《西方經濟學（微觀部分）》案例分析

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1、《西方經濟學（微觀部分）》案例分析 《西方經濟學（微觀部分）》案例分析 黃德林 收集整理 第一章 導論····································································································································································4 案例1：為什么學習經濟學：向經濟學家那樣思考·······················································

2、····································4 案例2：觀一葉可否知秋······································································································································6 案例3：經濟學的研究主要方法——實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學········································································7 案例4：搭建經濟學的大廈——

3、數學分析··········································································································8 案例5：理性成就快樂：向經濟學家那樣思考···································································································8 案例6：微觀經濟學與宏觀經濟學····················································

4、································································10 案例7：實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學····················································································································10 案例8：經濟學與數學·························································································

5、··············································11 案例9：專題討論：經濟學的基本內容和分析框架·························································································11 第二章 供求理論································································································································

6、·························13 案例1：雪天的雜貨店·······································································································································13 案例2：歌星的高收入合理嗎···············································································································

7、·············14 案例3：家電市場價格的變化····························································································································14 案例4：政府對雞蛋的補貼弊端························································································································15 案例5：“舊帽

8、換新帽律八折”····························································································································16 案例6：我國恩格爾系數的降低說明了什么·····································································································16 案例7：企業(yè)決策的重要依據······························

9、······························································································17 案例8：需求定理的一個重要的條件················································································································18 案例9：家電市場價格的變化···························································

10、·································································19 案例10：“是先有蛋還是先有雞”······················································································································19 案例11：價格政策的利與弊··················································································

11、············································20 案例12：政府對雞蛋的補貼弊端······················································································································21 案例13：牛奶為什么倒入下水道······································································································

12、················21 案例14：“舊帽換新帽一律八折”······················································································································22 案例15：需求的收入彈性——企業(yè)與消費者必須面對的另一個問題····························································23 案例16：需求的交叉彈性——企業(yè)決策的重要依據····························

13、···························································24 案例17：供給彈性——企業(yè)決策的另一重要依據···························································································25 案例18：蛛網理論應用——農民減少損失的依據···························································································25 案例19：專

14、題討論·············································································································································26 第三章 效用理論················································································································································

15、·········27 案例1：是窮人幸福還是富人幸?！ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁ?7 案例2：吃三個面包的感覺································································································································28 案例3：手機款式為什么

16、變化這么快················································································································29 案例4：你所購買的東西值不值························································································································29 1 案例5：把每1分錢都用在刀刃上······················

17、······························································································30 案例6：邊際效用遞減規(guī)律給經營者的啟示·····································································································31 案例7：寶石和水的矛盾·····································································

18、·······························································31 案例8：買的東西值不值····································································································································31 案例9：消費者行為與需求定理··········································································

19、··············································32 案例10：生活中最美好的東西都是免費的·······································································································33 案例11：最佳購買量的決定·················································································································

20、·············33 案例12：收入效應和替代效應··························································································································33 案例13：雙贏的汽車保險··································································································································34

21、案例14：測試你對風險的態(tài)度··························································································································34 案例15：人生離不開選擇··································································································································35 案例16：“幸福方程式”與“阿Q

22、精神”··············································································································36 案例17：專題討論·············································································································································36 第四章 生產與成本理論···················

23、··························································································································38 案例1：上大學值嗎···········································································································································38 案例2：讓顧客自行定價的鞋城老板········

24、········································································································39 案例3：大商場平時為什么不延長營業(yè)時間·····································································································40 案例4：利潤在經濟學家與會計師眼中的是不同的················································

25、·········································40 案例5：在土地上施肥量越多越好嗎················································································································41 案例6：中國人養(yǎng)活自己靠的農業(yè)技術進步·····································································································42 案例

26、7：旅行社在旅游淡季如何經營················································································································42 案例8：門臉房是出租還是自己經營················································································································43 案例9：養(yǎng)育孩子的成本·····························

27、·······································································································44 案例10：為什么農民的犯罪率高于城市人·······································································································44 案例11：在土地上施肥量越多越好嗎····················································

28、··························································45 案例12：中國人養(yǎng)活自己靠的農業(yè)技術進步···································································································45 案例13：引進自動分揀機是好事還是壞事··································································································

29、·····46 案例14：全球每四個微波爐就有一臺格蘭仕···································································································46 案例15：福特公司產量的安排··························································································································47 案例16：剛過去的那幾小時的運輸成本是多少··········

