《西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（微觀(guān)部分）》案例分析

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1、《西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（微觀(guān)部分）》案例分析 《西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（微觀(guān)部分）》案例分析 黃德林 收集整理 第一章 導(dǎo)論····································································································································································4 案例1：為什么學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：向經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家那樣思考·······················································

2、····································4 案例2：觀(guān)一葉可否知秋······································································································································6 案例3：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究主要方法——實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)········································································7 案例4：搭建經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的大廈——

3、數(shù)學(xué)分析··········································································································8 案例5：理性成就快樂(lè)：向經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家那樣思考···································································································8 案例6：微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)····················································

4、································································10 案例7：實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)····················································································································10 案例8：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)·························································································

5、··············································11 案例9：專(zhuān)題討論：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本內(nèi)容和分析框架·························································································11 第二章 供求理論································································································································

6、·························13 案例1：雪天的雜貨店·······································································································································13 案例2：歌星的高收入合理嗎···············································································································

7、·············14 案例3：家電市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的變化····························································································································14 案例4：政府對(duì)雞蛋的補(bǔ)貼弊端························································································································15 案例5：“舊帽

8、換新帽律八折”····························································································································16 案例6：我國(guó)恩格爾系數(shù)的降低說(shuō)明了什么·····································································································16 案例7：企業(yè)決策的重要依據(jù)······························

9、······························································································17 案例8：需求定理的一個(gè)重要的條件················································································································18 案例9：家電市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的變化···························································

10、·································································19 案例10：“是先有蛋還是先有雞”······················································································································19 案例11：價(jià)格政策的利與弊··················································································

11、············································20 案例12：政府對(duì)雞蛋的補(bǔ)貼弊端······················································································································21 案例13：牛奶為什么倒入下水道······································································································

12、················21 案例14：“舊帽換新帽一律八折”······················································································································22 案例15：需求的收入彈性——企業(yè)與消費(fèi)者必須面對(duì)的另一個(gè)問(wèn)題····························································23 案例16：需求的交叉彈性——企業(yè)決策的重要依據(jù)····························

13、···························································24 案例17：供給彈性——企業(yè)決策的另一重要依據(jù)···························································································25 案例18：蛛網(wǎng)理論應(yīng)用——農(nóng)民減少損失的依據(jù)···························································································25 案例19：專(zhuān)

14、題討論·············································································································································26 第三章 效用理論················································································································································

15、·········27 案例1：是窮人幸福還是富人幸福····················································································································27 案例2：吃三個(gè)面包的感覺(jué)································································································································28 案例3：手機(jī)款式為什么

16、變化這么快················································································································29 案例4：你所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的東西值不值························································································································29 1 案例5：把每1分錢(qián)都用在刀刃上······················

17、······························································································30 案例6：邊際效用遞減規(guī)律給經(jīng)營(yíng)者的啟示·····································································································31 案例7：寶石和水的矛盾·····································································

18、·······························································31 案例8：買(mǎi)的東西值不值····································································································································31 案例9：消費(fèi)者行為與需求定理··········································································

19、··············································32 案例10：生活中最美好的東西都是免費(fèi)的·······································································································33 案例11：最佳購(gòu)買(mǎi)量的決定·················································································································

20、·············33 案例12：收入效應(yīng)和替代效應(yīng)··························································································································33 案例13：雙贏(yíng)的汽車(chē)保險(xiǎn)··································································································································34

21、案例14：測(cè)試你對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的態(tài)度··························································································································34 案例15：人生離不開(kāi)選擇··································································································································35 案例16：“幸福方程式”與“阿Q

22、精神”··············································································································36 案例17：專(zhuān)題討論·············································································································································36 第四章 生產(chǎn)與成本理論···················

23、··························································································································38 案例1：上大學(xué)值嗎···········································································································································38 案例2：讓顧客自行定價(jià)的鞋城老板········

24、········································································································39 案例3：大商場(chǎng)平時(shí)為什么不延長(zhǎng)營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間·····································································································40 案例4：利潤(rùn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家與會(huì)計(jì)師眼中的是不同的················································

25、·········································40 案例5：在土地上施肥量越多越好嗎················································································································41 案例6：中國(guó)人養(yǎng)活自己靠的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步·····································································································42 案例

26、7：旅行社在旅游淡季如何經(jīng)營(yíng)················································································································42 案例8：門(mén)臉?lè)渴浅鲎膺€是自己經(jīng)營(yíng)················································································································43 案例9：養(yǎng)育孩子的成本·····························

