2019-2020年高一英語 高效課堂 B3M1預習學案 Europe（1） 外研版.doc

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2019-2020年高一英語 高效課堂 B3M1預習學案 Europe（1） 外研版一、單元目標 重點詞匯across, ancient, architect, continental, face(v), govern, influence, locate, opposite, range, situated, symbol, sculpture，sign on the coast 指在離海面附近的陸地上work on “致力于；從事”of all time 有史以來；自古以來；從未有過off the coast 指離陸地不遠的海面上in the south of在的南部be famous for因而著名last for 延續(xù)；持續(xù)be known as 以聞名ever since 自此，自從一直refer to 指，查閱in terms of 談到have control over對加以控制little by little逐漸地pare with/to 與比較because of 因為，由于on the other hand另一方面，反過來一說重點句型表示方位的句型 Italy is in the south of Europe on the coast of the Mediterranean.Portugal is to the west of Spain.Barcelona is on the northeast coast of Spainsp（someplace）. is situated/located in/on/tosp.Whereabouts is that?How big is the European Union pared with China?The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people.交 際 項 目語 法 項 目1.被動語態(tài)的一般式和過去式(Passive Voice:：present and past forms) 2.主謂一致（Subject and Verb agreement）二、課文詳解(一) 知識要點1. The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe.英國位于歐洲西北部大陸海岸線附近?！颈嫖觥縪ff the coast 與on the coast on the coast 指在離海面附近的陸地上off the coast 指離陸地不遠的海面上I once stayed in a town on the south coast of England.我曾在英格蘭南海岸的一座城市里住過。 He died in a shipwreck off the south coast. 他喪生于南部一帶的一次海難。1. off prep.adv離開，分開 （1）prep. The hall rolled off the table球從桌上滾落 Keep off the grass勿踐踏草地 He entered a big house off the high street. 他進入了一所離大街不遠的大房子。 The ship sank off Cape Horn. 這艘輪船在合恩角外沉沒了 （2）adv. The town is still five miles off%amaN 那小鎮(zhèn)尚在五英里之外 We are still some way off. 我們仍有一段距離（如距目的地）要走 Please tell them that the meeting is olf 請告訴他們會議已經取消了。 常用短語 take sth. off sth. 扣除，減去 fall off 跌落 knock sth. off sth把某物從另一物上放掉 wipe sth. off sth 把某物從另一物上擦掉 along the coast 沿著海岸 The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe. 不列顛群島是一組位于歐洲西海岸不遠處的島嶼 Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River. 武漢位于長江邊2.France is Europes third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.法國是歐洲第三大國家，隔英吉利海峽和聯(lián)合王國相望。 【點撥】 face n.臉 vt轉向，面向 Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble. 從他焦急的臉色判斷，我們知道他肯定有麻煩了.（2）vt. face 用作及物動詞，還有“面臨；必須對付；承認；正視”之意。常用結構：face sthbe faced with sth. 面臨The pany is facing a financial crisis. 公司正面臨財政危機。Its not always easy to face the truth. 承認事實并不總是一件很容易的事。She is faced with a difficult decision. 她眼前有一項難作的決定。I was faced with new problem我面臨著新的M題常用短語in( the) face of不顧（問題、困難等）lose ones face失面子，丟臉fight in the face of公然反抗face the music 由于自己的決定或行為而接受批評或承擔后果【拓展】【點擊高考】_ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. （05年春季高考北京卷）A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing 答案為C 本題考查非謂語動詞和動詞face 的用法。face 作動詞時，意為“面對；面臨”，可用于兩種結構：face sth 或be faced with sth,。此處用的是第二種結構。由題意“由于Arnold 面臨一個艱難的處境，他決定去征求老板的意見”以及句子的結構可知，句子的前半部分是原因狀語，因此要用過去分詞作狀語。【拓展】face 還可用作不及物動詞，后接副詞或介詞，意為“面對，面向”。My bedroom faces south./ to the south. 我的臥室朝南。-How does the house face？這房屋面朝哪邊？-It faces ( to the ) east朝東。【點撥】across 此處用作介詞，意為“從一邊到另一邊，橫過；在對面”。I drew a line across the page. 我在這一頁上畫了一條橫線。Wheres the nearest bridge across the river ? 