30、·····················································································48 案例17：專題討論·············································································································································48 第五章 廠商均衡理論················································

31、·································································································49 案例1：政府辦的大型養(yǎng)雞場為什么賠錢········································································································49 案例2：鐵路部門的壟斷定價還能掌握多久························································

32、·············································50 案例3：麥當勞連鎖店的折扣券························································································································51 案例4：一個最需要作廣告宣傳的市場··································································································

33、··········52 案例5：小豬與大豬的博弈································································································································53 案例6：麥當勞連鎖店的折扣券························································································································53 案例7：從鉆石

34、恒久遠，一顆永流傳想到的·····································································································54 案例8：一家獨大不是好事································································································································54 案例9：揭秘價格戰(zhàn)································

35、···········································································································56 案例10：雷克航空公司的搏斗··························································································································57 案例11：彩電寡頭的兩難抉擇·····································

36、·····················································································57 2 案例12：充分競爭才是市場的最佳選擇··········································································································59 案例13：博弈論的經典案例：囚徒困境·····························································

37、·············································59 案例14：專題討論·············································································································································62 第六章 分配理論··························································································

38、·······························································63 案例1：漂亮的收益···········································································································································63 案例2：經濟地租與準地租·······································································

39、·························································64 案例3：縮小我國偏大基尼系數的對策············································································································64 案例4：向富人征稅只能使富人少富而不會使窮人變富·················································································65 案例5：

40、我國目前的收入存在六方面差距········································································································65 案例6：專題討論···············································································································································66 第七章 一般均衡與福利理論············

41、···························································································································67 案例1：汽油價格與小型汽車的需求················································································································67 案例2：滿意即最優(yōu)··································

42、·········································································································68 案例3：發(fā)生在空中的帕累托改良····················································································································69 案例4：少數服從多數原則的局限性··········································

43、······································································70 案例5：白天與黑夜對盲人是一樣的················································································································72 案例6：一個帥小伙的難題····················································································

44、············································72 案例7：專題討論···············································································································································72 第八章 市場失靈與微觀經濟政策····················································································

45、···········································75 案例1：“從南京到北京，買的不如賣的精”·····································································································75 案例2：二手車市場的逆向選擇····················································································································

46、····76 案例3：委托人給代理人帶的“金手銬”·············································································································77 案例4：解決兩個企業(yè)爭端的辦法····················································································································78 案例5：4個學生的一個真實的實驗·············

47、····································································································78 案例6：我國哪些行業(yè)應破除壟斷····················································································································79 案例7：婚戀市場的逆向選擇··················································

48、··········································································80 案例8：“劣幣驅逐良幣”····································································································································80 案例9：解決外部性需要明晰產權·····························································

49、·······················································82 案例10：交易費用——越低越好······················································································································82 案例11：“小狗經濟”威脅“斑馬經濟”·······················································································

50、························83 案例12：基礎理論知識是公共物品··················································································································84 案例13：為什么鯨魚會有滅絕的危險··············································································································85 案例14：距離產生美

51、·········································································································································85 3 第一章 導論 案例1：為什么學習經濟學：向經濟學家那樣思考 在日常生活中，每個人其實都在自覺不自覺地運用著經濟學知識。比如在自由市場里買東西，我們喜歡與小商小販討價還價；到銀行存錢，我們要想好是存定期還是活期。經濟學對日常生活到底有多大作用，有一則關于經濟學家和數學家的故事可以參考。 故事

52、說的是三個經濟學家和三個數學家一起乘火車去旅行。數學家譏笑經濟學家沒有真才實學，弄出的學問還擺了一堆諸如“人都是理性的”之類的假設條件；而經濟學家則笑話數學家們過于迂腐，腦子不會拐彎，缺乏理性選擇。最后經濟學家和數學家打賭看誰完成旅行花的錢最少。三個數學家于是每個人買了一張票上車，而三個經濟學家卻只買了一張火車票。列車員來查票時，三個經濟學家就躲到了廁所里，列車員敲廁所門查票時，經濟學家們從門縫里遞出一張票說，買了票了，就這樣蒙混過關了。三個數學家一看經濟學們這樣就省了兩張票錢，很不服氣，于是在回程時也如法炮制，只買了一張票，可三個經濟學家一張票也沒有買就跟著上了車。數學家們心想，一張票也沒買

