproductblowmolding,attractsmodels,thePVCinjection,PUbecomesspongyandeachkindofinjectiontakesshapeinthemold.electrolyticcastingstakeshapethetechnologyTheelectrolyticcastingtakesshapethetechnicalprincipletobesamewiththegalvanization,isaccordingtomodelthemold(ready-madeproductorfemalemoldwhichmakesaccordingtoproductblueprint)isthedatum(negativepole),placesintheelectrolyticcastingfluid(anode),causesintheelectrolyticcastingfluidthemetalliciontoreturntooriginalstatealatterplacedepositiononthetypemold,formsthemetalshell,afterstripsit,contactsthesurfacewiththetypemoldnamelyforthemoldthecavityinternalsurface.Thistechnicalmaincharacteristicissavesmaterial,themoldmanufacturecycleshort,electrolyticcastingleveldegreeofhardnessmayreach40HRC,enhancedtheresistancetowearandthelife,roughness,thesizeprecisioniscompletelyconsistentwiththetypemold,issuitablefortheinjection,attractsmodels,theblowmolding,keepsoutmodels,moldcavityandtheelectricsparkandsoonbakelitemold,glassmold,compressioncastingmoldtakesshapetheelectrodemanufacture.cavitiessurfacesfinepatterntakesshapeetchingtechnologyTheetchingtechnologyisoptics,chemistry,themachiningsynthesisapplicationonekindoftechnology,itsbasicprincipleismakesfirstthepatterndesignthefilm,theninhasspreadthefilmonpatterndesignduplicationthephotosensitivematerialonthemoldcavitysurface,processchemistryprocessing,themoldcavitysurfacedoesnotformbytheetchingpartialprotectors,thenactsaccordingtothemoldmaterialquality,thechoicecorrespondingetchingcraft,patterndesignetchinginmoldinternalsurface.Thistechnicalmaincharacteristicisthetimeshort,theexpenseislow,patchingdamagesthepatterndesigntobepossibletoachieveflawlessly.3.SprinkletocastintothetypesystemmoldtechniqueSprinklingtocastintotechnicalandcommoncharacteristicsofthetypesystemmoldisaccordingtothekindpieceforbasis,sprinkleaconvexandcavemold,asurfacedonotneedthemachinetoprocess.Makephysicallytomainlyhavefollowingseveralcategoriestypeinthemold.4.ExtrusionstakesshapethetechnologyUsingtheberylliuimcopperalloygoodthermalconductivityandthestability,afterthesolidmeltagingtreatmentofmetal,usetheswagingpressuretomakethemoldconcavemodelcavity.Itscharacteristicismakesthecycleshort,thecavityprecisionishigh(theIT7level),surfaceroughnessRa=0.025mum,intensityishigh,thelifemayreach500,000times,doesnothavetheenvironmentalpollution.Thistechnologyisusingthemetalmaterialinthethincrystalgrain,certainlytakesshapethetemperature,underthelowdistortionspeedcondition,whenthematerialhasthebestsuperplasticity,toesattendtocarryoutraisedmoldwhichtheinitiativefinishes,thenmayextrudetheconcavemoldwiththesmallstrengthonekindoffasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnology.UltramodelstakesshapematerialtypicalrepresentativeisZn-22%.5.Doesnothavethemoldmulti-spotsformingtechnologyDoesnothavethemoldmulti-spotsfastformingtechnologyisbyCAD/CAM/CATThetechnologyisthemainmethodabout,mayadjustthebasemainbodygrouphighlyusingthecomputercontroltoformformsthesurface,replacesthetraditionalmoldtocarryonthethreedimensionalcurvedsurfaceformingtothesheetanmodernadvancedmanufacturetechnology.Thistechnologymaychangethedistortionwayandthestressfulconditionatwill,enhancesthematerialtheformedlimit,mayformrepeatedly,bythiseliminationmaterialinteriorremainingstress,therealizationdoesnothavethesnappingbackforming6.Uygurbrightsteelbeltblankingfallsthematerialpatternmakingtechnology