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1、新編英語語法教程主要章節(jié)語法術(shù)語1. Morpheme詞素Free morpheme 自由詞素Bound morpheme 粘附詞素Allomorph 詞素變體Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (導(dǎo)論語法層次)2. Parts of speech (word class)Simple words簡單詞Derivatives派生詞Compounds復(fù)合詞 *(1) Classification in terms of word formationOpen-class words (content words)開放詞類（實(shí)義詞）Closed-class wor
2、ds (function words)封閉詞類（功能詞）Intermediate class(中間詞類)* (2) Classification in terms of grammatical functionWords詞NounVerbAdjectiveAdverb PrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliaryNumeralsInterjectionNoun phraseVerb phraseAdjective phraseAdverb phrasePreposition phraseConjunctionAuxiliary3. Phras
3、es 詞組（1） Independent clause & Subordinate clause獨(dú)立分句和從屬分句（2） Simple clause & Complex clause (*complex sentence)簡單分句和復(fù)雜分句（*復(fù)雜句）（3） Main clause & Subordinate clause主句和從句（4） Finite clause，non-finite clause and Verbless clause限定分句、非限定分句、無動詞分句4. Clause 分句(1)Full sentence &Minor sentence 完全句和不完全句(2)Simple
4、 sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 簡單句、并列句、復(fù)雜句、并列復(fù)雜句(3)Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence,exclamatory sentence5. Sentence 句子Lecture 1Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements: S (subject)主語V (predicate verb)謂語動詞O (object)賓語C (compl
5、ement)補(bǔ)足語A (Adverbial)狀語1. Two ways of sentence analysis1) SVOSentenceClauseNP VP NP Subject Predicate verb ObjectAll the man have done their best.Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)l 句子由主語和謂語構(gòu)成，進(jìn)一步把謂語剖析為謂語動詞、賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等。2) Subject + Predicate (= opera
6、tor + predication)SentenceClauseSubject Predicate Operator PredicationAll the man have done their best.l 句子由主語和謂語構(gòu)成，進(jìn)一步把謂語剖析為操作詞（operator）和述謂成分（predication）。2. Basic clause typesSVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoOLecture 2Subject-Verb Concord （L2-3）Guiding principles:Grammatical ConcordNotional Conc
7、ordPrinciple of Proximity語法一致原則意義一致原則就近原則Nominal clauseNon-finite clauseRelative clauseCleft sentenceExistential clause名詞性分句非限定分句關(guān)系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3Noun and Noun Phrase（L4-5）1. Classification of nounsPartitive (Unit Noun) 單位詞2. Cases of NounsNominative case / Subjective case（主格）Accusative case / Obj
8、ective case（賓格 ）Genitive case（屬格 ）/ Possessive case（所有格）Dative case （受事格/與格）Independent GenitiveDouble Genitive Genitive caseGenitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase.Specific reference (特指)Generic reference（類指）Indefinite genitive phrase（非確定特指）Lecture 4Determiner（L6-7）1. Definition
9、Determiners are function words which are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun. 2. Classification3. ArticlesArticle is a major group of determiners used to delimit the scope of reference of nouns (主要用來限定名詞的指稱范圍). Lecture 5Pronoun（L8-9）1. ClassificationAntecedent 先行詞2. The use of reflexive
10、 pronoun (-self)3.Pronoun reference (代詞照應(yīng))前照應(yīng)（Anaphoric reference）、后照應(yīng)(Cataphoric reference)、語境照應(yīng)(Situational reference)、人稱照應(yīng)(Personal reference)、指示照應(yīng)(Demonstrative reference)Lecture 6Verb and Verb Phrase（L10-22）1. Classification of verbs動詞分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有很多種，如上圖所示，記住基本的術(shù)語和其用法就是。比如及物動詞、不及物動詞、聯(lián)系動詞、助動詞、動態(tài)動詞、靜態(tài)動
11、詞、詞組動詞、限定動詞、非限定動詞、不定式，不帶to不定式（bare infinitive）等等，還有副詞小品詞（adverb particle）。 Transitive Verbs：followed by objects. Intransitive verbs：do not require an object. Linking verbs：followed by subject compliments. SVO主動賓(Transitive verb) SVoO主動賓賓(Ditransitive verb)【雙賓語動詞】 SVOC主動賓補(bǔ)(Monotransitive verb)【單賓語動詞】
