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1、專題九并列句和復(fù)合句專題九并列句和復(fù)合句-2-考情概覽分析歷年全國各省市高考試題可以看出,對于并列句和復(fù)合句的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面:1.考查“祈使句+and/or+簡單句”結(jié)構(gòu)中祈使句應(yīng)用動詞原形、而不能用非謂語動詞的用法。2.考查并列句中but,or等連詞的選用,做題時一定要明確前后句的邏輯關(guān)系和語境意義。3.考查名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選用,區(qū)分what,that,wh-ever,whether,if,where,why,when等連接代詞和連接副詞的語義功能和語法功能。把名詞性從句與定語從句放在一起進(jìn)行綜合考查,尤其增加了試題的難度。-3-4.考查定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選用,重點(diǎn)是關(guān)系代詞
2、與關(guān)系副詞的辨別,以及“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。其中對as,which,whose,when用法的考查呈上升趨勢。對定語從句與名詞性從句、狀語從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的綜合考查也是考查的熱點(diǎn)。5.考查狀語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選用,其中時間、條件、讓步、地點(diǎn)狀語從句是考查的重點(diǎn)。一定要把握主句、從句間的意義及邏輯關(guān)系,注意區(qū)分不同從屬連詞的語義功能和語法功能。-4-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九 but,while,however的區(qū)別 but表示意義的轉(zhuǎn)折;while既表示轉(zhuǎn)折又表示對比;however為表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的副詞,常用逗號與句子其他部分隔開。如:I got it wr
3、ong.It wasnt the red one but the blue one.I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.I like football,while my sister likes basketball.She has difficulty in learning English;however,she works hard and is making rapid progress.-5-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 He is a shy man, he is not af
4、raid of anything or anyone.A.soB.butC.orD.as答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:他是一個靦腆的人,但是他不害怕任何事情或任何人。前后兩句在內(nèi)容上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以用but連接。Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery another man,also intelligent,fails.A.sinceB.ifC.asD.while答案為D項(xiàng)?？疾檫B詞。句意:很難理解為什么一個人會做出一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)而另一個同樣很聰明的人卻沒有。since “自從;既然”;if “如果”;as “就
5、像”;while 為并列連詞,表示“然而”。-6-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九“祈使句+and/or+簡單句”句型在該句型中,前面的祈使句表示條件,后面的陳述句表示結(jié)果。如果前后句表示順延意義,中間的連詞用and,相當(dāng)于“if條件狀語從句+主句”;如果前后句表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義,中間的連詞用or,相當(dāng)于“否定的if條件狀語從句+主句”。如:Work hard and you will succeed.(If you work hard,you will succeed.)Hurry up,or well be late.(If we dont hurry up,well be
6、 late.)在上面的句型中,有時前面的祈使句可省略為名詞詞組。如:One more word and I will beat you.-7-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 Give me a chance, Ill give you a wonderful surprise.A.ifB.orC.and D.while答案為C項(xiàng)。考查連詞。句意:給我一個機(jī)會,我會給你一個很大的驚喜。前后句之間是順承關(guān)系,故用and。題干為“祈使句+and/or+簡單句”句式。-8-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九并列連詞when和for的用法1.whe
7、n可用做并列連詞,表示“就在這時,就在那時(突然發(fā)生了某事)”。如:We were ready to rush away when the snake moved.2.for可用做并列連詞,表示補(bǔ)充說明的原因。如:We had better stay at home,for it is raining.【典例分析】 (2016北京卷,35)I am not afraid of tomorrow, I have seen yesterday and I love today.A.so B.andC.for D.but答案為C項(xiàng)。句意:我毫不畏懼明天,因?yàn)槲矣H眼看見了昨天并且深愛著今天。由句意可知
8、,空前表示結(jié)果,空后表示原因,故選C項(xiàng)。-9-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.連接代詞who,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever等,在從句中做主語、表語、賓語、定語等,尤其要注意what引導(dǎo)的主語從句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)。如:What he wants to tell us is not clear.Who will win the match is still unknown.2.連接副詞when,where,why,how等,在從句中做狀語。如:Where the English evening wi
9、ll be held has not yet been announced.3.連詞that,whether(不用if),在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。如:That he will come and help you is certain.Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.-10-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九4.what引導(dǎo)主語從句時為連接代詞,表示“的東西,的事情”,既起引導(dǎo)作用,又在從句中做主語、賓語或表語;that引導(dǎo)主語從句時為連詞,無意義,只起引導(dǎo)作用,不在從句中擔(dān)任成分,但不可省