過河最近的橋在哪兒？Theres a bank right across the river. 銀行正好在河的對面?！就卣埂縜cross 還可用作副詞，意為“從一邊到另一邊；橫過；在對面”。The river is too wide；we cant swim across. 這條河太寬了，我們游不過去。When my name was called, he looked across at me.當叫到我的名字的時候，他從那邊朝我看過來。Theres a school just across from our house.有一所學校就在我們房子對面。 The river is 500 meters across. 這條河有500米寬。 辮析 across，past，through，over across表示“橫過，橫穿，越過”，它的含義與on, over有關，側重于動作在某一物體或某一地方的表面進行。across作介詞還可表示“在經過”；作副詞表示“對過”或“橫過”。 past表示從某物旁邊經過 注意 past是介詞，不可與動詞pass相混淆。 We walked past the hospital.We passed by the hospital. 我們從醫(yī)院旁邊經過 through表示“通過，穿過”，它的含義與in有關，側重動作在某一物體空間里進行，含有從中間通過之意。through還可表示“憑借”“（做）完”等意。over “越過，飛過”，著重指從事物的一邊到另一邊，含義與above 有關。 The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 這只船橫渡過了大西洋 She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔著籬笆與鄰居說話： He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路時心不在焉而走過了車站。 The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奮力穿過人群 He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走過街道，沒有發(fā)現有生命的東西。They went across the river. 他們穿過了那條河流。We walked through many villages. 他們走過了好幾個村莊。Somehow the sheep had jumped over the fence.不知怎么回事，羊兒越過了柵欄。【點擊高考】He suddenly saw Sue _ the room. He pushed his way _ the crowd of people to get to her. （xx湖南）A. across; across B. over; through C. over; into D. across; through 答案為D across 指“從表面走過”；through 指“從內部穿過”。由the room 可知用across，“穿過”the crowd 則用through。3.Between Italy and France, there is a mountain range called the Alps.意大利和法國之間是阿爾卑斯山脈。range n. &vt.（1）n山脈，視覺（聽覺）范圍（區(qū)域），射程；還有“（一）批，組；范圍”等意，常與介詞of 連用。The firm will provide us with an interesting range of books and videos.這家公司將提供給我們一批有趣的書籍和錄像帶。We have students from a wide range of backgrounds.我們的學生來自各種不同的背景。There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在邊境地帶有連綿不斷的雄偉山脈。The tree is within range of vision這棵樹在視野之內 ( 2 ) vt.（在一定范圍內）變化，排列 The prices of the dolls range from5 to100. 這些布娃娃的價格從5美元到100美元不等 The discussion ranged over various problems. 這次討論涉及了種種問題【點擊高考】 Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree ? No, its out of _ . （2000上海）A. range B. control C. reach D. distance答案為A 本句的意思為“你能射中樹頂上的鳥嗎？”，“不能，它不在射程之內?！薄ut of range 在（射程）范圍外；out of reach （手）夠不著，力量不及；out of control 失控的；out of distance 太遠。4.Portugal is to the west of Spain. 葡萄牙在西班牙的西面。【點撥】to the west of 意思為“在的西面”，其中to表示方向，強調兩地方不接壤。【辨析】三個表方位的介詞to, in, on to 在某范圍之外，不強調是否接壤；in 在某范圍之內；on 強調毗連或鄰近，有時還可以表示“在湖(河)畔”。Japan lies/is to the east of china. 日本位于中國的東部。Beijing lies in the north of China. 北京在中國的東部。Guangdong lies on the south of Hunan. 廣東省跟湖南省接壤。London lies on the Thames. 倫敦位于泰晤士湖畔。注意我們只有籠統(tǒng)地指明方向時，可以不出現介詞。 Shandong is north of Fujian. 山東位于福建北部 South of the mountain，there is a big river. 山的南部，有一條大河。5.Paris is the capital and largest of city of France, situated on the River Seine.巴黎是法國的首都和最大的城市，位于塞納河畔?！军c撥】句中situated on the River Seine 是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾Paris, 相當于定語從句:which is situated on the River seine。其中situated 為形容詞化的過去分詞，意思為“坐落（某處）的，位于（某處）的”，一般不與名詞連用。此外，situated 還可以表示“（人、組織等）處于狀況”。My bedroom was situated on the top floor of the house.