《新編英語語法教程》主要章節(jié)語法術(shù)語

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1、《新編英語語法教程》主要章節(jié)語法術(shù)語 1. Morpheme 詞素 Free morpheme 自由詞素 Bound morpheme 粘附詞素 Allomorph 詞素變體 Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (導(dǎo)論—語法層次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) Simple words 簡單詞 Derivatives 派生詞 Compounds 復(fù)合詞 *(1) Classification in terms of word formation

2、 Open-class words (content words) 開放詞類(實義詞) Closed-class words (function words) 封閉詞類(功能詞) Intermediate class (中間詞類) * (2) Classification in terms of grammatical function Words 詞 Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Pronoun Determiner

3、 Conjunction Auxiliary Numerals Interjection Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction Auxiliary 3. Phrases 詞組 (1) Independent clause & Subordinate clause 獨立分句和從屬分句 (2) Simple clause & Complex clause (*comple

4、x sentence) 簡單分句和復(fù)雜分句(*復(fù)雜句) (3) Main clause & Subordinate clause 主句和從句 (4) Finite clause,non-finite clause and Verbless clause 限定分句、非限定分句、無動詞分句 4. Clause 分句 (1) Full sentence &Minor sentence 完全句和不完全句 (2) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex

5、 sentence 簡單句、并列句、復(fù)雜句、并列復(fù)雜句 (3) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence 5. Sentence 句子 Lecture 1 Sentence Structure(L1) Sentence elements: S (subject) 主語 V (predicate verb) 謂語動詞 O (object) 賓語 C (complement) 補(bǔ)足語 A (Adverbi

6、al) 狀語 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, A

7、dverbial, etc.) l 句子由主語和謂語構(gòu)成,進(jìn)一步把謂語剖析為謂語動詞、賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. l 句子由主語和謂語構(gòu)成,進(jìn)一步把謂語剖析為操作詞(op

8、erator)和述謂成分(predication)。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3) Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近原則 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentenc

9、e Existential clause 名詞性分句 非限定分句 關(guān)系分句 分裂句 存在句 Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase(L4-5) 1. Classification of nouns Partitive (Unit Noun) 單位詞 2. Cases of Nouns Nominative case / Subjective case(主格) Accusative case / Objective case(賓格 ) Genitive case(屬格 )/ Possessive case(所有格) Dative case

10、 (受事格/與格) Independent Genitive Double Genitive Genitive case Genitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase. Specific reference (特指) Generic reference(類指) Indefinite genitive phrase(非確定特指) Lecture 4 Determiner(L6-7) 1. Definition Determiners are function

11、 words which are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun. 2. Classification 3. Articles Article is a major group of determiners used to delimit the scope of reference of nouns (主要用來限定名詞的指稱范圍). Lecture 5 Pronoun(L8-9) 1. Classification Antecedent 先行詞 2. The use of reflex

12、ive pronoun (-self) 3. Pronoun reference (代詞照應(yīng)) 前照應(yīng)(Anaphoric reference)、后照應(yīng)(Cataphoric reference)、語境照應(yīng)(Situational reference)、人稱照應(yīng)(Personal reference)、指示照應(yīng)(Demonstrative reference) Lecture 6 Verb and Verb Phrase(L10-22) 1. Classification of verbs 動詞分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有很多種,如上圖所示,記住基本的術(shù)語和其用法就是。比如及物動詞、不及物

13、動詞、聯(lián)系動詞、助動詞、動態(tài)動詞、靜態(tài)動詞、詞組動詞、限定動詞、非限定動詞、不定式,不帶to不定式(bare infinitive)等等,還有副詞小品詞(adverb particle)。 Transitive Verbs:followed by objects. Intransitive verbs:do not require an object. Linking verbs:followed by subject compliments. ? SVO主—動—賓 (Transitive verb) ? SVoO主—動—賓—賓 (Ditransitive verb)【

14、雙賓語動詞】 ? SVOC主—動—賓—補(bǔ) (Monotransitive verb)【單賓語動詞】 ? SV主—動 (Intransitive verb) ? SVC主—動—補(bǔ) (Linking verb) ? This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can expand your sentence. 2. Tense and aspects

15、 Tense Aspect Simple present Simple past Simple future Past future progressive 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體 過去進(jìn)行體 將來進(jìn)行體 過去將來進(jìn)行體 perfective 現(xiàn)在完成體 過去完成體 將來完成體 過去將來完成體 Perfective progressive 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體 過去完成進(jìn)行體 將來完成進(jìn)行體 過去將來完成進(jìn)行體 4. Mood 陳述式(Indicative mood)、祈使式(Imperative mood)、虛擬式(Subjunctive mood) 5.