10、略。特別提醒選擇主語從句引導(dǎo)詞時,應(yīng)著重考慮以下幾個方面:(1)無意義也不做成分,只起引導(dǎo)作用時用連詞that,但不能省略。(2)表示“是否”之意時,應(yīng)用連詞whether,不要誤用if。(3)需要引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做成分時,根據(jù)句意選用who/what/which/when/where等連接代詞或連接副詞。(4)whoever相當(dāng)于anyone who,意為“任何人”;whatever相當(dāng)于anything that,意為“任何事情”。-11-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2017北京卷,23)Every year, makes the most beau
11、tiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.A.whateverB.whoeverC.whomeverD.whichever答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:每年,凡是制作出最精美的風(fēng)箏的人將在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上獲獎。whoever在此處相當(dāng)于anyone/anybody who,引導(dǎo)主語從句。whatever“無論什么”;whomever“無論誰”,在從句中做賓語;whichever“無論哪一個”。-12-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九(2016江蘇卷,21)It is often the case anything is possible
12、 for those who hang on to hope.A.why B.whatC.asD.that答案為D項(xiàng)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,句首的It是形式主語,空格后的部分是句子的真正主語;從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整,意思完整,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不做成分,故用連接詞that。句意:通常情況下,對那些不放棄希望的人來說,任何事都是可能的。-13-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.連接代詞who,whose,what,which等,在從句中做主語、表語、賓語、定語等。如:Thats just what I want.The question is who will be the
13、 next president of France.2.連接副詞when,where,why,how等,在從句中做狀語。如:This is where our problem lies.That is why he didnt come to the meeting.-14-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九3.連詞that,whether (不用if),as if,as though等,在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。如:The problem is that they cant get here early enough.The point is whether we should
14、 lend him the money.It looks as if its going to rain.特別提醒選擇表語從句引導(dǎo)詞時,以下幾個方面應(yīng)引起特別注意:(1)because可以引導(dǎo)表語從句,但句子主語為reason時,表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)該用that。(2)表語從句表示“是否”時,應(yīng)用whether而不用if。-15-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2016北京卷,29)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust.A.whatB
15、.thatC.whetherD.why答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:雨季最讓人愉悅的一件事情就是可以完全遠(yuǎn)離塵土。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處在句子中引導(dǎo)表語從句,且從句句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,再根據(jù)句意可知選that,只起連接作用,無意義。-16-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.連接代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等,在從句中做主語、表語、賓語、定語等,what引導(dǎo)賓語從句在近幾年高考試題中考查的頻率最高。如:In ones own home one can do what one l
16、ikes.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.【典例分析】 Reading her biography,I was lost in admiration for Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.how答案為A項(xiàng)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,介詞for后面的從句為賓語從句。因?yàn)閺木渲^語動詞achieve為及物動詞,缺少賓語,所以引導(dǎo)詞需是連接代詞。四個選項(xiàng)中,只有A項(xiàng)為連接代詞,故選A項(xiàng)。句意:讀著她的傳記,我沉浸在對多麗絲萊辛所取得的文學(xué)成就的欽佩中。-17
17、-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九2.連接副詞when,where,why,how等,在從句中做狀語。如:Do you know where the accident happened?She always thinks of how she can work well.【典例分析】 We must find out Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.A.whenB.howC.whereD.why答案為A項(xiàng)。句意:我們必須弄明白卡爾會在什么時候來到,這樣我們就可以為他訂房間了。為卡爾訂房間需要知道的是他到達(dá)的時間,
18、故選A項(xiàng)。-18-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九3.連詞that,whether,if在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。與or not連用常用whether,而不用if;做介詞賓語要用whether而不能用if;從句是否定句時一般用if引導(dǎo)。如:Everything depends on whether we have enough money.He doesnt care if it isnt a fine day.特別提醒解答有關(guān)賓語從句的題目,尤其應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1)賓語從句應(yīng)該用陳述語序。(2)主句謂語為過去時態(tài)時,賓語從句除客觀真理外,一般要用過去時態(tài)。(3)選用引導(dǎo)詞時