53、，看你們怎么混過去。等到列車員開始查票的時候，三個數學家也像經濟學家們上次一樣，躲到廁所里去了，而經濟學家們卻坐在座位上沒動。過了一會兒，廁所門外響起了敲門聲，并傳來了查票的聲音。數學家們乖乖地遞出車票，卻不見查票員把票遞回來。原來是經濟學家們冒充查票員，把數學家們的票騙走，躲到另外一個廁所去了。數學家們最后還是被列車員查到了，乖乖的補了三張票，而經濟學家們卻只掏了一張票的錢，就完成了這次往返旅行。這個故事經常被經濟學教授們當作笑話講給剛入門的大學生聽，以此來激發(fā)學生們學習經濟學的興趣。但在包括經濟學初學者在內的大多數人看來，經濟學既枯燥又乏味，充滿了統(tǒng)計數字和專業(yè)術語，遠沒有這則故事生動有趣

54、；而且經濟學總是與貨幣有割舍不斷的聯(lián)系，因此，人們普遍以為，經濟學的主題內容是貨幣。其實，這是一種誤解。經濟學真正的主題內容是理性，其隱而不彰的深刻內涵就是人們理性地采取行動的事實。經濟學關于理性的假設是針對個人而不是團體。經濟學是理解人們行為的方法，它源自這樣的假設：每個人不僅有自己的目標，而且還會主動地選擇正確的方式來實現這些目標。這樣的假設雖然未必總是正確，但很實用。在這樣的假設下發(fā)展出來的經濟學，不僅有實用價值，能夠指導我們的日常生活，而且這樣的學問本身也由于充滿了理性而足以娛人心智，令人樂而忘返。盡管我們在日常生活中時常有意無意地運用了一些經濟學知識，但如果對經濟學知識缺乏基本的了解

55、，就容易在處理日常事務時理性不足，給自己的生活平添許多不必要的煩擾。比如，剛剛買回車子，沒過兩天，這款車子卻降價了，大部分人遇到這種情況的時候都垂頭喪氣，心里郁悶得很；倘若前不久剛剛買了房子，該小區(qū)的房價最近卻上漲了，興高采烈是一般購房者的正常反應。這些反應雖然符合人之常情，但跌價帶來的郁悶感覺卻是錯誤的。 4 經濟學認為，正確的反映應該是：無論是跌價，還是漲價，都應該感覺更好。經濟學認為，對消費者而言，最重要的是你消費的是什么——房價、車價是多少以及其他商品的價格是多少。在價格變動以前，你所選擇的商品組合（房子、車子加上用收入余款購買的其他商品）就是對你來說是最好的東西。如果價格沒有

56、改變，你會繼續(xù)這樣的消費組合。在價格變化以后，你仍然可以選擇消費同樣的商品，因為房子、車子已經屬于你了，所以，你不可能因為價格變化而感覺更糟糕。但是，由于房子、車子與其他商品的最佳組合取決于房價、車價，所以，過去的商品組合仍然為最佳是不可能的。這就意味著現在還有一些更加吸引人的選擇，因此，你的感覺應該更好。新的選擇雖然存在，但你卻更鐘情于原來的最佳選擇（原來的商品組合）。 在日常生活中，我們還常常煩擾于別人為什么掙得比我多，總是覺得自己得到的比應得的少，而經濟學卻告訴我們這樣的感覺是庸人自擾，也是錯誤的。經濟學認為別人比自己掙得多是正常的，自己得到的就是應得的，如果自己不能理性地坦然面對，只會

57、給自己的生活帶來不必要的煩擾和憂愁。 我們之所以在日常生活中遇到這樣那樣的煩擾，主要還是因為對經濟學有一些誤解，這可能是經濟學說起來比較簡單的緣故?！肮┙o與需求”、“價格”、“效率”、“競爭”等都是大家耳熟能詳的經濟學詞匯，而且這些的詞匯的意思也是顯而易見的，因此，很多時候，似乎人人都是經濟學家。人們不敢隨便在一個物理學家或數學家面前班門弄斧，但在一個經濟學家面前，誰都可以就車價跌了該高興還是該郁悶等實際問題隨意發(fā)表自己的見解。其實，經濟學中有許多并非顯而易見的內容，并不是每個人想象的那么簡單。在經濟學領域，要想從“我聽說過”進入到“我懂得”的境界并不是件輕而易舉的事情。 因此，掌握正確的經濟