16、Non-finite verbs pp. 230-1 動態(tài)形容詞(Dynamic Adjective)、靜態(tài)形容詞(Stative Adjective) p.251 前置修飾語(Premodifier)、p.256 懸垂分詞(Dangling Participle)/無依著分詞(Unattached participle)、依著法則(Attachment rule) Lecture 7 Adjective and Adverb(L23-24) 1.1 Adjective & Adjective Phrase 1.2 Adjective form 1.3 Adjecti

17、ve meaning l 動態(tài)形容詞、靜態(tài)形容詞、等級形容詞、非等級形容詞 2.1 Adverb & Adverb Phrase (Adv P) 2.2 Adv form 2.3 Adv Meaning p.274 修飾性狀語(Adjunct)、評注性狀語(Disjunct)、連接性狀語(Conjunct) Lecture 8 Degree & Comparative Construction(L25) (比較等級和比較結(jié)構(gòu)) 1. Degree forms Regular degree forms of Adj & Adv Positive

18、/absolute 原級 Comparative 比較級 Superlative 最高級 Monosyllabic (單音節(jié)) Adj & Adv Synthetic (inflectional) 綜合 (屈折)形式 Adj-/Adv-er Adj/Adv-est Polysyllabic (多音節(jié)) Adj & Adv Analytic (phrasal) 分析 (詞組)形式 more Adj/Adv most Adj/Adv Disyllabic (雙音節(jié)) Adj & Adv Synthetic or Analytic

19、 Adj-/Adv-er more Adj/Adv Adj/Adv-est most Adj/Adv Notes: (1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more ~ & most ~ (2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good (3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little 2. Comparative construction 3. General structure of Comparative const

20、ruction Notes: (1) More (less, fewer) can be Det or Pron: Model 2 accounted for more variance … than did Model 1. (Det) It appeared in more than 50% of the request e-mails. (Pron) (2) As & than are Conj or rarely Prep: John is taller than she (is). / John is taller than her. E.g. Apple i

21、s as tasty as tomato. Lecture 9 Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation(L27) (陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句) (1) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 簡單句、并列句、復(fù)雜句、并列復(fù)雜句 (According grammatical structure) (2) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogati

22、ve sentence, Exclamatory sentence陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句 (According to communicative function) Sentence types 句子 1. Statements (Declarative sentences): Positive / Negative statements 2. Questions (Interrogative sentences): General (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative que

23、stions, Tag questions (附加疑問句), Rhetorical questions (修辭疑問句) 3. Commands and Exclamations 4. Tag questions (pp.316-9) Transferred negation (否定轉(zhuǎn)移) Lecture 10 Existential Sentence & It-Patterns(L28-29) (存在句和It-句型) 1. Existential sentence 存在句、實義主語(Notional Subject)、真主語(Real subject)、地點狀語(Locative

24、adverbial)、時間狀語(Temporal adverbial) *p.326, 提及的非確定特指,冠詞、數(shù)詞等限定詞,見限定詞(Determiner)一講。前置修飾語(premodifier)、后置修飾語(postmodifier)、操作詞(Operator) *p.328, 存在句的非限定形式(Non-finite existential clauses):there to be / there being (there having been)的用法區(qū)別。 2. It-Patterns *pp. 331-5 虛義it(Empty it)、先行it(Anticipatory

25、it)、分裂句(Cleft sentence)假分裂句(Pseudo-cleft sentence) Lecture 11 Coordination 并列結(jié)構(gòu)(L30) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)(Coordinate construction)、并列連詞(Coordinator) Lecture 12 Subordination 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(L31-34) 1. 從屬連詞(Subordinator):簡單從屬連詞、復(fù)雜從屬連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞、邊際從屬連詞(simple subordinator, complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, margin

26、al subordinator) 2. 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(Subordinate construction):限定從屬分句(Finite subordinate clause)、非限定從屬分句(Non-finite subordinate clause)、限定分句、非限定分句、無動詞分句 3. Finite subordinate clause Subjective clause 主語從句 Objective clause 賓語從句 Subject complement 主語補(bǔ)語(表語從句) Appositive clause 同位語從句 Prepositional complement

27、ation 介詞補(bǔ)足成分 Nominal clause 名詞性分句 L31 Restrictive Clause 限制性關(guān)系分句 Non-restrictive Clause 非限制性關(guān)系分句 Double Relative Clause 雙重關(guān)系分句 Embedded Relative Clause 嵌入式關(guān)系分句 Relative clause 關(guān)系分句 L31,L33 Finite subordinate clause Adverbial clause of Time 時間 Adverbial clause of P