19、,應(yīng)考慮從句中是否缺少成分,需要什么意義的引導(dǎo)詞。-19-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,4)She asked me I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadnt.A.whenB.whereC.whetherD.what答案為C項(xiàng)。句意:她問我是否已經(jīng)把書還到圖書館了,我承認(rèn)我還沒有還。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處用whether來引導(dǎo)賓語從句,意為“是否”,故選C項(xiàng)。I truly believe beauty comes from within.A.t
20、hatB.whereC.what D.why答案為A項(xiàng)。句意:我真的認(rèn)為美麗來自內(nèi)心。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處用that連接賓語從句,that在從句中不做成分,通常可以省略。-20-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.同位語從句常放在fact,idea,truth,hope,wish,problem,question,information,news,belief,thought,doubt,message,order,promise,word,evidence,reply,answer,possibility,advice,suggestion,prop
21、osal,demand,request等名詞后面,對前面的名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋說明,通常指的是前面名詞的內(nèi)容或含義。2.同位語從句大多由that引導(dǎo),也可以由when,where,how,whether等引導(dǎo)。如:It is a question how he did it.-21-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九3.引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that只起引導(dǎo)作用,無意義也不在從句中充當(dāng)成分,但一般不可省略;引導(dǎo)定語從句的that既起引導(dǎo)作用,又在從句中做主語或賓語,做賓語時?？墒÷?。如:The idea that one can do the work without thinki
22、ng is wrong.(同位語從句。that在從句中不做成分,從句說明了idea的內(nèi)容。)The idea (that) you put forward at the meeting is wrong.(定語從句。that在從句中做put forward 的賓語。)特別提醒選擇同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞時,應(yīng)著重考慮以下幾個方面:(1)不是任何名詞后面都可以接同位語從句,只有部分名詞后面才接同位語從句,應(yīng)熟記這部分名詞。(2)同位語從句通常指的是前面名詞的內(nèi)容或含義。(3)引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that不做成分,但一般不可省略。-22-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (
23、2016天津卷,11)The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.A.whetherB.thatC.whichD.what答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:經(jīng)理提出了一條建議,我們應(yīng)該有個助手。要做的工作太多了。此處考查同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,由于空后的從句不缺少任何成分,故該同位語從句應(yīng)用that來引導(dǎo)。故選B項(xiàng)。-23-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,that,as等可用來引導(dǎo)
24、定語從句,并在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。近幾年對which引導(dǎo)的定語從句的考查頻率最高,對whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句的考查也很常見。(1)who指人,在從句中做主語,可引導(dǎo)限制性或非限制性定語從句。如:He is a man who never leaves todays work till tomorrow.(2)whom指人,在從句中做賓語,可以用who代替或省略;但當(dāng)前面有介詞時,不能用who代替且不能省略。可引導(dǎo)限制性或非限制性定語從句。如:Here is Mr.Smith,whom/who youve been expecting to meet.She brought with her t
25、hree friends,none of whom I had ever met before.-24-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九(3)whose可指人或物,在從句中做定語,可引導(dǎo)限制性或非限制性定語從句。如:I live in a room whose window faces south.(4)which指物,可引導(dǎo)限制性或非限制性定語從句,在從句中做主語或賓語,做賓語時?？墒÷?但前面有介詞時不能省略。如:I have read the book A Tale of Two Cities,which was written by Charles Dickens
26、.This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.(5)that可指人或物,在從句中可做主語或賓語,做賓語時可以省略且前面不能有介詞,只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。如:The bag that lies on the ground is hers.The old man (that) I visited yesterday is my teacher.-25-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九(6)as引導(dǎo)定語從句時在從句中可做主語或賓語,主要用于such .as和the same .as句型;也可單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)
27、定語從句修飾整個主句,并可置于主句之前。如:He was in such a fury as I have never seen.As we all know,the earth travels around the sun.(7)當(dāng)先行詞為指物的不定代詞或先行詞由最高級、序數(shù)詞或only/last/very所修飾時,定語從句只能由that來引導(dǎo)。(8)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時,只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。如:Look at the girl and the dog that are crossing the street.(9)當(dāng)主句是以which,where,who引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時,為了避