58、學知識，將經濟學思考問題的方法運用到日常生活中來，使我們能夠更加理性地面對生活中的各種瑣事，小到油鹽醬醋，大到談婚論嫁，就會減少生活中的諸多郁悶和不快，多一些開心，多一些歡笑。 經濟學的理論告訴我們：資源是稀缺的，時間是有限的，選擇是有代價的。我們要學會放棄一些眼前的利益，而選擇機會，選擇未來，堅持學習，不斷地給自己充電，適應新的變化。如果你能多懂得一點經濟學，就會多一點機遇，少一點風險。 討論題： 1>. 為什么學習經濟學？ 2>. 如何學好經濟學？ 案例點評： 在日常生活中，我們還常常煩擾于別人為什么掙得比我多，總是覺得自己得到的比應得的少，而經濟學卻告訴我們這樣的感覺是庸人自擾，是錯

59、誤的。經濟學認為別人比自己掙得多是正常的，自己得到的就是應得的，如果自己不能理性地坦然面對，只會給自己的生活帶來不必要的煩擾和憂愁。 我們之所以在日常生活中遇到這樣那樣的煩擾，主要還是因為對經濟學有一些誤解，這可能是經濟學說起來比較簡單的緣故?！肮┙o與需求”、“價格”、“效率”、“競爭” 5 等都是大家耳熟能詳的經濟學詞匯，而且這些詞匯的意思也是顯而易見的，因此，很多時候，似乎人人都是經濟學家。人們不敢隨便在一個物理學家或數學家面前班門弄斧，但在一個經濟學家面前，誰都可以就車價跌了該高興還是該郁悶等實際問題隨意發(fā)表自己的見解。其實，經濟學中有許多并非顯而易見的內容，并不是每個人想象的那

60、么簡單。在經濟學領域，要想從“我聽說過”進入到“我懂得”的境界并不是件輕而易舉的事情。 因此，掌握正確的經濟學知識，將經濟學思考問題的方法運用到日常生活中來，使我們能夠更加理性地面對生活中的各種瑣事，小到油鹽醬醋，大到談婚論嫁，就會減少生活中的諸多郁悶和不快，多一些開心，多一些歡笑。 案例2：觀一葉可否知秋 微觀行為與宏觀結果甚至可能是背離的。對此，薩繆爾森在他經典的教科書上曾打過一個精辟的比方。他說，好比在一個電影院看電影，有人被前面的人擋住了視線，如果他站起來的話，他看電影的效果將會改善。因此，站起來就微觀而言是合理的。但是，如果大家都站起來的話，則大家看電影的效果都不能得到真正的改善

61、，站著和坐著的效果是一樣的，不過是徒然增加了一份“折騰”的成本而已。這個例子足以說明，在微觀上合理的事情在宏觀上未必合理，在個體是理性的事情在總量上未必理性。 另一個例證是金融危機。當有人發(fā)現銀行不穩(wěn)，他的最佳辦法就是將存款取出，以保全自己。但是否會導致全體的安全呢？恰恰相反，如果所有人都這么做的話，金融危機就會發(fā)生，個人也將受損。亞洲金融危機就是這樣，有人看到本幣不穩(wěn)，紛紛拋售本幣，購買外幣，其結果是本幣一落千丈，而且引發(fā)金融危機，全國人民都受損。 在北京坐車，我經常發(fā)現個體最優(yōu)與集體失敗的例子。前邊有堵車現象，有的司機看旁邊還有一條路，就闖了進去，結果這條路也被堵上，最后堵得嚴嚴實實，連清

62、路的交警車也擠不進來。這就是個人最優(yōu)讓集體徹底失敗。 因此，我們無法從微觀現象簡單推導出宏觀結論。在宏觀經濟學方面，所謂“觀一葉而知秋”的說法是靠不住的。 討論題： 1>. 微觀經濟學與宏觀經濟學的主要內容是什么？ 2>. 微觀經濟學與宏觀經濟學有哪些區(qū)別與聯(lián)系？ 案例點評： 微觀經濟學是以單個經濟單位為研究對象，著重考察和說明消費者和生產者的最大化行為。宏觀經濟學是以國民經濟總過程的活動為研究對象，著重考察和說明國民收入、就業(yè)水平、價格水平等經濟總量是如何決定的、如何波動的，故又被稱為總量分析或總量經濟學。微觀經濟學是宏觀經濟學的基礎，但在微觀上合理的事情在宏觀上未必合理，對個體是理性的事情