我的臥室在房子的頂層。The hotel is beautifully situated in a quiet spot near the river.旅館環(huán)境優(yōu)美，坐落在河邊的一個僻靜的地方。Microsoft is well situated to exploit this new market.微軟具備良好的條件開拓這個新市場?！就卣埂浚?）situation 為名詞形式，意思為“情況；狀況；形勢；（建筑物或城鎮(zhèn)的）地理位置；環(huán)境特點”。You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.你可能遇上一種情況，使你不得不立刻作出決定。The present economic and political situation in Iraq is being worse and worse.目前伊拉克的經濟和政治形勢變得越來越糟。The town is in a delightful situation in a wide green valley.小城坐落在一個寬闊而草木蒼翠的河谷中，環(huán)境宜人。6. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and is visited by more than eight million tourists every year. 它（巴黎）是世界上最美麗的城市之一，每年有800多萬游客?！军c撥】這是一個由連詞and 構成的并列句，第二個is 前省略了主語it， 構成一般現在時的被動結構。由于and 前的句子為主動語態(tài)，and 之后的句子為被動語態(tài)，為避免歧義，保留第二個is，否則省略be 動詞。He is an excellent student and is liked by his classmates.他是個優(yōu)秀的學生深受同學喜愛。Our teacher is respected and invited to attend the international conference.我們的老師被人尊敬并且經常被邀請參加國際會議。7.The most popular place for tourists is the Eiffel Tower, the famous symbol of Paris.最受游客歡迎的旅游景點是埃菲爾鐵塔，它是巴黎著名的象征。（1）the famous symbol of Paris 在句子作the Eiffel Tower 的同位語，起解釋說明的作用。He was a good captain one that often looked after his seamen.他是一個好船長，一個經常照顧船員的船長。Gao Xiumin, a well-known edy actress, died on 18, Augest,xx .高秀敏一個著名的喜劇演員，于2005年8月18日不幸逝世。【點撥】（2）symbol 用作可數名詞，意思為“象征(of sth )；符號，記號(for sth)”。White has always been a symbol of purity in western cultures.在西方文化中，白色一向象征純潔。What is the chemical symbol for copper ? 銅的化學符號是什么？【拓展】symbolic 為形容詞形式，意為“使用象征的；象征性的”。 symbolize 為動詞形式，意為“象征；是的象征；代表”。The dove is symbolic of peace. 鴿子是和平的象征。The channel Tunnel has great symbolic significance for a united Europe.英吉利海峽隧道對于建立一個統(tǒng)一的歐洲具有重大的象征意義。The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil. 用光明與黑暗來象征善與惡。8.One of the worlds largest art galleries, the Louvre, is also located in Paris.世界上最大的藝術館之一盧浮宮也在巴黎。【點撥】located 用作形容詞，意思為“位于；坐落在”。（用法同situated）My hometown is located/ situated at the foot of the hill. 我的家住在山角下。The offices are conveniently located just a few minutes from the main station.辦事處所處的位置很方便，離總站僅有幾分鐘的路?！就卣埂縧ocate 為動詞形式，意思為“把安置在；創(chuàng)辦于（某地）”。location 為名詞形式，意思為“地方；地點；位置”。They located their office in Beijing. 他們把辦事處設在北京。There are tax breaks for businesses that locate in rural areas.在農村地區(qū)創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)享有稅收減免。What is the exact location of the ship ? 那條船的確切位置在哪里？9.One of Barcelonas most famous Landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.巴塞羅那的最著名的標志性建筑是圣家大教堂，它是由建筑師安東尼奧高迪設計的?！军c撥】（1）這是一個由關系代詞which 引導的非限定規(guī)定語從句，對先行詞為the Church of the Sagrada Familia 進行補充說明。有時which 可指前面整個句子的內容。He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.他通過了大學入學考試，這令他的父母很高興。【點擊高考】Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _ of course, made the others envy him. （2004年天津）A. who B. that C. what D. which答案為D 本題考查非限制性定語從句，先行詞是前面整個一句話，which 所引導的非限制性定語從句是對前面主句起補充說明作用?！军c撥】（2）句子中的called Antonio Gandi 是過去分詞短語作后置定語。修飾物architect ，相當于定語從句who was called.【點擊高考】The price of the game show is 30,000 and an all expenses_ vacation to China.