Thenewsteelbeltblankingfallsthematerialpatternmakingtechnologyisonekindisdifferentwithhasraised,theconcavemoldstructuresteelbeltmoldgenerally,itiswithspeciallymakesthenewfasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologybythesingleedgesteelbeltwhichthebackingstripiscomposed.Thiskindofmoldweightislight,onlythen200kg,theprocessingprecisionfor0.35-0.50mm,maysuiteachkindofblackandthenon-ferrousmetal0.5-0.65mmthicksheetprocessinggenerally.Thelifemayachieve5-25tenthousand,theproductioncostislow.7.MoldssemifinishedmaterialsfastmanufacturetechnologysolidcastingBecausethemassivemoldsarebelongtothesingleunitortheproduction,themoldsemifinishedmaterialsmanufacturequalityandthecycleandthecosttothefinalmoldqualityandcyclicalandthecostinfluenceareveryimportant.Themodernmoldsemifinishedmaterialswidelyhaveusedtheseedscastingtechnology,theso-calledsolidcastingis(polystyrenePSeitherpolymethacrylatePMMA)manufacturesusingthefoamplasticsreplacestraditionalthewoodenmoldorthemetalpattern,afterthemodellingdoesnothavetotakeoutthemodel,thenmaythecasting,underthefoamplasticsmodelhightemperatureliquidmetalfunction,deflagratethegasificationbuttovanish,themoltenmetalsubstitutionoriginalfoamplasticsmodelholdstheposition,afterthecondensationformsthecasting.8.OtheraspectstechnologiesInordertosimplifythemoldthestructuraldesign,reducesthemoldcost,reducesthemoldmanufacturecycle,indomesticandforeignalsosuccessivelyappearedsomeotheraspectsnewtechnologyapplication,liketradesthemoldframe,therammingunit,thecuttingedgebuilt-upweldingquickly,inlaystheblockcasting,thenitrogenspringandsoon.NitrogenspringsonmoldapplicationThenitrogenspringisonekindofnewelasticfunctionpart,replacesthespring,therubber,thepolyurethaneortheaircushionwithitside,itcanaccuratelyprovidepressesthestrength,thenmayhavethegreatlyinitialballpressureinthesmallspace,doesnotneedpre-tightly,isbasicallyhitthepressurebasicallyinthemoldentireworkprocesstobeconstant.Theballpressuresizeandtheworkingpointpositionmay,accurate,convenientlyadjustasnecessary,simplifiesthemoldtostretch,nearbythepressure,ex-denningisostructuralism,simplifiesthemolddesign,reducesthepatternmakingcycle,debugsthemoldtobeconvenient,reducesthereplacementmoldtime,enhancestheproductionefficiency.fasttradesthemoldtechnologyBecauseproductvarietyincreasingcausesthemoldintheproductionthetransmutationextremelyfrequently,howthereuponreducestherammingequipmentthedowntime,enhancestheproductionefficiency,fasttradedthemoldtechnologytoreceivepeoplesattention.Atpresentdevelopedindustrialnationsomebigcompaniestradedthemoldspeedtoachieveastonishingdegree,whetherhadfasttradesthemoldtechnologytobecomeforanenterprisetechnologyadvancementsign.Thealwaystendencyisreducesthemoldtoinstallontheequipment,tobefixed,theadjustmenttime,thisbothmustgiveintheequipmentstructuraldesigntoconsider,andmustinthemoldstructuraldesign,thestandardizedaspectconsider,machineonworkasfaraspossibleplacingmachineunderwilldo.rammingunitscombinationtechnologyTherammingunitcombinationtechnologyisdiesaresolveintoeachonesimpleunittheconventiontodie,accordingtotheworkingprocedurerequest,thearrangementcombination,completesthemanykindsoframmingworkingprocedurewhentheidenticalinferiorstrokethenewcraftequipment,theworktherammingunitnotwiththepunchpressslidejoint,onlyneedstheslideattackthentocompletetherammingwork.Whenindependentemploymentitis1completemold.Itmayusefortoprocessthesheetorthemoldingpunchholes,fallsthematerial,cutstheangle,thegrooving,shutsoffandtheshallowstretchandsoon.Hastheassemblystrongly,theeasytooperate,theversatility,theefficiencyisquicklygoodandsoonthecharacteristic,suitsthemulti-varietiesspecially,centertheproduction.mayprocesstheplasticinmoldmanufactureapplicationMayprocesstheplastictobecommoninthedevelopedindustrialnationapplication,speciallyinmanufacturingindustryandsoonautomobile,airplane,mainlyreplacesthelumberorthemetalmanufactureautomobilebodyhostmodel,theprofile,examineshasandthecastingmodelandsoon.Mayprocesstheplasticthemaincharacteristicishasboththelumberandthemetalfineworkability,themanufacturecraftsimpleanddirect(mayusecompressionmolding,pour,spellssticks,methodwellandsoonsculpture),thesizestability,doesnotdistort,bearsmoistly,anti-corrosive,iseasytorepair,theeasymodification,theweightlight,themanufacturecycleshort,thecosttobelow.Fasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologytypeverymany,itshasthecharacteristic,theapplicationscopearevarious,thisarticleonlycanbroadlymakesomesimpleintroductions,eachkindoftechnologystillhadmanyconcretetechnologicalprocesses,thecraftparameteranditsthetechnicalcharacteristicintheconcreteapplicationandtheimplementationprocess.Themoldisoneoffoundationindustries,intheglobalizationmarketeconomyandundereachkindofhightechnologyandnewtechnologyswiftandviolentdevelopmentsituation,thefasteconomicalmoldhasentrustedwiththenewmissionandthebrand-newconnotation,theclassificationincreasesunceasingly,thefasteconomicalpatternmakingmaterialturnstowardsthemulti-varietiesseriationtomakegreatstridesforward,thecrafthasthenewinnovationandthebreakthroughunceasingly,ispublishedoneafteranotherwithitsupplementaryequipment,theservicedomaininopensupunceasingly,thecreationeconomicefficiencyismoreandmoreremarkable.Alongwiththecommodityeconomydevelopment,theintensemarketcompetition,theproductrenewalacceleration,isreducingthecycletothefasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnology,reducesthecost,willincreasetheprecisionandlengthensthelifeaspecttherequesttobeabletobemoreandmorehighinevitably.Becauseitcancausetheenterprisetowinthemarket,createstheremarkableeconomicefficiency,moreandmorereceivesentrepreneursfavorandtheconcernedleaderdepartmentsenormousattentionandthepolicyfundsupport.Eachkindoffasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologyalsocanconsummatematureandthedevelopmentunceasinglyinthepromotedapplicationprocess,asaresultofthehightechnologyandnewtechnologydevelopment,eachkindoftechnicalbondingwiththeseepage,fortheadaptionproductionindifferentdemand,surelywillbeabletoformsome,thefrugalenergy,thefrugalmaterialfastpatternmakingtechnologynewfromnowon.外文譯文現(xiàn)代快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制造模具技術(shù)隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,新的技術(shù)革命不斷取得新的進(jìn)展和突破,技術(shù)的飛躍發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的重要因素。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,促使工業(yè)產(chǎn)品越來(lái)越向多品種、小批量、高質(zhì)量、低成本的方向發(fā)展,為了保持和加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)周期、生產(chǎn)周期越來(lái)越短,于是對(duì)制造各種產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵工藝裝備模具的要求越來(lái)越苛刻。一方面企業(yè)為追求規(guī)模效益,使得模具向著高速、精密、長(zhǎng)壽命方向發(fā)展;另一方面企業(yè)為了滿(mǎn)足多品種、小批量、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、贏得市場(chǎng)的需要,要求模具向著制造周期短、成本低的快速經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展。