28、免重復(fù)或產(chǎn)生歧義,定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞一般用that而不用which,where,who。如:Who is the boy that is playing the piano?-26-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,9)My eldest son, work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.A.thatB.whoseC.hisD.who答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:我的大兒子此刻正在紐約,他的工作使他全世界奔波。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做定語修
29、飾work,故選B項(xiàng)。-27-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九(2016北京卷,22)I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.A.whoseB.whyC.whereD.which答案為A項(xiàng)。句意:我住在一對夫妻的隔壁,他們的孩子經(jīng)常制造很多噪音。分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞為a couple,將先行詞代入定語從句后為:the couples children often make a lot of noise。由此可見,關(guān)系詞在定語從句中做定語,故用 whose 引導(dǎo)。
30、-28-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九The number of smokers, is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A.itB.whichC.what D.as答案為D項(xiàng)。句意:正如所報(bào)道的,吸煙者的數(shù)量在僅僅一年中下降了百分之十七。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,意為“正如,正像”。-29-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九2.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why可用來引導(dǎo)定語從句,并在從句中做狀語。(1)當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞,且從句中需要時間狀語時,引導(dǎo)詞用when,但從
31、句中需要主語或賓語時,引導(dǎo)詞用that或which。如:I cant remember the date when he went abroad.Do you still remember the time (that/which)we spent together?(2)當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,且從句中需要地點(diǎn)狀語時,引導(dǎo)詞用where,但從句中需要主語或賓語時,引導(dǎo)詞用that或which。如:They will fly to Kunming,where they plan to stay for two days,and then go to Guilin.Beijing is the
32、 place (that/which)I want to visit most.-30-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九(3)當(dāng)先行詞是reason,且從句中需要原因狀語時,引導(dǎo)詞用why,但從句中需要主語或賓語時,引導(dǎo)詞用that或which。如:I dont know the reason why he was late.No one believes the reason (that/which) he gave us.-31-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2015天津卷,15)The boss of the company
33、is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.who答案為A項(xiàng)。句意:這個公司的老板正在設(shè)法創(chuàng)造一種輕松的氛圍,在這種氛圍中他的員工們喜歡干本職工作。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,where在此處引導(dǎo)定語從句,并在從句中做狀語。-32-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to
34、 be independent.A.whichB.whereC.whomD.when答案為D項(xiàng)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, he should be able to be independent為定語從句,修飾先行詞the time。因?yàn)橄刃性~為時間名詞,并且從句中不缺主語、賓語、表語,所以用關(guān)系副詞,在從句中做時間狀語。故選D項(xiàng)。-33-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九3.“介詞+which/whom”可引導(dǎo)限制性或非限制性定語從句。(1)當(dāng)先行詞是表示物的名詞時,定語從句可由“介詞+which”引導(dǎo);當(dāng)先行詞是表示人的名詞時,定語從句可由“介詞+whom”引導(dǎo)。如:Is th
35、is the school in which you study?I have met the teacher with whom you just talked about your son.(2)選擇介詞時,首先考慮從句中的短語應(yīng)該搭配什么介詞,其次考慮用什么介詞才能使從句符合句意和邏輯。(3)介詞可以置于which或whom之前,但不可置于that,who或as之前。-34-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2016浙江卷,11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings
36、cry tears,none of has been proved.A.whomB.whichC.whatD.that答案為B項(xiàng)。前后兩句之間用逗號隔開,說明后一句為非限制性定語從句,且先行詞theories表示物,故用which。that也可以指物,但不能用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句或用于介詞之后。故選B項(xiàng)。-35-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九4.當(dāng)定語從句的先行詞是the way時,如果從句中不缺少主語或賓語,則引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)用that,in which或省略引導(dǎo)詞;如果從句中缺少主語或賓語,則引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)用that或which,引導(dǎo)詞做賓語時也可省略。-36-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)