(xx北京) A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid答案為B 句意為“這次比賽表演的獎品是3美萬元和到中國的免費假期。expense與pay之間的關系是被動關系，故排除A；C表示將來的動作，D正在被進行的動作。10.Gaudi worked on the project from 1882 until his death in 1926.高迪從1882年起從事這次工程直至1926年逝世?！军c撥】work on “致力于；從事”, 相當于spend time in doing sth.I worked all night on that article. 我通宵在寫那篇文章。Shes outside working on the car. 她在外面修理汽車?！就卣埂浚?）work on 還有“奏效；產生預期的結果；努力說服（某人做某事）”His charm doesnt work on me. 我不為他的魅力所動。My parents spent the weekend working on me to go on holiday with them.爸媽用了一個周末來說服我和他們一起度假去。【拓展】（2）由work 構成的常見短語：work at 做；從事；學習work against sb 對某人不利work out 算出；解決；制訂出；按某種方式發(fā)生work for sth 爭取，努力取得Juans English isnt very good, but he works at it.胡安的英語不太好，可他很用功學習。Tax laws tend to work against small organizations. 稅法往往不利于小機構。You can work out the answer by adding all the numbers.你把所有的數加在一起就能算出答案。It is time for us to work out a plan. 我們該制訂計劃了。Things have worked out quite well for us.事情的結果對我們很不錯。She devoted her life to working for peace.她為爭取和平奉獻了自己的一生?！军c擊高考】We didnt plan our art exhibition like that but it _ very well. (2001全國)A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on 【點撥】答案為A 此處work out 用作不及物動詞，意思為“結果是”，相當于turn out；try out 參加；選拔; go on 繼續(xù)；發(fā)生；carry on 繼續(xù)移動；吵鬧。本句意思為：我們沒有那樣計劃，我們是藝術展覽，但結果卻很好。11.Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years.佛羅倫薩是意大利的一個城市，因文藝復興而著名，文藝復興是一個起源于14世紀，持結了300年之久的偉大的藝術運動。【點撥】（1）這個句子中含有兩個由which 所引導的定語從句。a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years 是作the Renaissane 的同位語。【點撥】（2）because of 介詞短語，因為；由于 “由于，因為”的幾種表達方式because從句 because ofn . thans to十n. owing to十n. due ton. as a （the）result of十n. on account of十n. (1) because為從屬連詞，后跟一個完整的句子構成原因狀語從句而because of則是一個介詞短語，后接名詞或動名詞 He didnt ao to school because of his illness. = He didn t go to school because he was ill. 他沒去上學是因為生病了。 He was punished by his teacher because of his cheating on exams. =He was punished by his teacher because he cheated on exams. 他因考試作弊受到老師的懲罰。 ( 2 )thanks to這一短語介詞，含有、幸虧、多虧、虧得、依賴、依靠、由于、因為”等意思幾它引導的短語，可以表達正面意思（近似于原意“感謝”），也可用于諷刺口吻中（近似于諷刺口吻的“感謝”）它引導的短語在句中用作狀語時，大多放在句首，也可以置于句末. My mother is getting better and better，thanks to the doctor. 多虧了醫(yī)生，我母親才一天天康復起來（感謝的口吻） Thanks to your help，I passed the test. 幸虧有你的幫助，我通過了剛驗（正面意思） (3) owing to意為“由于，因為”，在句中通常用作狀語，可置于句首或句末。 Owing to my absence，they had to put off the class meeting till next week. 由于我不在，他們只好將班會推遲到下個星期. Xiao Wang could not e to the ball（，）owing to a bad cold. 因為得了重感冒，小王沒能去打（踢）球. (4) due to意為“由于”，它引導的短語在句中一般用作表語或定語，但在很多場合也可與owing to通用，作狀語. 這一用法在現今英語中也很流行，但不如owing to那么嚴謹. The accident is due to your careless driving. 那件意外事故歸因于你駕駛不小心. (5) as a ( the) result of意為 “ 由于.的結果”，一般用作狀語。 He was late as a result of the traffic jam. 由于交通阻塞，他遲到了。 (6) on account of意為“因.緣故，由于”它引導的短語在句中通常作狀語，可置于句首或句末。The train was delayed on account of a heavy snow. 由于一場大雪火車來遲了?！军c撥】（3）last 用作不及物動詞，意思為“繼續(xù)；延續(xù)；持久；足夠維持”。The meeting only lasted (for) a few minutes. 會議只開了幾分鐘。The weather wont last. 這種天氣持續(xù)不了多久。Doctors say that she probably wont last our the night.醫(yī)生說她很可能活不過今晚。Weve got enough food to last (us) (for) three days. 我們的食物足夠維持三天?！