計(jì)算機(jī)、激光、電子、新材料、新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使得快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)如虎添翼,應(yīng)用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大,類(lèi)型不斷增多,創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益越來(lái)越顯著??焖俳?jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工相比,具有制模周期短、成本低、精度與壽命又能滿(mǎn)足生產(chǎn)上的使用要求,是綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較顯著的一類(lèi)制造模具的技術(shù),概括起來(lái),有以下幾種類(lèi)別。1快速原型制造技術(shù)快速原型制造技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)RPM,是80年代后期發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新型制造技術(shù)。美國(guó)、日本、英國(guó)、以色列、德國(guó)、中國(guó)都推出了自己的商業(yè)化產(chǎn)品,并逐漸形成了新型產(chǎn)業(yè)。RPM是電腦、激光、光學(xué)掃描、先進(jìn)的新型材料、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助加工(CAM)、數(shù)控(CNC)綜合應(yīng)用的高新技術(shù)。在成型概念上以平面離散、堆積為指導(dǎo),在控制上以計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)控為基礎(chǔ),以最大柔性為總體目標(biāo)。它摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工方法,對(duì)制造業(yè)的變革是一個(gè)重大的突破,利用RPM技術(shù)可以直接或間接地快速制模,該技術(shù)已被汽車(chē)、航空、家電、醫(yī)療、模具等行業(yè)廣泛使用。2表面成型制模技術(shù)表面成型制模技術(shù),主要是利用噴涂、電鑄、化學(xué)腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細(xì)花紋的一種工藝技術(shù),實(shí)際應(yīng)用中包括一下幾種類(lèi)型。電弧噴涂成型制模技術(shù)電弧噴涂成型技術(shù)的原理是:利用2根通電的金屬絲之間產(chǎn)生電弧的熱量將金屬絲熔化,依靠高壓氣體將其充分霧化,并給予一定的動(dòng)能,高速?lài)娚湓跇幽1砻妫瑢訉予偳?,形成金屬殼體,即型腔的內(nèi)表面,再用充填基體材料(一般為金屬粉粒與樹(shù)脂的復(fù)合材料)加以支撐加固,提高其強(qiáng)度和剛性,連同金屬模架組合成模具。這種制模技術(shù)工藝簡(jiǎn)單、成本低,制造周期非常短,型腔表面的成型僅需幾個(gè)小時(shí),節(jié)省能源和金屬材料,一般型腔表面僅2-3mm厚,仿真性極強(qiáng),花紋精度可達(dá)到0.5m。目前該技術(shù)被廣泛地用于飛機(jī)、汽車(chē)的內(nèi)飾件模具、家電、家具、制鞋、美術(shù)工藝品等表面形狀復(fù)雜及花紋精細(xì)的各種聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU發(fā)泡等模具中。電鑄成型技術(shù)電鑄成型技術(shù)的原理同電鍍一樣,是依樣模(現(xiàn)成制品或按制品圖紙制成的母模)為基準(zhǔn)(陰極),置放在電鑄液中(陽(yáng)極),使電鑄液中的金屬離子還原后一層一層地沉積在樣模上,形成金屬殼體,將其剝離后,與樣模接觸的表面即為模具的型腔內(nèi)表面。該技術(shù)主要特點(diǎn)是節(jié)省材料、模具制造周期短,電鑄層硬度可達(dá)40HRC,提高了耐磨性和壽命,粗糙度、尺寸精度與樣模完全一致,適用于注射、吸塑、吹塑、搪塑、膠木模、玻璃模、壓鑄模等模具型腔及電火花成型電極的制造。型腔表面精細(xì)花紋成型的蝕刻技術(shù)蝕刻技術(shù)是光學(xué)、化學(xué)、機(jī)加工綜合應(yīng)用的一種技術(shù),它的基本原理是先把花紋圖案制成膠片,再把膠片上的花紋圖案復(fù)制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上,經(jīng)過(guò)化學(xué)處理,模具型腔表面形成不被蝕刻部分的保護(hù)層,再根據(jù)模具材質(zhì),選擇相應(yīng)蝕刻工藝,將花紋圖案蝕刻在模具內(nèi)表面上。該技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)是時(shí)間短、費(fèi)用低,修補(bǔ)破損花紋圖案可做到天衣無(wú)縫。3澆鑄成型制模技術(shù) 其特點(diǎn)是依樣件為基準(zhǔn)澆鑄出 凸、凹模,型腔表面不需要機(jī)械加工。4擠壓成型技術(shù)利用鈹銅合金的良好的導(dǎo)熱性和穩(wěn)定性,經(jīng)固熔時(shí)效處理后,采用冷擠壓制造模具凹模型腔。其特點(diǎn)是制造周期短,型腔精度高(IT7級(jí)),表面粗糙度Ra=0.025m,強(qiáng)度高,壽命可達(dá)50萬(wàn)次,無(wú)環(huán)境污染。該技術(shù)是利用金屬材料在細(xì)化晶粒、一定成型溫度、低變形速率條件下,材料具有最佳超塑性時(shí),將事先制作好的凸模,用較小的力便可擠壓出凹模的一種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。超塑成型材料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。5無(wú)模多點(diǎn)成形技術(shù)無(wú)模多點(diǎn)快速成形技術(shù)是以CAD/CAM/CAT技術(shù)為主要手段,利用計(jì)算機(jī)控制高度可調(diào)基本體群形成上下成形面,代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具對(duì)板料進(jìn)行三維曲面成形的又一現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)。此項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以隨意改變變形路徑與受力狀態(tài),提高材料的成形極限,可反復(fù)成形,以此消除材料內(nèi)部的殘余應(yīng)力,實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)回彈成型。6凱維朗(KEVRON)鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)新型鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)是一種不同于一般具有凸、凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼帶模,它是由單刃鋼帶與特制墊板組成的新型快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。