27、·······································································································44 案例10：為什么農(nóng)民的犯罪率高于城市人·······································································································44 案例11：在土地上施肥量越多越好嗎····················································

28、··························································45 案例12：中國(guó)人養(yǎng)活自己靠的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步···································································································45 案例13：引進(jìn)自動(dòng)分揀機(jī)是好事還是壞事··································································································

29、·····46 案例14：全球每四個(gè)微波爐就有一臺(tái)格蘭仕···································································································46 案例15：福特公司產(chǎn)量的安排··························································································································47 案例16：剛過(guò)去的那幾小時(shí)的運(yùn)輸成本是多少··········

30、·····················································································48 案例17：專(zhuān)題討論·············································································································································48 第五章 廠(chǎng)商均衡理論················································

31、·································································································49 案例1：政府辦的大型養(yǎng)雞場(chǎng)為什么賠錢(qián)········································································································49 案例2：鐵路部門(mén)的壟斷定價(jià)還能掌握多久························································

32、·············································50 案例3：麥當(dāng)勞連鎖店的折扣券························································································································51 案例4：一個(gè)最需要作廣告宣傳的市場(chǎng)··································································································

33、··········52 案例5：小豬與大豬的博弈································································································································53 案例6：麥當(dāng)勞連鎖店的折扣券························································································································53 案例7：從鉆石

34、恒久遠(yuǎn)，一顆永流傳想到的·····································································································54 案例8：一家獨(dú)大不是好事································································································································54 案例9：揭秘價(jià)格戰(zhàn)································

35、···········································································································56 案例10：雷克航空公司的搏斗··························································································································57 案例11：彩電寡頭的兩難抉擇·····································

36、·····················································································57 2 案例12：充分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)才是市場(chǎng)的最佳選擇··········································································································59 案例13：博弈論的經(jīng)典案例：囚徒困境·····························································

37、·············································59 案例14：專(zhuān)題討論·············································································································································62 第六章 分配理論··························································································

38、·······························································63 案例1：漂亮的收益···········································································································································63 案例2：經(jīng)濟(jì)地租與準(zhǔn)地租·······································································

39、·························································64 案例3：縮小我國(guó)偏大基尼系數(shù)的對(duì)策············································································································64 案例4：向富人征稅只能使富人少富而不會(huì)使窮人變富·················································································65 案例5：

40、我國(guó)目前的收入存在六方面差距········································································································65 案例6：專(zhuān)題討論···············································································································································66 第七章 一般均衡與福利理論············

41、···························································································································67 案例1：汽油價(jià)格與小型汽車(chē)的需求················································································································67 案例2：滿(mǎn)意即最優(yōu)··································

42、·········································································································68 案例3：發(fā)生在空中的帕累托改良····················································································································69 案例4：少數(shù)服從多數(shù)原則的局限性··········································

43、······································································70 案例5：白天與黑夜對(duì)盲人是一樣的················································································································72 案例6：一個(gè)帥小伙的難題····················································································

44、············································72 案例7：專(zhuān)題討論···············································································································································72 第八章 市場(chǎng)失靈與微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策····················································································

45、···········································75 案例1：“從南京到北京，買(mǎi)的不如賣(mài)的精”·····································································································75 案例2：二手車(chē)市場(chǎng)的逆向選擇····················································································································

46、····76 案例3：委托人給代理人帶的“金手銬”·············································································································77 案例4：解決兩個(gè)企業(yè)爭(zhēng)端的辦法····················································································································78 案例5：4個(gè)學(xué)生的一個(gè)真實(shí)的實(shí)驗(yàn)·············

47、····································································································78 案例6：我國(guó)哪些行業(yè)應(yīng)破除壟斷····················································································································79 案例7：婚戀市場(chǎng)的逆向選擇··················································

48、··········································································80 案例8：“劣幣驅(qū)逐良幣”····································································································································80 案例9：解決外部性需要明晰產(chǎn)權(quán)·····························································

49、·······················································82 案例10：交易費(fèi)用——越低越好······················································································································82 案例11：“小狗經(jīng)濟(jì)”威脅“斑馬經(jīng)濟(jì)”·······················································································

50、························83 案例12：基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)是公共物品··················································································································84 案例13：為什么鯨魚(yú)會(huì)有滅絕的危險(xiǎn)··············································································································85 案例14：距離產(chǎn)生美

