2019-2020學年高中英語 Unit 1 Great Scientists Section Ⅲ Grammar教學案 新人教版必修5

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1、Section Ⅲ　Grammar——過去分詞作定語和表語 課前語法感知 Ⅰ.教材語法感知 教材原句 ①With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs. ②From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. ③So many thousands of terrified people di

2、ed every time there was an outbreak. ④He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. ⑤But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. ⑥Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. 探究發(fā)現(xiàn) (1)例句①②③④中的過去分詞(短語)在句

3、中作定語。 (2)例句①②③中為單個的過去分詞作定語，常常放于被修飾名詞的前面；例句④中過去分詞短語作定語，常常放于被修飾名詞的后面。 (3)例句⑤⑥中的過去分詞在句中作表語。 Ⅱ.真題語法感知 1．(2017·北京高考)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students. 答案：spent　time和spend之間存在被動關系，故此處用過去分詞作time的后置定語。 2．(2016·浙江高考)To return to the problem of wat

4、er pollution, I'd like you to look at a study ________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012. 答案：conducted　study與conduct之間為被動關系，且設空處表示動作已完成，故用過去分詞作后置定語。句意：回到水污染問題，我想讓你們看一下2012年在澳大利亞進行的研究。 3．(2016·江蘇高考)In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ (hide) within the work. 答案：h

5、idden　設空處在句中作定語，message與hide之間為被動關系，且設空處表示動作已完成，故用過去分詞形式。句意：在藝術評論中，你必須假定藝術家在作品中有一定的隱含信息。 4．(2014·安徽高考)While waiting for the opportunity to get ________ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty. 答案：promoted　邏輯主語Henry和promote之間是被動關系，故使用過去分詞。句意：亨利在等待獲得升職機會的同時，盡力做好自己的本職工作。 課堂合作探究 過去分詞是非謂語動詞

6、的一種。從語法功能分析，過去分詞兼有動詞、形容詞或副詞的特性，可在句中充當定語、表語、賓語補足語或狀語。通常邏輯主語與過去分詞所表示的動作之間存在被動關系，表示被動或完成。 一、過去分詞作定語 1．過去分詞作定語的位置 (1)前置定語：單個過去分詞作定語時，一般放在所修飾詞語之前。 The recovered animals will be released soon. 痊愈的動物會很快被釋放。 (2)后置定語 過去分詞短語作定語時往往作后置定語，即放在所修飾詞之后，它的作用相當于一個定語從句。 The film Wolf Warriors Ⅱ directed by th

7、e action star Wu Jing is now China's top grossing film. ＝The film Wolf Warriors Ⅱ which is directed by the action star Wu Jing is now China's top grossing film. 由功夫明星吳京導演的《戰(zhàn)狼2》現(xiàn)在成了中國票房收入最高的電影。 名師點津 (1)有些單個的過去分詞，像left(剩余的)，given(所給的)，concerned(有關的)等作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞后面。如：money left(剩余的錢)，the people co

8、ncerned(有關人士)，the book given(所給書籍)。 (2)如果被修飾的詞是由“every/some/any/no＋thing/body/one”所構成的復合代詞或指示代詞those，these等時，即使一個單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。 There is something unsolved before we carry out the plan. 我們執(zhí)行這個計劃前，還有一些沒有解決的事情。 2．過去分詞作定語的功能和作用 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，只表示動作已完成，不表示被動意義；及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，既表示被動意義又表示完成意義，有

9、時只表示被動意義。 (1)只表示完成，不表示被動 developed countries 發(fā)達國家 fallen leaves 落葉 (2)只表示被動，不表示完成 an honoured general 一位受尊重的將軍 deeply moved people 深受感動的人們 (3)既表示被動，又表示完成 the plan supported by most people 多數(shù)人支持的計劃 the broken glass 碎了的玻璃杯 名師點津 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和過去分詞作定語的不同： (1)現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主動，而過去分詞多表示被動。 (2)現(xiàn)在分詞

10、表示動作正在進行，而過去分詞通常表示動作已經(jīng)完成。 【即景活用1】 (1)單句語法填空 ①There is little time ________ (leave). Let's hurry up. ②Mr Smith has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students. ③People shouldn't be exposed to ________ (pollute) water. 答案：①left?、趕pent　③polluted (2)單句寫作 ①__

11、______________________ needs repairing. 上個月建造的那座橋需要修理。 ②This novel was once the ____________________ book in high schools in the United States. 這部小說曾經(jīng)是美國高中閱讀最廣泛的書。 答案：①The bridge built last month?、趍ost widely-read 二、過去分詞作表語 1．過去分詞作表語時與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的狀態(tài)和特征，而被動語態(tài)則表示動作。 “be＋過去分詞”表示狀態(tài)時，是系