军c擊高考】The evening news es on at seven oclock and _ only thirty minutes.(2004吉林)A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts答案為D 本句句意為：晚間新聞（節(jié)目）每天7:00開始，持續(xù)30分鐘。finish 完成,為瞬間動詞；keep保存，保留，持續(xù)某種狀態(tài)；continue繼續(xù)做；仍舊。只有l(wèi)ast 后跟持續(xù)的時間。12.During the Renaissance, some of the greatest painters of all time lived and worked in Florence.在文藝復興期間，歷史上一些最偉大的畫家在佛羅倫薩生活和工作。【點撥】of all time 有史以來；自古以來；從未有過Many rated him the best singer of all time.許多人認為他是有史以來最優(yōu)秀的歌手?！就卣埂颗ctime 構成的常見介詞短語：against time 爭分奪秒；搶時間 ahead of time 提前at all times 總是；隨時；永遠 at times 有時；間或at the time 當時 at a time 每次；逐一；依次at one time 曾經；一個時期；一度 at no time 決不；在任何時候都不in no time 立刻；馬上 in time 及時；遲早on time 按時；準時 behind the times 落伍；過時；陳舊behind time 拖后 from time to time 不時；有時；偶爾for the time being 暫時；眼下13.Athens, the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of western civilization.雅典是希臘的首都，作為西方文明的發(fā)祥地而聞名于世?！军c撥】be known as 作為而著名，同be famous as，常與表示身份、地位和職業(yè)的名詞連用。Yang Liwei is known as the first pilot sent to space in China.楊利偉作為中國第一個被送上大亨空的飛行員而著名。【辨析】be known for 因而出名be known to sb 被某人所了解或知道Its well known that 眾所周知Hes best known for her work on the human brain.他在人腦的研究方面最為知名。The man is known to the police.這男人是在警方掛了號的。It is (well) known that theory es from practice. 眾所周知，理論源于實踐?！军c擊高考】Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining pany, _ as 3M.（04年浙江）A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 答案為B be known as 著稱，用過去分詞known 作the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining pany 的定語，相當于定語從句：which was known as 3M.14.Their works has influenced other writers ever since.他們的作品影響了后進的作家?！军c撥】（1）influence 此處用作及物動詞，意思為“影響；對起作用；左右”。influence 還可用作名詞，意思為“影響；作用；影響力”。常用短語有：have an influence on sb / sth 對產生影響have influence over sb / sth 對有影響力under the influence of 受影響His writings have influenced the lives of millions.他的作品影響了千百萬人的一生。A number of social factors influence life expectancy.諸多社會因素左右著人的預期壽命。What a teacher says and does have a great influence on his students.教師的言行對學生影響很大。Her Parents no longer have any real influence over her.她的父母對她不再有真正的約束力了。He mitted the crime under the influence of drugs.他是在吸毒后犯罪的。【辨析】result, effect 與influence result 結果，影響，指某一行動、計劃或事件帶來的直接后果。effect 結果，效果，指某一行動、計劃事件帶來的間接后果或某一事物產生的效應。influence 影響，指對周圍一切或今后歷史等產生的影響，常指深遠的影響。有時指具有影響力，左右局勢的人或事件。She died as a result of her injuries.她由于受傷而死亡。Doing it like that will have a bad effect on you.那樣做對你影響不好。Clawdes work had a major influence on generations of musicians.克勞德的作品對幾代音樂家都產生過重要影響?！军c撥】（2）ever since 自一直，常與完成時連用。He left home two weeks ago and we havent heard from ever since.他兩周前離家外出，我們至今還沒有他的音信。We were divorced two years ago and she has remained ever since.我們是兩年前離的婚，之后她又再婚了。【點擊高考】The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power _ increased enormously even since. （2004上海）A. is B. was C. has been D. had been答案為C 根據ever since （從那時，一直到現在）應用現在完成時。15.“方位”表達法小結（1）be, lie, stand + 介詞（in / to / on）+ the + 方位名詞 + of （2）face / look (to the) + 方位詞（3）be / stand / lie + 距離 + 方位詞 + of （4）方位詞 + of + be / lies / stands +主語（5）to / in / on + the + 方位名詞 + is / lies + 地方（6）be far away from / near;close to 離遠/近（7）(be) next to sb / sth 在旁邊（8）be apposite sth 在對面（9）be situated / located + 介詞 + the + 方位名詞 + of Taiwan is to the east of Fujian and in the southeast of China.