28、lace 地點 Adverbial clause of Manner 方式 Adverbial clause of Cause 原因 Adverbial clause of Result 結(jié)果 Adverbial clause of Purpose 目的 Adverbial clause of Condition 條件 Adverbial clause of Concession 讓步 Adverbial clause 狀語分句 L31,L34 Type I: whenever-type real conditional Type

29、II: the commonest type of real conditional Type III: probable unreal conditional Type IV: hypothetical unreal conditional contrary to the past fact Conditional clause 條件分句 L34 表語從句:Predicative clause 4. Non-finite clause& Verbless clause (L32) 1) Infinitive clause 不定式分句 2) –

30、ing participle clause –ing分詞分句 3) –ed participle clause –ed分詞分句 4) Verbless clause 無動詞分句 5) Absolute construction 獨立結(jié)構(gòu) Non-finite clause & Verbless clause L32 Lecture 13 Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (L35) 直接引語(Direct speech)、間接引語(Indirect / reported speech) Lecture 14 Modific

31、ation 修飾 (L36) 1. 前置修飾語(premodidier)、后置修飾語(postmodifier)、限定詞(determiner)、限制性修飾語(Restrictive modifier)非限制性修飾語(Non-restrictive modifier)、分隔修飾(discontinuous modification) 2. 作為名詞詞組的同位語,也是一種后置修飾語。 同位語(appositive)、限制性同位語(Restrictive appositive)、非限制性同位語(Non-restrictive appositive) 3. 廣義上說,狀語(Adverbial

32、)也是一種修飾語。狀語分為修飾性狀語(Adjunct)、評注性狀語(Disjunct)和連接性狀語(Conjunct)。狀語作為一種句子成分,主要指第一種,修飾性狀語(Adjunct)。 修飾性狀語按其內(nèi)容,可表示時間、地點、方式、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等意義。 Lecture 15 Substitution 替代 (L37) 替代有三種現(xiàn)象:名詞性替代(nominal substitution),動詞性替代(verbal substitution)和分句性替代(clausal substitution),也有三種替代詞:名詞替代詞(nominal substitute)

33、,動詞替代詞(verbal substitute)和分句替代詞(clausal substitute)。 Lecture 16 Ellipsis 省略 (L38) Ellipsis:(1) in coordinate constructions; (2) in compound sentences; (3) in noun phrases; (4) in prepositional phrases; (5) in complex sentences; (6) in adverbial clauses; (7) in nominal wh-clauses Lecture 17 Postpo

34、nement, Fronting, and Inversion (L38) 后置、前置、倒裝 后置(Postponement)、前置(Fronting)、倒裝(Inversion) 句尾焦點(End focus)、句尾重心(End weight)、已知信息(Given / known information)全部倒裝(Full inversion)、局部倒裝(Partial inversion) Lecture 18 From Sentence to Text 從句到篇 (L38) 語篇(text / connected discourse)、結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性(Cohesion)、意義

35、上的連貫性(Coherence)、交際功能(Communicative function)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的正確性(Correctness)和適合性(Appropriacy) 過渡詞(Transitional words / phrases)、邏輯紐帶(Logical connectors)、語法紐帶(grammatical connectors)、照應(yīng)(Reference) 照應(yīng)涉及的范圍很廣: (1) 冠詞有前照應(yīng)、后照應(yīng)、語境照應(yīng);代詞除了有前照應(yīng)、后照應(yīng)、語境照應(yīng)以外,還有人稱照應(yīng)和指示照應(yīng); (2) 另外,Reference一詞除了含“照應(yīng)”之意之外,也含指稱意義。比如冠詞和代詞的類

36、指、特指、確定特指、非確定特指等。 比較照應(yīng)(Comparative reference, p.460)通過adj和adv的比較等級以及其他比較事物的異同或質(zhì)量優(yōu)劣等詞語所表示的照應(yīng)關(guān)系。 平行結(jié)構(gòu)(Parallel construction)、累贅(Redundancy)、同義詞(Synonym)、近義詞(Near-synonym)、語段(sentence group / sentence cluster)、段落(Paragraph)、語篇的統(tǒng)一性(Unity)、連貫性(Coherence)和粘著性(Cohesion)、主題句(Topic sentence)、語篇修辭(Textual Rhetoric)、層進(jìn)法(Climax)、偏斜修飾語(Squinting modifier)、簡練(Conciseness)、拖沓句(Trailing sentence) 13

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