63、在總量上未必理性。上述例子說明了這個問題。 由于整體經濟的變動產生于千百萬個人的決策，所以，不考慮相關的微觀經濟決策而 6 要去理解宏觀經濟的發(fā)展是不可能的。例如，宏觀經濟學家可以從個人所得稅減少對整個物品與勞務生產的影響進行分析。為了分析這個問題，他必須考慮所得稅減少如何影響家庭把多少錢用于物品與勞務的決策。又如，失業(yè)現象嚴重時，作為個人，除了一些佼佼者能謀到職業(yè)外，總有人沒有就業(yè)崗位，作為廠商也不能無效率的吸收工人，所以失業(yè)問題是宏觀問題，解決就業(yè)是政府的責任。 盡管微觀經濟學與宏觀經濟學之間存在固有的關系，但這兩個領域仍然是不同的。在經濟學中，也和在生物學中一樣，從最小的單位開始并

64、向上發(fā)展看來是自然而然的。但這樣做既無必要，也并不總是最好的方法。從某種意義上說，進化生物學建立在分子生物學之上，因為物種是由分子構成的。但進化生物學和分子生物學是不同的領域，各有自己的問題和方法。同樣，由于微觀經濟學和宏觀經濟學探討不同的問題，所以，它們有時采用相當不同的方法，并通常分設微觀經濟學和宏觀經濟學兩門課程。 案例3：經濟學的研究主要方法——實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學 現在上至國務院下至普通的老百姓非常關心我國的GDP 和人均GDP，因為這兩個數字。前者代表一個國家的綜合國力，后者反映老百姓生活的富裕程度。從實證角度看，這些數字的統(tǒng)計歸納過程就是實證分析的過程，如果對某些數據有懷疑還

65、可以重新檢驗。具體數字是客觀的，在統(tǒng)計過程中不涉及道德問題，只回答是什么。從規(guī)范分析的角度來研究，首先在我國目前的情況下確定一個合理的經濟增長率，確定一個反映人民生活水平小康的標準。為了實現這一目標，國家就應該要制定相應的產業(yè)政策、貨幣政策、和財政政策。后者涉及了道德問題。對于后者問題不同人站在不同角度得出的結論是不一樣的。有的人認經濟增長率提高是好事；有人認為經濟增長率太快是壞事，應停止經濟增長。這些都是主觀的好壞判斷無法檢驗。 討論題： 1>. 什么是實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學？ 2>. 實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學聯(lián)系和區(qū)別？ 案例點評： 實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學的根本區(qū)別是對價值判斷的態(tài)度。經濟學

66、的道德與不道德就是否涉及價值判斷，因為價值判斷是道德問題的基礎。實證經濟學排斥價值判斷，也就不涉及道德問題，實證分析只認識事實本身，研究經濟本身的規(guī)律。實證經濟學與規(guī)范經濟學是有區(qū)別的，但也不難發(fā)現二者也有聯(lián)系。實證分析數字結果，為國家制定和選擇適度經濟增長政策提供了依據；而適合的政策環(huán)境又是達到和保障經濟數量指標的保證。因此說實證經濟學是規(guī)范經濟學基礎；而實證經濟學又離不開規(guī)范經濟學的指導。也就是說，越具體的一些定量分析都屬于實證分析。越高層次、定性、帶有決策分析的問題是規(guī)范分析。 7 案例4：搭建經濟學的大廈——數學分析 經濟學雖然用數學方法但與自然科學所采用的方法也有所不同。自然科學所采用的方法是比較嚴謹與準確的。比如說，人造衛(wèi)星圍繞地球轉一圈所帶來的誤差也許僅僅有幾十米的誤差，與地球周長比較起來是微不足道的。但是，再高明的經濟學家預測一個國家的經濟增長速度也達不到“微不足道”，而是相對比較大。經濟學家他們大都是數學家，他們用數學方法研究社會經濟問題，能用簡單的數學模型說明一個深奧的經濟學道理。正因為如此，有人講“經濟學是社會科學的皇后”。但我們學習經濟學的時候，不要過