51、·········································································································································85 3 第一章 導(dǎo)論 案例1：為什么學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：向經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家那樣思考 在日常生活中，每個(gè)人其實(shí)都在自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)地運(yùn)用著經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)。比如在自由市場(chǎng)里買(mǎi)東西，我們喜歡與小商小販討價(jià)還價(jià)；到銀行存錢(qián)，我們要想好是存定期還是活期。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)日常生活到底有多大作用，有一則關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家的故事可以參考。 故事

52、說(shuō)的是三個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和三個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)家一起乘火車(chē)去旅行。數(shù)學(xué)家譏笑經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家沒(méi)有真才實(shí)學(xué)，弄出的學(xué)問(wèn)還擺了一堆諸如“人都是理性的”之類(lèi)的假設(shè)條件；而經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家則笑話(huà)數(shù)學(xué)家們過(guò)于迂腐，腦子不會(huì)拐彎，缺乏理性選擇。最后經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家打賭看誰(shuí)完成旅行花的錢(qián)最少。三個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)家于是每個(gè)人買(mǎi)了一張票上車(chē)，而三個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家卻只買(mǎi)了一張火車(chē)票。列車(chē)員來(lái)查票時(shí)，三個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家就躲到了廁所里，列車(chē)員敲廁所門(mén)查票時(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們從門(mén)縫里遞出一張票說(shuō)，買(mǎi)了票了，就這樣蒙混過(guò)關(guān)了。三個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)家一看經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)們這樣就省了兩張票錢(qián)，很不服氣，于是在回程時(shí)也如法炮制，只買(mǎi)了一張票，可三個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一張票也沒(méi)有買(mǎi)就跟著上了車(chē)。數(shù)學(xué)家們心想，一張票也沒(méi)買(mǎi)

53、，看你們?cè)趺椿爝^(guò)去。等到列車(chē)員開(kāi)始查票的時(shí)候，三個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)家也像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們上次一樣，躲到廁所里去了，而經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們卻坐在座位上沒(méi)動(dòng)。過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，廁所門(mén)外響起了敲門(mén)聲，并傳來(lái)了查票的聲音。數(shù)學(xué)家們乖乖地遞出車(chē)票，卻不見(jiàn)查票員把票遞回來(lái)。原來(lái)是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們冒充查票員，把數(shù)學(xué)家們的票騙走，躲到另外一個(gè)廁所去了。數(shù)學(xué)家們最后還是被列車(chē)員查到了，乖乖的補(bǔ)了三張票，而經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們卻只掏了一張票的錢(qián)，就完成了這次往返旅行。這個(gè)故事經(jīng)常被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授們當(dāng)作笑話(huà)講給剛?cè)腴T(mén)的大學(xué)生聽(tīng)，以此來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的興趣。但在包括經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)初學(xué)者在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)人看來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)既枯燥又乏味，充滿(mǎn)了統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字和專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有這則故事生動(dòng)有趣

54、；而且經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)總是與貨幣有割舍不斷的聯(lián)系，因此，人們普遍以為，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的主題內(nèi)容是貨幣。其實(shí)，這是一種誤解。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)真正的主題內(nèi)容是理性，其隱而不彰的深刻內(nèi)涵就是人們理性地采取行動(dòng)的事實(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)于理性的假設(shè)是針對(duì)個(gè)人而不是團(tuán)體。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是理解人們行為的方法，它源自這樣的假設(shè)：每個(gè)人不僅有自己的目標(biāo)，而且還會(huì)主動(dòng)地選擇正確的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)。這樣的假設(shè)雖然未必總是正確，但很實(shí)用。在這樣的假設(shè)下發(fā)展出來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，不僅有實(shí)用價(jià)值，能夠指導(dǎo)我們的日常生活，而且這樣的學(xué)問(wèn)本身也由于充滿(mǎn)了理性而足以?shī)嗜诵闹?，令人?lè)而忘返。盡管我們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪袝r(shí)常有意無(wú)意地運(yùn)用了一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)，但如果對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)缺乏基本的了解