12、 SV主動(Intransitive verb) SVC主動補(bǔ)(Linking verb) This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can expand your sentence.2. Tense and aspects TenseAspectSimple presentSimple pastSimple futurePast futureprogressive現(xiàn)在
13、進(jìn)行體過去進(jìn)行體將來進(jìn)行體過去將來進(jìn)行體perfective現(xiàn)在完成體過去完成體將來完成體過去將來完成體Perfectiveprogressive現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體過去完成進(jìn)行體將來完成進(jìn)行體過去將來完成進(jìn)行體4. Mood陳述式（Indicative mood）、祈使式（Imperative mood）、虛擬式（Subjunctive mood）5. Non-finite verbspp. 230-1動態(tài)形容詞（Dynamic Adjective）、靜態(tài)形容詞（Stative Adjective）p.251 前置修飾語（Premodifier）、p.256 懸垂分詞（Dangling Parti
14、ciple）/無依著分詞（Unattached participle）、依著法則（Attachment rule）Lecture 7Adjective and Adverb（L23-24）1.1Adjective & Adjective Phrase 1.2Adjective form1.3Adjective meaningl 動態(tài)形容詞、靜態(tài)形容詞、等級形容詞、非等級形容詞2.1Adverb & Adverb Phrase (Adv P)2.2 Adv form2.3Adv Meaningp.274 修飾性狀語（Adjunct）、評注性狀語（Disjunct）、連接性狀語（Conjunct）
15、Lecture 8Degree & Comparative Construction（L25）(比較等級和比較結(jié)構(gòu))1. Degree formsRegular degree forms of Adj & AdvPositive/absolute原級 Comparative比較級 Superlative最高級 Monosyllabic(單音節(jié)) Adj & Adv Synthetic (inflectional) 綜合 (屈折)形式Adj-/Adv-er Adj/Adv-estPolysyllabic(多音節(jié)) Adj & Adv Analytic (phrasal) 分析 (詞組)形式mor
16、e Adj/Adv most Adj/Adv Disyllabic(雙音節(jié)) Adj & Adv Synthetic or Analytic Adj-/Adv-ermore Adj/Adv Adj/Adv-est most Adj/Adv Notes:(1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more & most (2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good(3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little2. Comparative construc
17、tion3. General structure of Comparative constructionNotes:(1)More (less, fewer) can be Det or Pron:Model 2 accounted for more variance than did Model 1. (Det)It appeared in more than 50% of the request e-mails. (Pron)(2)As & than are Conj or rarely Prep:John is taller than she (is). / John is taller
18、 than her. E.g. Apple is as tasty as tomato.Lecture 9Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation（L27）(陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句)(1)Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 簡單句、并列句、復(fù)雜句、并列復(fù)雜句(According grammatical structure)(2)Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, int
19、errogative sentence,Exclamatory sentence陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句(According to communicative function)Sentence types 句子1. Statements (Declarative sentences): Positive / Negative statements2. Questions (Interrogative sentences): General (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative questions, Tag qu
20、estions (附加疑問句), Rhetorical questions (修辭疑問句)3. Commands and Exclamations4. Tag questions (pp.316-9)Transferred negation (否定轉(zhuǎn)移)Lecture 10Existential Sentence & It-Patterns（L28-29）（存在句和It-句型）1. Existential sentence存在句、實(shí)義主語（Notional Subject）、真主語（Real subject）、地點(diǎn)狀語（Locative adverbial）、時(shí)間狀語（Temporal adv
21、erbial）*p.326, 提及的非確定特指，冠詞、數(shù)詞等限定詞，見限定詞（Determiner）一講。前置修飾語（premodifier）、后置修飾語（postmodifier）、操作詞（Operator）*p.328, 存在句的非限定形式（Non-finite existential clauses）：there to be / there being (there having been)的用法區(qū)別。2. It-Patterns*pp. 331-5 虛義it（Empty it）、先行it（Anticipatory it）、分裂句（Cleft sentence）假分裂句（Pseudo-c
22、left sentence）Lecture 11Coordination 并列結(jié)構(gòu)（L30）并列結(jié)構(gòu)（Coordinate construction）、并列連詞（Coordinator）Lecture 12Subordination 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)（L31-34）1. 從屬連詞（Subordinator）：簡單從屬連詞、復(fù)雜從屬連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞、邊際從屬連詞（simple subordinator, complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, marginal subordinator）2. 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)（Subordinate constructi