37、三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九特別提醒考查定語從句的題目,應(yīng)著重考慮以下幾點(diǎn):(1)所有定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞都含有先行詞的意義,都在從句中做成分。關(guān)系代詞可在從句中做主語、賓語、定語;關(guān)系副詞可在從句中做狀語。(2)確定用什么引導(dǎo)詞時,應(yīng)先看先行詞指代的是什么,然后看引導(dǎo)詞在從句中需要充當(dāng)什么成分;從句中需要主語、賓語或定語時用關(guān)系代詞,需要狀語時用關(guān)系副詞。(3)把握好只用that而不用which的幾種情況,和只用which而不用that的幾種情況。-37-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)九(4)which和as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以修飾整個主句。as含有“正如,正像”的
38、意思;as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首。(5)關(guān)系代詞做主語時,從句中謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)一般應(yīng)與先行詞一致。如果先行詞為the only one,謂語則用單數(shù)。(6)當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間、地點(diǎn)的名詞或reason時,就要考慮從句中需要什么成分。需要狀語時,引導(dǎo)詞用when,where或why;需要主語或賓語時,引導(dǎo)詞用that/which。-38-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.時間狀語從句(1)when,while和as當(dāng)主句動作是瞬時的、從句動作是延續(xù)性的時候,用三者均可。when是最常用詞;as強(qiáng)調(diào)主、從句動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生;while引導(dǎo)從句的謂語動詞
39、必須是延續(xù)性的。如:John sang happily as he went along.While/When John was reading the book,I was working out my study plan.When John arrived,I was cooking lunch.(不用while)-39-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九(2)before,by,till和untilbefore指“在之前”,與after相對。by指“不遲于,到時為止,在以前”,by后接過去時間,常與過去完成時連用;by后接將來時間,常與將來完成時連用。till/un
40、til “直到為止”,在肯定句中,till/until必須與延續(xù)性動詞連用;在否定句中,till/until常與非延續(xù)性動詞連用。如:Please come back before ten oclock.September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.You must wait for him till tomorrow.-40-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九(3)名詞短語every time,the moment,the minute,the second等和副詞immediately,directly,
41、instantly等可做連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,意為“一就”。如:Every time I listen to your advice,I get into trouble.I recognized him immediately I saw him.-41-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2016天津卷,7) the average age of the population increases,there are more and more old people to care for.A.UnlessB.UntilC.AsD.While答案為C項(xiàng)。句意
42、:隨著人均壽命的增長,需要照顧的老人越來越多。unless“如果不,除非”;until“直到”;as“隨著;當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”;while“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候;雖然,然而”。由句意知應(yīng)選擇C項(xiàng)。(2015天津卷,12)We need to get to the root of the problem we can solve it.A.whileB.afterC.beforeD.as答案為C項(xiàng)。句意:在我們解決問題之前,我們需要弄清問題的根源。根據(jù)句意可知,先弄清根源,再解決問題,所以用before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。-42-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句由where和wh
43、erever等引導(dǎo)。如:Generally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.You can sit wherever you like.【典例分析】 (2017江蘇卷,23)Located the Belt meets the Road,Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.A.whyB.whenC.whichD.where答案為D項(xiàng)。句意:位于“一帶”與“一路”的交匯處,江蘇將為“一帶一路”建設(shè)作出更大貢獻(xiàn)?！?the Belt
44、 meets the Road”是狀語從句,根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)由where引導(dǎo),意為“的地方”,故選D項(xiàng)。-43-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九3.條件狀語從句由if,unless,as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,supposing that,in case (that),on condition that等引導(dǎo)。如:You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition,we sh
45、all hold the meeting here.-44-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 It is so cold that you cant go outside fully covered in thick clothes.A.ifB.unlessC.onceD.when答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:天氣如此寒冷,你不能出去,除非你全身穿上厚衣服。unless“除非”,相當(dāng)于if.not;if“如果”;once“一旦”;when“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”。You wont find paper cutting difficult you keep practicing it.