臺灣鄰近福建東部，位于中國東南部。China faces the Pacific on the east. 中國東部面向太平洋。His hometown lies so miles east of our school.他的家鄉(xiāng)在我們學校東50英里外。North of the town lies a railway. 城鎮(zhèn)北部有一條鐵路。On the north of the United States lies Canada. 美國北部與加拿大接壤。The university isnt so far from here. 那所大學距離這里不遠。Our house is nearer to the bus stop than it is to the subway station.我家到公共汽車站比到地鐵站近。Who stood next to you ? 誰站你旁邊？Its easy to find theres a church just opposite my house.我家很容易找，正對面有座教堂。The new building will be located in the center of town. 這座大樓將建在市中心。16.France and Germany arent going to sign the agreement.法德兩國還沒打算簽訂協(xié)議?！军c撥】sign 此處用作及物動詞，意思為“簽名；簽署”。You forgot to sign the cheek ! 你忘了在支票上簽字！The artist signed his name in the corner of the painting. 畫家在畫的角上署了名。【拓展】（1）sign 還可用作不及物動詞，意思為“簽名；做手勢（示意）”。Sign here, please. 請在這里簽字。He was signing to me crazily to not mention anything about Jack.他拼命地向我打手勢，叫我不要提起杰克的任何事。She signed for us to go inside.她打手勢讓我們進去。【拓展】（2）與sign 構成的常用短語有：sign in 簽到sing out 簽名；登記離開sign up (for sth) 報名參加sign off 結束寫信Remember to sign in at the reception table and sign out at the office.記住要在接待處簽到，在辦公室登記離開。Im thinking of signing up for the French course this term.我在考慮報名參加這個學期的法國課。Its getting late so Ill sign off now, love John.時間不早了，我就此擱筆。愛你的約翰。17.In terms of size and population, how big is the European Union pared with China ?從面積和人口兩方面來說，與中國相比，歐洲聯(lián)盟有多大？【點撥】in terms of 在方面；從方面來說；根據來解釋US foreign policy tended to see everything in terms of the Vietnam War.美國的外交政策往往從越南戰(zhàn)爭的角度來看待一切。In terms of customer satisfaction the policy cannot be criticized.說到顧客的滿意情況，這個政策無可挑剔。18.The countries are independent and are governed in different ways.這些國家是獨立的，以不同的方法統(tǒng)治國家?！军c撥】govern 用作及物動詞，意思為“統(tǒng)治；控制；管理；支配”。The country is governed by elected representatives of the people.這個國家由民選代表統(tǒng)治。Prices are very much governed by market demand.價格在很大程度上取決于市場的需求。19.In France, on the other hand, the head of state is a president.另一方面，在法國，國家元首稱總統(tǒng)?！军c撥】on the other hand 另一方面；反過來說，常與on the one hand構成on (the) one hand, on the other hand 一方面；另一方面，用于引出不同的對立的觀點、思想等。On the one hand theyd love to have kids, but on the other hand, they dont want to give up freedom.一方面，他們想要孩子，但另一方面，他們又不想放棄自由自在的生活。25% of the students, on the other hand, are against the idea of going abroad.另一方面，25%的學生反對出國。20.But each of them sends representatives to the European parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries.但是每一個國家派的代表到歐洲國會，它掌握著發(fā)生在每個成員國的一切?！军c撥】（1）這是一個由which 所引導的非限制性定語從句，先行詞是the European parliament.【點撥】（2）have / lose control over / of sb / sth 對擁有/失去管理權或支配權The Democrats will probably lose control of / over congress.民主黨很可能失去對國會的控制。The teacher had no control over the children.那位老師管不住學生。21.Little by little, the number in creased during the second half of the twentieth century.在20世紀后50年期間，成員國的數量逐漸增加。little by little 逐漸地；一點點地Little by little the snow disappeared. 雪漸漸