55、，就容易在處理日常事務(wù)時(shí)理性不足，給自己的生活平添許多不必要的煩擾。比如，剛剛買(mǎi)回車(chē)子，沒(méi)過(guò)兩天，這款車(chē)子卻降價(jià)了，大部分人遇到這種情況的時(shí)候都垂頭喪氣，心里郁悶得很；倘若前不久剛剛買(mǎi)了房子，該小區(qū)的房?jī)r(jià)最近卻上漲了，興高采烈是一般購(gòu)房者的正常反應(yīng)。這些反應(yīng)雖然符合人之常情，但跌價(jià)帶來(lái)的郁悶感覺(jué)卻是錯(cuò)誤的。 4 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為，正確的反映應(yīng)該是：無(wú)論是跌價(jià)，還是漲價(jià)，都應(yīng)該感覺(jué)更好。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為，對(duì)消費(fèi)者而言，最重要的是你消費(fèi)的是什么——房?jī)r(jià)、車(chē)價(jià)是多少以及其他商品的價(jià)格是多少。在價(jià)格變動(dòng)以前，你所選擇的商品組合（房子、車(chē)子加上用收入余款購(gòu)買(mǎi)的其他商品）就是對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)是最好的東西。如果價(jià)格沒(méi)有

56、改變，你會(huì)繼續(xù)這樣的消費(fèi)組合。在價(jià)格變化以后，你仍然可以選擇消費(fèi)同樣的商品，因?yàn)榉孔?、?chē)子已經(jīng)屬于你了，所以，你不可能因?yàn)閮r(jià)格變化而感覺(jué)更糟糕。但是，由于房子、車(chē)子與其他商品的最佳組合取決于房?jī)r(jià)、車(chē)價(jià)，所以，過(guò)去的商品組合仍然為最佳是不可能的。這就意味著現(xiàn)在還有一些更加吸引人的選擇，因此，你的感覺(jué)應(yīng)該更好。新的選擇雖然存在，但你卻更鐘情于原來(lái)的最佳選擇（原來(lái)的商品組合）。 在日常生活中，我們還常常煩擾于別人為什么掙得比我多，總是覺(jué)得自己得到的比應(yīng)得的少，而經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)卻告訴我們這樣的感覺(jué)是庸人自擾，也是錯(cuò)誤的。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為別人比自己掙得多是正常的，自己得到的就是應(yīng)得的，如果自己不能理性地坦然面對(duì)，只會(huì)

57、給自己的生活帶來(lái)不必要的煩擾和憂(yōu)愁。 我們之所以在日常生活中遇到這樣那樣的煩擾，主要還是因?yàn)閷?duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)有一些誤解，這可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說(shuō)起來(lái)比較簡(jiǎn)單的緣故?！肮┙o與需求”、“價(jià)格”、“效率”、“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”等都是大家耳熟能詳?shù)慕?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)詞匯，而且這些的詞匯的意思也是顯而易見(jiàn)的，因此，很多時(shí)候，似乎人人都是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。人們不敢隨便在一個(gè)物理學(xué)家或數(shù)學(xué)家面前班門(mén)弄斧，但在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家面前，誰(shuí)都可以就車(chē)價(jià)跌了該高興還是該郁悶等實(shí)際問(wèn)題隨意發(fā)表自己的見(jiàn)解。其實(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中有許多并非顯而易見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容，并不是每個(gè)人想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單。在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，要想從“我聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”進(jìn)入到“我懂得”的境界并不是件輕而易舉的事情。 因此，掌握正確的經(jīng)濟(jì)

58、學(xué)知識(shí)，將經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考問(wèn)題的方法運(yùn)用到日常生活中來(lái)，使我們能夠更加理性地面對(duì)生活中的各種瑣事，小到油鹽醬醋，大到談婚論嫁，就會(huì)減少生活中的諸多郁悶和不快，多一些開(kāi)心，多一些歡笑。 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的理論告訴我們：資源是稀缺的，時(shí)間是有限的，選擇是有代價(jià)的。我們要學(xué)會(huì)放棄一些眼前的利益，而選擇機(jī)會(huì)，選擇未來(lái)，堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)，不斷地給自己充電，適應(yīng)新的變化。如果你能多懂得一點(diǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，就會(huì)多一點(diǎn)機(jī)遇，少一點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 討論題： 1>. 為什么學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)？ 2>. 如何學(xué)好經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)？ 案例點(diǎn)評(píng)： 在日常生活中，我們還常常煩擾于別人為什么掙得比我多，總是覺(jué)得自己得到的比應(yīng)得的少，而經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)卻告訴我們這樣的感覺(jué)是庸人自擾，是錯(cuò)