46、A.even thoughB.as long asC.as ifD.ever since答案為B項(xiàng)。句意:只要你不斷地練習(xí),你就不會覺得剪紙很難學(xué)。as long as在此處引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,意為“只要”。even though “盡管,雖然”;as if “仿佛,好像”;ever since “自從”。-45-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九4.原因狀語從句由because,as,since,now that等引導(dǎo)。because為常用詞,且說明的是直接原因,并可回答why引導(dǎo)的問句;as,since和now that語氣較弱,常用來表示一些顯而易見或?qū)Ψ街赖脑?。?/p>
47、:Why are you late today?Because I didnt catch the bus.As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman.Since you wont help me,Ill ask someone else.-46-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2016北京卷,33)I really enjoy listening to music it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.A.bec
48、auseB.beforeC.unlessD.until答案為A項(xiàng)。句意:我很喜歡聽音樂是因?yàn)橐魳肥刮曳潘?使我忘卻了一天的心頭瑣事。由句意可知,空處引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,故選because。-47-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九5.讓步狀語從句(1)由though,although,even if,even though,whoever(whatever,whichever,whenever.),no matter who(how,what,when.)等引導(dǎo)。如:He wont listen whatever you may say.No matter how hard
49、he tried,he could not change her mind.(2)as和while也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,從句須以形容詞、副詞、名詞或動詞(原形)等開頭,整個從句須置于主句之前;while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,一般從句在前主句在后。如:Much as I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.While I like the color of the hat,I do not like its shape.-48-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 (2016江蘇卷,26) some
50、 people are motivated by a need for success,others are motivated by a fear of failure.A.BecauseB.IfC.UnlessD.While答案為D項(xiàng)。while位于句首,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表示“雖然,盡管”。句意:雖然有些人是被成功的需要所激勵,但是其他人卻是被失敗的恐懼所激發(fā)。-49-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九(2016北京卷,27)My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, hes in his nineties.A.as
51、 long asB.as ifC.even thoughD.in case答案為C項(xiàng)。句意:我的祖父仍時不時地打網(wǎng)球,盡管他現(xiàn)在90多歲了。根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示讓步,故用 even though“雖然,盡管”。as long as“只要”;as if“仿佛,好像”;in case“以防,以免”,均不符合題意。-50-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九6.目的狀語從句(1)由so that,in order that等引導(dǎo),從句中常用should,could,might等情態(tài)動詞。如:He spoke loud in order that/so that we could
52、hear him.(2)in case也可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。如:Take your umbrella in case it rains.【典例分析】 Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family.A.now thatB.as ifC.only ifD.so that答案為D項(xiàng)。考查狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。now that“既然”,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句;as if “似乎,好像”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句;only if“只有”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句;so that“以便”,引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。
53、句意:凱西在她兒子出生時放棄了她的工作,以便能夠待在家里照顧家庭。故選D項(xiàng)。-51-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九7.結(jié)果狀語從句由such.that,so.that,so that等引導(dǎo)。其中的so為副詞,such為形容詞。具體使用句式主要有以下幾種:so+adj./adv.+that.so+adj.+a(n)+n.(可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))+that.so+many/much/little/few+n.+that.such+a(n)+adj.+n.(可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))+that.such+adj.+n.(不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))+that.-52-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六
54、考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九如:This film is so moving that I want to see it again.He walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him.This is so interesting a book/such an interesting book that we all like it very much.There were so many books in the shop that he didnt know which to buy.They were such kind villagers t
55、hat they all came to help us.It is such fine weather that we all want to go out for a walk.-53-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九【典例分析】 At the bad news,she was so sad I had to stay here keeping her .A.that;companionB.then;companiesC.that;companyD.and;accompany答案為C項(xiàng)。句意:聽到那個糟糕的消息,她如此悲傷以至于我不得不留下來陪她。此句采用了so.th