12、表結構，此時分詞通常已形容詞化；表示動作時，是被動語態(tài)，且絕大多數(shù)被動結構中的動作執(zhí)行者由介詞by引出。 The cup is broken.(系表結構，強調(diào)主語所處的狀態(tài)) 杯子碎了。 The cup was broken by my little sister.(被動語態(tài)，強調(diào)主語所承受的動作) 這個杯子是我小妹妹打碎的。 2．過去分詞作表語與動詞-ing形式作表語的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語表示被動或完成，即主語所處的狀態(tài)；動詞-ing形式作表語表示主動或進行，或者說表示主語的特征。 She was embarrassed because she didn't know the a

13、nswer. 她很尷尬因為她不知道答案。 Today's meeting was boring. 今天的會很無聊。 The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 這本書非常有趣，我對它非常感興趣。 名師點津 (1)過去分詞作表語時，其連系動詞不僅僅是be動詞，get, remain, stay, seem 等連系動詞也可以后接過去分詞(短語)作表語。 He seemed quite delighted at the news. 他似乎對這則消息感到很高興。 (2)過去分詞作表語時所體現(xiàn)的是形容詞的特性。 Finally

14、 the baby felt tired of playing with those toys. 最后那名嬰兒厭倦了玩那些玩具。 (3)注意下列每組詞在作定語和表語時的區(qū)別： exciting/excited, interesting/interested, disappoin- ting/disappointed, encouraging/encouraged, puzzling/ puzzled, surprising/surprised, pleasing/pleased, confusing/confused, moving/moved, terrifying/terrifi

15、ed 【即景活用2】 (1)單句語法填空 ①I don't really like the author, although I have to admit his books are very ________ (excite)． ②Those poor and needy teenagers were ________ (excite) to find a shop at the corner where they could buy affordably priced bikes. ③It's ________ (surprise) that your brother p

16、icked up Russian so quickly—he hasn't lived there very long. ④She was ________ (surprise) to find the fridge empty：the children had eaten everything. 答案：①exciting?、趀xcited?、踫urprising?、躶urprised (2)單句寫作 ①He was __________________________ that they asked him. 他被他們問的問題弄糊涂了。 ②The woman __________

17、______ at the news. 那個女人對這個消息感到失望。 ③The novel ____________________ Han Han. 這本小說是韓寒寫的。 答案：①confused by the questions　②was disappointed ③was written by 課后演練提能 [基礎題] Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．The salesgirl at last handled the difficult customer and gave a ________ (satisfy) smile. 答案：satisfied 2．She felt

18、 sure the letter had some ________ (hide) meaning. 答案：hidden 3．To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study ________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012. 答案：conducted 4．(2017·浙江高考)Students, parents and teachers are ________ (please) with the results. 答案：pleased 5．Th

19、e telegram __________ (send) by my sister brought the news of my dear grandma's death. 答案：sent Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．It is very encouraged to find so many people attending the meeting. __________________________________________________________________ 答案：encouraged→encouraging 2．The window being broken in

20、the storm has now been repaired. __________________________________________________________________ 答案：去掉being 3．There is nothing writing on it. __________________________________________________________________ 答案：writing→written 4．She listened with a puzzling expression on her face. _______

21、___________________________________________________________ 答案：puzzling→puzzled 5．Many using computers will be sold in this market. __________________________________________________________________ 答案：using→used Ⅲ.單句寫作 1．____________________________ (他臉上興奮的表情) suggested that he had known the

22、truth. 答案：The excited look on his face 2．Please get ____________________ (那個摔壞了的時鐘) repaired as soon as possible. 答案：the broken clock 3．The computer center ____________________ (去年開放的), is very popular among the students in this area. 答案：opened last year 4．His book ______________________ (上個月出

23、版) is based on a true story. 答案：published last month 5．From the date______________ (標記在……上的) the gold coin, it is confirmed that it was made five hundred years ago. 答案：marked on [能力題] Ⅰ.閱讀理解 A (2018·北京高考) Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.

24、Almost half of that winds up in landfills， and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greate

25、r wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible

26、 for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass—apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Berto

27、cchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well，” she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system t

28、o break this bond.” Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next st

29、ep, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes (腸道微生物)? Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemica

30、l in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.” 篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。最新科學研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大蠟螟幼蟲能利用體內(nèi)的酶來分解塑料，這是一種分解塑料的新方法。 1．What can we learn about the worms in the study? A．They take plastics as their everyday food. B．They are newly evolved creatures. C．They can

31、consume plastics. D．They wind up in landfills. 答案：C　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，蠕蟲能消耗塑料。故選C。 2．According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to ________. A．identify other means of the breakdown B．find out the source of the enzyme C．confirm the research findings D．increase the breakdown sp