59、誤的。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為別人比自己掙得多是正常的，自己得到的就是應(yīng)得的，如果自己不能理性地坦然面對(duì)，只會(huì)給自己的生活帶來(lái)不必要的煩擾和憂(yōu)愁。 我們之所以在日常生活中遇到這樣那樣的煩擾，主要還是因?yàn)閷?duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)有一些誤解，這可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說(shuō)起來(lái)比較簡(jiǎn)單的緣故?！肮┙o與需求”、“價(jià)格”、“效率”、“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)” 5 等都是大家耳熟能詳?shù)慕?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)詞匯，而且這些詞匯的意思也是顯而易見(jiàn)的，因此，很多時(shí)候，似乎人人都是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。人們不敢隨便在一個(gè)物理學(xué)家或數(shù)學(xué)家面前班門(mén)弄斧，但在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家面前，誰(shuí)都可以就車(chē)價(jià)跌了該高興還是該郁悶等實(shí)際問(wèn)題隨意發(fā)表自己的見(jiàn)解。其實(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中有許多并非顯而易見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容，并不是每個(gè)人想象的那

60、么簡(jiǎn)單。在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，要想從“我聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”進(jìn)入到“我懂得”的境界并不是件輕而易舉的事情。 因此，掌握正確的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)，將經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考問(wèn)題的方法運(yùn)用到日常生活中來(lái)，使我們能夠更加理性地面對(duì)生活中的各種瑣事，小到油鹽醬醋，大到談婚論嫁，就會(huì)減少生活中的諸多郁悶和不快，多一些開(kāi)心，多一些歡笑。 案例2：觀(guān)一葉可否知秋 微觀(guān)行為與宏觀(guān)結(jié)果甚至可能是背離的。對(duì)此，薩繆爾森在他經(jīng)典的教科書(shū)上曾打過(guò)一個(gè)精辟的比方。他說(shuō)，好比在一個(gè)電影院看電影，有人被前面的人擋住了視線(xiàn)，如果他站起來(lái)的話(huà)，他看電影的效果將會(huì)改善。因此，站起來(lái)就微觀(guān)而言是合理的。但是，如果大家都站起來(lái)的話(huà)，則大家看電影的效果都不能得到真正的改善

61、，站著和坐著的效果是一樣的，不過(guò)是徒然增加了一份“折騰”的成本而已。這個(gè)例子足以說(shuō)明，在微觀(guān)上合理的事情在宏觀(guān)上未必合理，在個(gè)體是理性的事情在總量上未必理性。 另一個(gè)例證是金融危機(jī)。當(dāng)有人發(fā)現(xiàn)銀行不穩(wěn)，他的最佳辦法就是將存款取出，以保全自己。但是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致全體的安全呢？恰恰相反，如果所有人都這么做的話(huà)，金融危機(jī)就會(huì)發(fā)生，個(gè)人也將受損。亞洲金融危機(jī)就是這樣，有人看到本幣不穩(wěn)，紛紛拋售本幣，購(gòu)買(mǎi)外幣，其結(jié)果是本幣一落千丈，而且引發(fā)金融危機(jī)，全國(guó)人民都受損。 在北京坐車(chē)，我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)體最優(yōu)與集體失敗的例子。前邊有堵車(chē)現(xiàn)象，有的司機(jī)看旁邊還有一條路，就闖了進(jìn)去，結(jié)果這條路也被堵上，最后堵得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)，連清

62、路的交警車(chē)也擠不進(jìn)來(lái)。這就是個(gè)人最優(yōu)讓集體徹底失敗。 因此，我們無(wú)法從微觀(guān)現(xiàn)象簡(jiǎn)單推導(dǎo)出宏觀(guān)結(jié)論。在宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面，所謂“觀(guān)一葉而知秋”的說(shuō)法是靠不住的。 討論題： 1>. 微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容是什么？ 2>. 微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)有哪些區(qū)別與聯(lián)系？ 案例點(diǎn)評(píng)： 微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是以單個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)單位為研究對(duì)象，著重考察和說(shuō)明消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者的最大化行為。宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是以國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)總過(guò)程的活動(dòng)為研究對(duì)象，著重考察和說(shuō)明國(guó)民收入、就業(yè)水平、價(jià)格水平等經(jīng)濟(jì)總量是如何決定的、如何波動(dòng)的，故又被稱(chēng)為總量分析或總量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，但在微觀(guān)上合理的事情在宏觀(guān)上未必合理，對(duì)個(gè)體是理性的事情

