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1、+第四五篇 Small But WiseOn December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope iscalled WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Dont let its small size fool you:WISE hasa powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the know
2、nuniverse,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planetsand stars are born.Im very excited because were going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seenbefore,said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the W
3、ISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in apolar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera ispointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the skyevery 11 minutes. After six months it will h
4、ave taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISEstands forWide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.As its name suggests,the WISE camera takespictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels a
5、s a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum oflight7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digitalcamera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the came
6、ra through the lens,theyre processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital camerasdont see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longerinfrared radiation can be de
7、tected as warmth by the skin.Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes cant. Noteverything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks thatfloat through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They dont reflect l
8、ight,so theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures ofhundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up i
9、n WISEs pictures.These objects arefailed stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 thesame kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink andcool down. Theyre so dim that theyre almost impossible to see with visible light, but in theinfrare
10、d spectrum they glow.詞匯：trashcan / tr,kn/n垃圾箱infrared/infrred/ adj紅外線asteroid/strid/ n.小行星dwarf/dw:f/ n. 矮星注釋：1.NASA （美國國家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration2. the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild 有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。3. faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的
11、天體。4. polar orbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運行時能到達(dá)南北極區(qū)上空，即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀測和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。5. lap：一圈。原指競賽場的一圈或游泳池的一個來回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap. 她最后一圈超過了其他參賽者。6. infrared radiation：紅外線輻射7. spectrum of light：光譜，即，光輻射的波長分布區(qū)域。8. Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星
12、非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jump start: 啟動練習(xí)：1 .What is so special about WISE?A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2. Which i
13、s NOT the synonym for the word snap in the third paragraph?A make.B shoot.C takeD photograph.3. The camera on WISEA is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects
14、light that human eyes can see.4. Which of the following is NOT correct aboutasteroids according to paragraph 7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids pictures by ordinary cameras,D The WISE teles
15、cope can take pictures of asteroids5.What is implied in the last paragraph?A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案與題解：1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之處就在于
16、，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機(jī)能拍到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測到宇宙空間中（ in the known universe ）的未知天文現(xiàn)象。其他選項都不是短文表達(dá)的意思。2. A snap 是個多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同義詞。3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機(jī)看到的光是visible lights ，看不見紅外線輻射（ infrared radiation) ，而WISE 的相機(jī)能夠看到。4. A 短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發(fā)出可見光，比如ast
17、eroids ，所以A是正確選項。其他選項的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。5. B 最后一段的第一句說，褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在WISE 照片中，根據(jù)上文對WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡的描述只有WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem EngineersResearch by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their
18、 activity as ecosystem engineers and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil
19、. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study fr
20、om the universitys Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their sur
21、rounding area.In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4. They genuinely play a key role in the local envi
22、ronment, having a big influence on the grassland food web, Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found
23、 that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van V
24、een, another author on the study, said:What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem
25、engineering.Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its r
26、ichness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.
27、詞匯：predator / predt/ n食肉動物nutrient/ nju:trint/ n 營養(yǎng)物；adj營養(yǎng)的decomposer/,di:kmpuz/ n腐生物；分解體prey/prei/ v捕食；n被捕食的動物subtlety/ stlti/ n ，微妙，精妙herbivore/ h:biv: / n 食草動物注釋：1.the University of Exeter ：?？怂固卮髮W(xué)。1851 年建校，位于英國西南部重要商業(yè)中心埃克斯特市，是英國著名的傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)之一。2. nest building ：筑巢3. territorial ：領(lǐng)地的。在此用來形容螞蟻的本性，即具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)
28、地意識，并且會竭盡全力保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。4. an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他動物群體在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。5. biomass ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和mass 兩部分組成，意為“生物量”“生物質(zhì)”。6. biodiversity ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和diversity 兩部分組成，意為“生物多樣性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）
29、過程，即影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的過程。練習(xí)：1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2. As predators, antsA prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from
30、 the soilC collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3. Dir Sanders study centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impa
31、ct on the environment.4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At
32、 higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?C How do human activities affect ants i
33、nfluence on a given ecosystem?D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?答案與題解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正確答案，因為并不是因為螞蟻會筑巢才被譽(yù)為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師，而是因為它們筑巢和獲取食物的方式改變了土壤的營養(yǎng)水平，為整個食物鏈提供了很好的生態(tài)環(huán)境（見第二段）。2.A答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們，螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣，甚至包括比它們體積更大的動物（ larger animals) 。 prey 在這里的意思是“捕獵，捕食”，作為動詞，后面跟介詞on或upon
34、。3.D Dirk Sanders說：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正確選擇。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：螞蟻對環(huán)境影響的精妙之處。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，螞蟻數(shù)量小（a low density of ants）的話，能使其他動物的品種和數(shù)量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），從而給環(huán)境帶來積
35、極影響；第三句說，如果螞蟻的數(shù)量大（At higher densities），就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者是相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵銷螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表達(dá)了大體相同的內(nèi)容。5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告訴我們，螞蟻極易受人類的影響（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告訴我們，科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。
職稱英語 理工類A級 閱讀理解 押題 小抄版【必考】