這種模具重量輕,一般只有200kg,加工精度為0.35-0.50mm,可適合各種黑色和有色金屬的0.5-0.65mm厚的板料加工。壽命可達(dá)到5到25萬(wàn)次,制造成本低。7模具毛坯的快速制造技術(shù)實(shí)型鑄造由于大量的模具是屬于單件或小批量生產(chǎn),模具毛坯的制造質(zhì)量和周期及成本對(duì)最終的模具質(zhì)量和周期及成本的影響是至關(guān)重要的?,F(xiàn)代模具毛坯已廣泛地采用子實(shí)型鑄造技術(shù),所謂實(shí)型鑄造就是利用泡沫塑料制作代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的木?;蚪饘倌?,造型后不需取出模型,便可以澆鑄,泡沫塑料模型的高溫液體金屬作用下,迅速燃燒氣化而消失,金屬液取代原來(lái)泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置,冷凝后形成鑄件。8其它方面技術(shù)如快換模架、沖壓?jiǎn)卧?、刃口堆焊、鑲塊鑄造、氮?dú)鈴椈傻?。氮?dú)鈴椈稍谀>呱系膽?yīng)用氮?dú)鈴椈墒且环N新型彈性功能部件,用它代替彈簧、橡膠、聚氨酯或者氣墊,它能夠準(zhǔn)確地提供壓邊力,在較小空間便可產(chǎn)生較大初始彈壓力,不需預(yù)緊,在模具整個(gè)工作過(guò)程中彈壓力基本恒定。彈壓力大小及受力點(diǎn)位置可隨時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、方便地調(diào)整,簡(jiǎn)化模具拉伸、壓邊、卸料等結(jié)構(gòu),簡(jiǎn)化模具設(shè)計(jì),縮短制模周期,調(diào)試模具方便,縮短更換模具時(shí)間,提高生產(chǎn)效率??焖贀Q模技術(shù)由于產(chǎn)品品種的增多,使模具在生產(chǎn)中更換變得十分頻繁,于是如何縮短沖壓設(shè)備的停機(jī)時(shí)間,提高生產(chǎn)效率,快速換模技術(shù)受到了人們的關(guān)注。目前發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家的一些大公司換模速度達(dá)到了驚人的程度,是否具有快速換模技術(shù)已成為企業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的一項(xiàng)標(biāo)志??偟内厔?shì)就是減少模具在設(shè)備上安裝、固定、調(diào)整的時(shí)間,這既要在設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上予以考慮,又要在模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、將機(jī)上的作業(yè)盡可能放在機(jī)下做。沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)是將常規(guī)的沖模分解為一個(gè)個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的單元沖模,根據(jù)工序件的要求,排列組合,在同一次沖程內(nèi)完成多種沖壓工序的新型工藝裝備,工作時(shí)沖壓?jiǎn)卧慌c沖床滑塊聯(lián)接,只需滑塊打擊即可完成沖壓工作。單獨(dú)使用時(shí)它就是1副完整模具。它可以用來(lái)加工板料或型材的沖孔、落料、切角、切槽、切斷及淺拉伸等。具有組裝快捷、使用方便、通用性強(qiáng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)性好等特點(diǎn),適合多品種,中小批量生產(chǎn)??杉庸に芰显谀>咧圃熘械膽?yīng)用可加工塑料在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國(guó)家應(yīng)用較普遍,特別是在汽車(chē)、飛機(jī)等制造業(yè)中,主要代替木材或金屬制作汽車(chē)車(chē)身主模型、靠模、檢具和鑄造模型等。可加工塑料的主要特點(diǎn)是兼?zhèn)淠静暮徒饘俚膬?yōu)良加工性能,制作工藝簡(jiǎn)捷(可采用模塑、澆注、拼粘、雕塑等方法)、尺寸穩(wěn)定性好、不變形,耐潮濕,耐腐蝕易修復(fù),易改形,重量輕,制作周期短,成本低??焖俳?jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)種類(lèi)很多,其所具有的特點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用范圍各不相同,本文僅能概括地做一些簡(jiǎn)單介紹,每種技術(shù)在具體應(yīng)用和實(shí)施過(guò)程中尚有許多具體的工藝過(guò)程、工藝參數(shù)及其技術(shù)特性。模具是基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)之一,在全球化市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和各種高新技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展形勢(shì)下,快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具賦予了新的使命和全新的內(nèi)涵,分類(lèi)不斷增加,快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模材料向著多品種系列化邁進(jìn),工藝不斷有新的創(chuàng)新和突破,與之配套設(shè)備相繼問(wèn)世,服務(wù)領(lǐng)域在不斷地拓寬,創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益越來(lái)越顯著。隨著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加速,對(duì)快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)在縮短周期、降低成本,提高精度和延長(zhǎng)壽命方面的要求勢(shì)必會(huì)越來(lái)越高。由于它能使企業(yè)贏得市場(chǎng),創(chuàng)造顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,越來(lái)越受到企業(yè)家的青睞和有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門(mén)的極大關(guān)注與政策資金的支持。各種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)在推廣應(yīng)用過(guò)程中也會(huì)不斷完善成熟和發(fā)展,由于高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,各種技術(shù)的復(fù)合與滲透,為適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)中的不同需求,今后必定會(huì)形成一些新型節(jié)能能源,節(jié)能材料的快速制模方式。
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