63、在總量上未必理性。上述例子說(shuō)明了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 由于整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的變動(dòng)產(chǎn)生于千百萬(wàn)個(gè)人的決策，所以，不考慮相關(guān)的微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)決策而 6 要去理解宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展是不可能的。例如，宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家可以從個(gè)人所得稅減少對(duì)整個(gè)物品與勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)的影響進(jìn)行分析。為了分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題，他必須考慮所得稅減少如何影響家庭把多少錢(qián)用于物品與勞務(wù)的決策。又如，失業(yè)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重時(shí)，作為個(gè)人，除了一些佼佼者能謀到職業(yè)外，總有人沒(méi)有就業(yè)崗位，作為廠(chǎng)商也不能無(wú)效率的吸收工人，所以失業(yè)問(wèn)題是宏觀(guān)問(wèn)題，解決就業(yè)是政府的責(zé)任。 盡管微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之間存在固有的關(guān)系，但這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域仍然是不同的。在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中，也和在生物學(xué)中一樣，從最小的單位開(kāi)始并

64、向上發(fā)展看來(lái)是自然而然的。但這樣做既無(wú)必要，也并不總是最好的方法。從某種意義上說(shuō)，進(jìn)化生物學(xué)建立在分子生物學(xué)之上，因?yàn)槲锓N是由分子構(gòu)成的。但進(jìn)化生物學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)是不同的領(lǐng)域，各有自己的問(wèn)題和方法。同樣，由于微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)探討不同的問(wèn)題，所以，它們有時(shí)采用相當(dāng)不同的方法，并通常分設(shè)微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)兩門(mén)課程。 案例3：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究主要方法——實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 現(xiàn)在上至國(guó)務(wù)院下至普通的老百姓非常關(guān)心我國(guó)的GDP 和人均GDP，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)數(shù)字。前者代表一個(gè)國(guó)家的綜合國(guó)力，后者反映老百姓生活的富裕程度。從實(shí)證角度看，這些數(shù)字的統(tǒng)計(jì)歸納過(guò)程就是實(shí)證分析的過(guò)程，如果對(duì)某些數(shù)據(jù)有懷疑還

65、可以重新檢驗(yàn)。具體數(shù)字是客觀(guān)的，在統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò)程中不涉及道德問(wèn)題，只回答是什么。從規(guī)范分析的角度來(lái)研究，首先在我國(guó)目前的情況下確定一個(gè)合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率，確定一個(gè)反映人民生活水平小康的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，國(guó)家就應(yīng)該要制定相應(yīng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策、貨幣政策、和財(cái)政政策。后者涉及了道德問(wèn)題。對(duì)于后者問(wèn)題不同人站在不同角度得出的結(jié)論是不一樣的。有的人認(rèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率提高是好事；有人認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率太快是壞事，應(yīng)停止經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。這些都是主觀(guān)的好壞判斷無(wú)法檢驗(yàn)。 討論題： 1>. 什么是實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)？ 2>. 實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)聯(lián)系和區(qū)別？ 案例點(diǎn)評(píng)： 實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的根本區(qū)別是對(duì)價(jià)值判斷的態(tài)度。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

66、的道德與不道德就是否涉及價(jià)值判斷，因?yàn)閮r(jià)值判斷是道德問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)。實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)排斥價(jià)值判斷，也就不涉及道德問(wèn)題，實(shí)證分析只認(rèn)識(shí)事實(shí)本身，研究經(jīng)濟(jì)本身的規(guī)律。實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是有區(qū)別的，但也不難發(fā)現(xiàn)二者也有聯(lián)系。實(shí)證分析數(shù)字結(jié)果，為國(guó)家制定和選擇適度經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)政策提供了依據(jù)；而適合的政策環(huán)境又是達(dá)到和保障經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)量指標(biāo)的保證。因此說(shuō)實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)；而實(shí)證經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)又離不開(kāi)規(guī)范經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的指導(dǎo)。也就是說(shuō)，越具體的一些定量分析都屬于實(shí)證分析。越高層次、定性、帶有決策分析的問(wèn)題是規(guī)范分析。 7 案例4：搭建經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的大廈——數(shù)學(xué)分析 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)雖然用數(shù)學(xué)方法但與自然科學(xué)所采用的方法也有所不同。自然科學(xué)所采用的方法是比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)與準(zhǔn)確的。比如說(shuō)，人造衛(wèi)星圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈所帶來(lái)的誤差也許僅僅有幾十米的誤差，與地球周長(zhǎng)比較起來(lái)是微不足道的。但是，再高明的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度也達(dá)不到“微不足道”，而是相對(duì)比較大。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家他們大都是數(shù)學(xué)家，他們用數(shù)學(xué)方法研究社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題，能用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)模型說(shuō)明一個(gè)深?yuàn)W的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)道理。正因?yàn)槿绱?，有人講“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是社會(huì)科學(xué)的皇后”。但我們學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的時(shí)候，不要過(guò)