23、on）：限定從屬分句（Finite subordinate clause）、非限定從屬分句（Non-finite subordinate clause）、限定分句、非限定分句、無動詞分句3. Finite subordinate clauseSubjective clause 主語從句Objective clause 賓語從句Subject complement 主語補(bǔ)語（表語從句）Appositive clause 同位語從句Prepositional complementation 介詞補(bǔ)足成分Nominal clause名詞性分句L31Restrictive Clause 限制性關(guān)系分句
24、Non-restrictive Clause 非限制性關(guān)系分句Double Relative Clause 雙重關(guān)系分句Embedded Relative Clause 嵌入式關(guān)系分句Relative clause關(guān)系分句L31，L33Finite subordinate clause Adverbial clause of Time 時(shí)間Adverbial clause of Place 地點(diǎn)Adverbial clause of Manner 方式Adverbial clause of Cause 原因Adverbial clause of Result 結(jié)果Adverbial claus
25、e of Purpose 目的Adverbial clause of Condition 條件Adverbial clause of Concession 讓步Adverbial clause狀語分句L31，L34Type I: whenever-type real conditionalType II: the commonest type of real conditionalType III: probable unreal conditionalType IV: hypothetical unreal conditional contrary to the past factCondi
26、tional clause條件分句L34表語從句：Predicative clause4.Non-finite clause& Verbless clause (L32)1) Infinitive clause 不定式分句2) ing participle clause ing分詞分句3) ed participle clause ed分詞分句4) Verbless clause 無動詞分句5) Absolute construction 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)Non-finite clause& Verbless clauseL32Lecture 13Direct Speech & Indirect Sp
27、eech (L35)直接引語（Direct speech）、間接引語（Indirect / reported speech）Lecture 14Modification 修飾 (L36)1. 前置修飾語（premodidier）、后置修飾語（postmodifier）、限定詞（determiner）、限制性修飾語（Restrictive modifier）非限制性修飾語（Non-restrictive modifier）、分隔修飾（discontinuous modification）2. 作為名詞詞組的同位語，也是一種后置修飾語。同位語（appositive）、限制性同位語（Restrict
28、ive appositive）、非限制性同位語（Non-restrictive appositive）3. 廣義上說，狀語（Adverbial）也是一種修飾語。狀語分為修飾性狀語（Adjunct）、評注性狀語（Disjunct）和連接性狀語（Conjunct）。狀語作為一種句子成分，主要指第一種，修飾性狀語（Adjunct）。修飾性狀語按其內(nèi)容，可表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等意義。Lecture 15Substitution 替代 (L37)替代有三種現(xiàn)象：名詞性替代（nominal substitution），動詞性替代（verbal substitutio
29、n）和分句性替代（clausal substitution），也有三種替代詞：名詞替代詞（nominal substitute），動詞替代詞（verbal substitute）和分句替代詞（clausal substitute）。Lecture 16Ellipsis 省略 (L38)Ellipsis：(1) in coordinate constructions; (2) in compound sentences; (3) in noun phrases; (4) in prepositional phrases; (5) in complex sentences; (6) in adve
30、rbial clauses; (7) in nominal wh-clausesLecture 17Postponement, Fronting, and Inversion (L38)后置、前置、倒裝后置（Postponement）、前置（Fronting）、倒裝（Inversion）句尾焦點(diǎn)（End focus）、句尾重心（End weight）、已知信息（Given / known information）全部倒裝（Full inversion）、局部倒裝（Partial inversion）Lecture 18From Sentence to Text 從句到篇 (L38)語篇（tex
31、t / connected discourse）、結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性（Cohesion）、意義上的連貫性（Coherence）、交際功能（Communicative function）句子結(jié)構(gòu)的正確性（Correctness）和適合性（Appropriacy）過渡詞（Transitional words / phrases）、邏輯紐帶（Logical connectors）、語法紐帶（grammatical connectors）、照應(yīng)（Reference）照應(yīng)涉及的范圍很廣：（1） 冠詞有前照應(yīng)、后照應(yīng)、語境照應(yīng)；代詞除了有前照應(yīng)、后照應(yīng)、語境照應(yīng)以外，還有人稱照應(yīng)和指示照應(yīng)；（2） 另外，Re
32、ference一詞除了含“照應(yīng)”之意之外，也含指稱意義。比如冠詞和代詞的類指、特指、確定特指、非確定特指等。比較照應(yīng)（Comparative reference, p.460）通過adj和adv的比較等級以及其他比較事物的異同或質(zhì)量優(yōu)劣等詞語所表示的照應(yīng)關(guān)系。平行結(jié)構(gòu)（Parallel construction）、累贅（Redundancy）、同義詞（Synonym）、近義詞（Near-synonym）、語段（sentence group / sentence cluster）、段落（Paragraph）、語篇的統(tǒng)一性（Unity）、連貫性（Coherence）和粘著性（Cohesion）、主題句（Topic sentence）、語篇修辭（Textual Rhetoric）、層進(jìn)法（Climax）、偏斜修飾語（Squinting modifier）、簡練（Conciseness）、拖沓句（Trailing sentence）13
《新編英語語法教程》主要章節(jié)語法術(shù)語