56、at.結(jié)構(gòu),that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句;keep pany為固定表達(dá),意為“陪伴某人”。-54-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九8.方式狀語從句由as,as if/though,the way等引導(dǎo)。如:You must do as I told you.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.【典例分析】 a single word can change the meaning of a sentence,a single sentence can change the mean
57、ing of a paragraph.A.Just asB.Even thoughC.UntilD.Unless答案為A項(xiàng)。句意:正如一個詞語能改變一個句子的意思一樣,一個句子能改變一個段落的意思。just as“正如,就像”;even though“雖然,盡管”;until“直到”;unless“如果不,除非”。-55-考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)九特別提醒考查狀語從句的題目,應(yīng)著重考慮以下幾點(diǎn):(1)要根據(jù)前后句的邏輯關(guān)系判斷是哪一種狀語從句。(2)注意when/while/as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時的異同。(3)一些名詞短語和副詞以及一些固定句式都可以表示“一就”的意
58、思。(4)注意because/as/since/now that等引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時的異同。(5)although與though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,不能與but連用,但可以與yet連用。(6)no matter who/what/where/which/how等可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于whoever/whatever/wherever/whichever/however等。但whoever/whatever/whichever還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。-56-1.(2017北京卷,22)Peter,please send us postcards well know where you have
59、 visited.No problem.A.but B.orC.for D.so解析 句意:彼得,請給我們郵寄明信片,這樣我們就能知道你參觀過哪些地方了。沒問題。but“但是”;or“或者”;for“因?yàn)椤? so“如此;因此”。第一句中前后兩個分句為因果關(guān)系,故選D項(xiàng)。2.(2017北京卷,25) birds use their feathers for flight,some of their feathers are for other purposes.A.OnceB.IfC.AlthoughD.Because解析 句意:雖然鳥兒(主要)用羽毛飛翔,但是它們的一些羽毛還有其他的用途。a
60、lthough意為“盡管,雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。once“一旦”;if“如果”;because“因?yàn)椤薄C -57-3.(2017北京卷,26)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing she was heading.A.why B.whereC.how D.when解析 句意:簡沿著綠樹成蔭的街道漫無目的地走著,不知道自己要去哪里。where在此處引導(dǎo)賓語從句,表示方向性。why“為什么”; how“如何,怎樣”;when“什么時候”。4.(2017江蘇卷,28)In 1963 the UN set up
61、the World Food Programme,one ofpurposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.whichB.itsC.whose D.whom解析 句意:1963年,聯(lián)合國設(shè)立了世界糧食計(jì)劃署,其目的之一是緩解全球饑荒。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,先行詞the World Food Programme與purpose是所有格關(guān)系,故用whose引導(dǎo)定語從句,故選C項(xiàng)。BC -58-5.(2017天津耀華中學(xué)二模,5)Have you told your parents about your decision?Not yet.I can hard
62、ly imagine they will react.A.howB.thatC.whatD.when解析 句意:你告訴你父母你的決定了嗎?還沒有。我很難想象他們將作何反應(yīng)。how在此處引導(dǎo)賓語從句,在從句中做狀語,表示方式。故選A項(xiàng)。A-59-6.(2017天津第一中學(xué)第五次月考,6)Many universities share teaching resources online,creating a learning space benefits life-long learners.A.howB.whatC.whichD.where解析 句意:許多大學(xué)在網(wǎng)上共享教學(xué)資源,創(chuàng)建了一個學(xué)習(xí)的
63、空間,使終身學(xué)習(xí)者很受益。 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)定語從句,且在從句中做主語。故選C項(xiàng)。C -60-7.(2016浙江卷,5) online shopping has changed our life,not all of its effects have been positive.A.Since B.AfterC.While D.UnlessC 解析考查狀語從句。句意:雖然網(wǎng)上購物改變了我們的生活,但并非其所有的影響都是積極的。while用于句首表示“雖然,盡管”,相當(dāng)于although。故選C項(xiàng)。-61-8.If you swim in a river or lake,
64、be sure to investigate is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.A.whatB.whoC.thatD.whoever9.If you miss this chance,it may be years you get another one.A.asB.beforeC.since D.afterA解析考查名詞性從句。句意:如果你去河里或湖里游泳,一定要調(diào)查清楚水下有什么。經(jīng)常有巖石或樹枝藏在水里。what在此處引導(dǎo)賓語從句,并在從句中做主語。B解析考查連
65、詞。句意:如果你錯過這次機(jī)會,可能再過數(shù)年你才會得到另一次機(jī)會。此處考查句型“it may be+時間段+before.”表示“要過才”。-62-10.I wonder Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.A.whereB.howC.whyD.if11.There is only one more day to go your favorite music group play live.A.sinceB.untilC.whenD.beforeB 解析考查名詞性從句。句意:我想知道這么多
66、年過去了瑪麗是如何保持身材的。通過每天鍛煉。根據(jù)答語可知,此處用how引導(dǎo)賓語從句。D解析考查狀語從句。根據(jù)主句中的to go(還剩下)判斷,There is only one more day指的是從現(xiàn)在算起截止到將來的時間(your favorite music group play live)之前,所以應(yīng)該用before 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。句意:在你最喜歡的音樂組合現(xiàn)場演奏之前僅剩一天的時間了。-63-12. scientists have learned a lot about the universe,there is much we still dont know.A.OnceB.SinceC.ThoughD.UnlessC解析考查狀語從句和連詞。句意:雖然科學(xué)家們對宇宙有了很多了解,但是仍然有許多東西我們不知道。though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“雖然”。once“一旦”;since“自從;因?yàn)椤?unless“除非”。13.You have to know youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting th
天津市高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 單項(xiàng)填空 專題九 并列句和復(fù)合句課件