32、eed 答案：B　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后兩句可知，DeBruyn說，下一步將找出分解的原因。這種酶是蠕蟲自身產(chǎn)生的，還是腸道微生物產(chǎn)生的？即根據(jù)Jennifer DeBruyn的說法，下一步將找出這種酶的來源。故選B。 3．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might ________. A．help to raise worms B．help make plastic bags C．be used to clean the oceans D．be produced in factories

33、 in future 答案：D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知，她希望通過某種工業(yè)生產(chǎn)程序使用這種化學物質(zhì)，而不是簡單地“把數(shù)百萬條蟲子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，將來這種化學制品可能由工廠生產(chǎn)。故選D。 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain a study method on worms. B．To introduce the diet of a special worm. C．To present a way to break down plastics. D．To propose new means

34、to keep eco-balance. 答案：C　主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蠕蟲能分解塑料，即一種分解塑料的新方法。故選C。 1．landfills n. 垃圾填埋場　　2.paste n. 糊狀物 1．break down 分解 2.be involved in 投身于，致力于 B Could cities that float on the sea solve the problems caused by floods and provide food for the world? Some scientists think so. The idea

35、 is already being tested and they believe that floating cities will provide more homes for a growing population, without having to use land to grow food. And they believe floating areas will allow more food to be provided, so that no one in the world is hungry. In some places cities that float on t

36、he sea are already being planned. A company in the Netherlands called DeltaSync thinks that the sea cities will save the world, with more than one in ten people living in them. They say sea cities solve many problems the world faces in the 21st century, like not having enough land, more and more pe

37、ople needing homes, fossil fuels (化石燃料) running low and the increasingly serious problems caused by floods. DeltaSync says building cities in the desert is not possible because there is not enough water and developing ways for people to live in space is still too expensive. So they believe the answ

38、er is our ocean, which covers over two thirds of the Earth's surface. Their plans for floating areas include using algae to produce fuel and food. More than a quarter of the land in the Netherlands already lies underwater and scientists there have spent years trying to find ways to deal with it. In

39、 the city of Rotterdam they already have floating homes. Bart Roeffen from DeltaSync says, “We have plans for neighbourhoods including roads and, in the end, I believe we can build floating cities on the sea.” 篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了人們想要在海上建造城市的計劃，并且在某些地方，漂浮城市的計劃已經(jīng)在進行?？茖W家們認為這能為不斷增長的人口提供更多居住地，荷蘭的一家公司也提

40、出了這種做法的諸多好處。 5．What can we learn about the Netherlands? A．There are floating homes in one of its cities. B．It has found many fossil fuels recently. C．Two thirds of its land is covered by water. D．Its population is increasing quickly. 答案：A　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“In the city of Rotterdam they already h

41、ave floating homes.”可知選A。 6．Which of the following is the advantage of the cities that DeltaSync wants to build? A．Providing more jobs for people. B．Satisfying more people's housing needs. C．Supplying enough water to people. D．Making travel in space possible. 答案：B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“They say sea ci

42、ties solve many problems the world faces in the 21st century, like not having enough land, more and more people needing homes”可知，這家公司認為建造海上房屋可以解決更多人的住房問題，故選B。 7．What does Bart Roeffen think of his company's future plans? A．He doubts them. B．He has no idea about them. C．He is uncertain about them

43、. D．He is hopeful about them. 答案：D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可以看出Bart Roeffen對公司未來的計劃非常有信心，故選D。 8．What is the best title for the passage? A．Will there be enough water? B．Is it possible to live in the desert? C．Will sea cities save the world? D．Is it expensive to build floating cities? 答案：C　標題判斷題。本文主要介紹了人們

44、想要在海上建造城市的計劃以及這一計劃的諸多好處，故選C。 1．float v. 浮動　　　2.neighbourhood n. 社區(qū)；街坊 1．provide ... for ... 為……提供…… 2．deal with 處理 Ⅱ.語法填空 You may like reading novels for fun. But you need to get __1__ (organize) if you are reading a novel for school. Here __2__ (be) a few tips. First, pay attention to

45、 characters. What do they do in the novel? What do they want? Everything __3__ is about a character can help us to understand him, from his __4__ (appear) to the kind of food he eats. Besides, the order of the story and the plot are __5__ (equal) important. Make sure that as you read, you make __6_

46、_ quick note of what happens in each chapter. This will help you bring the things you have noticed about the characters, setting, language and so on together. It's also an enormous help for you to retell the story after you have read it. Next, themes. They are ideas that a novel explores. __7__ is

47、a must to get the hang of the theme if you want to fully appreciate the novel. Perhaps love is a major theme, or justice, or __8__ (survive)． Furthermore, novels are made up __9__ language. Writers use language in a special way __10__ (make) their novels work. They may use metaphors, invent symbols, or show different characters' personalities through their speech styles. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________ 5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________ 9．________　10.________ 答案：1.organized　2.are　3.that　4.appearance　5.equally 6．a(chǎn)　7.It　8.survival　9.of　10.to make - 11 -