翻譯部分
英文原文：
The introduction of Conveyor Belt
A conveyor belt may be defined as “a number of load carrying members bonded together with polymeric compounds (making up the car case); and protected from mechanical damage by elastomeric .The load carrying members usually consist of either a number of ply of woven fabric, a single solid woven fabric car case, or a single layer of parallel, equidistant steel cables.”
At the onset, it must be stated that conveyor belting of any construction ,may be classified as Fire Resistant or Non-fire Resistant .In certain underground situation ,the former may be required by legislation or by accepted codes of Practice .For example ,in the U.K , coal mining industry ,only approved fire resisting belting may be used underground , most other developed countries have similar requirements . In addition there are many situations where the use of five resistant belting is recommended, for example, in complex mineral benefication plant. It is most important that in the early stages of design of any conveyor systems , the type of belt be determined ,ad differing characteristics of the two types may influence the design of other associated equipment and problems may be introduced if a change is required at some late date .The use to which any particular belt is to be subjected should be recorded in the purchase specification ;since the various properties of a belt may need modification to accommodate the sometimes conflicting demands of coefficient of friction ,ageing characteristics , moisture absorption ,etc.. Also as a generally, a belt of rubber construction has a greater ability to absorb impact than one of fire resistant construction.
There are three main constructional forms of belting: (a) ply construction, (b) solid woven construction (c) steel cord construction
In the above constructions, (a) and (b), only the car-case provides the strength to carry the load and withstand the various operational stresses that are developed in the belt . Since the car-case is the most expensive element in the belt , it is important that the specification incorporates adequate means of protecting this most important element . In (c), the load carrying steel cords requires like protection.
Additionally, there is the specialized design of belt used with the Cable Belt System which will be separately described when that arrangement is considered.
（1）Ply Belt Construction
When discussing ply belting ,the terms ‘warp’ and ‘weft’ often occur ,for the purpose of this sub-section it may be taken that :’warp’ refers to the long itudinal strength of the belt .
The lateral flexibility of the belt is always of importance in order that it may conform to the idler curve ,this being particularly so when deep trough idlers are to be used . The traditional belt car case consisted of woven natural fabric ,this now consist of one or more plies of synthetic fibers such as nylon or terylene ,the whole being vulcanized or fused together with the appropriate cover material . Such synthetic fibers are stronger than natural fibers. are thinner , more flexible allowing deeper through in the idlers , allow the use of smaller diameter pulleys and have a shorter elongation under high working tensions .
The cover may be rubber in the case of non-fire resisting belts and PVC. Neoprene, etc, in the case of fire resisting types. The minimum cover on both sides of any belt should be not less than 0.8 mm, but for the transport of almost all minerals must be increased having regard to the material handled .For example, with moderately abrasive materials such as coal .rubble , ashes , etc. the minimum carrying side cover should be 2.4 mm with 0.8 mm on the pulley side cover should be 3.2 mm with 1.6 mm on the pulley side.
Although national standards may vary, a belt type may be classified having regard to its strength, an example being given in the next sub-section.
（2）Solid woven belt
Much of that said about ply belting applies to the solid woven form , but in the later ,the fibers from which the belt car-case is constructed are inter-woven ,then impregnated to give a ‘solid’ form ,and to which appropriate covers are applied .The fibers may be of high tenacity nylon warp cotton pile and blended weft ,with certain qualities of belting employing a polyester warp . In the standard fire resisting form the cover may be PVC ,but this has certain limitations ,particularly in respect of conveying up inclines .To overcome this problem the cover may be polymer ,which offers the advantages of natural rubber . Such nit rile rubber covers are applied to both the carrying and the driving faces of the belt with consequently improved frictional characteristics which minimize load slier and afford increased driving traction . A further advantage is that such covers do not polish in services as does PVC. ply separation and gives excellent resistance to age wear ,further , it’s rot proof and resistant to mineral oils .
A modern loom to manufacture solid woven belting employs a rapier weft in certain system rather than a shuttle to eliminate the down time required to change weft bobbins, and also to give good selvedge finish. The wearing process which entails impregnation with liquid PVC compound, giving an additional, appropriate wear resistant surface coating, finally being press cured under tension. In addition to satisfying U.K requirements such belts conform to the following fire resistant specifications and are readily available in tensile strengths from 315 to 2625 kN/m of belt with:
Australia MDA series 250 International ISOR340
Canada 4th draft NO.M422 m
France NF-M81-65
USA USBM Schedule 2G
South Africa SABS971
Germany DIN2203/4
A particular product range includes belts ranging in tensile warp (longitudinal) strength ranging from 315 to 1000kN/m, with associated warp (lateral) strength from 158 to 350kN/m, the weft to warp ratio varies progressively from 50 down to 35%. Higher strength belts then increase to a tensile strength to 2625kN/m, the weft strength remaining constant at 350kN/m .Consequently, the weft /warp ratio drops rapidly down to 11.4%, this being necessary to allow ready tracking in the trough idlers
（3）Steel cord Belt construction
The ever increasing demand for stronger belt rein for cements ,which at higher level cannot be satisfied by the use of even the highest man-made fibers ,resulting in the use of the steel cord belt in which the warp strength is provided by steel cables such belt is manufactured in a two part process ,(a) the maxi of poly chloroprene to produce a enter matrix and covers in a rolling process with the cords under tension ,followed by a curing process .
It has been found that a combination of hand (>80degrees) fire resistant , antistatic (FRAS) elastomers and cords displaced vertically at a distance greater than 1 mm leads to the failure of the elastomer by compression and tension ,like problems may occur if there’re defects in the design concept .Such problems may be overcome by the use of elastomers with a hardness in the 60 to 68 degree range , this being a stringent requirement when additives to ensure fire by close attention to drive and return drum diameters and by the use of tongue limitation devices in the conveyor drive.
In the USA, the details of the belt employed at the Selby mining complex are:
Conveyor length: 14.93 km Belt thickness: 28.3 mm
Belt width: 1300 mm Belt strength: 6950 kN/m
Number of cords: 57 Vertical lift: 990
Cord diameter: 13.1 mm Motor power: 1010kW
The conveyor belt is the most important part in the belt conveyor. In addition to the conveyor belt, there are idlers , pulleys , drive and structure ,to which are added other important items, they are make up the belt conveyor.
In its simplest form a belt conveyor consists of a pair of drums, one of which is powered, and between which is stretched and endless hand .This elementary arrangement has limited use for other than short distance application such as the carrying of packages, etc. For other than short distances the top hand must be supported by regularly spaced idles to prevent sagging idlers are ideal for this purpose ,a set of which is normally consists of three separate rollers ,the two outer and shorter being inclined upwards to trough the belt .For low capacity, narrow belts ,two idles may be used and for high capacity duty ,five or more may be employed .The bottom or return belt requires a lower level of support and generally may run in a flat plane a usual arrangement being to use single rollers ,at double the spacing distance used with the top strand . With exceptionally long conveyors, two roblsemi-troughed return rollers may be justified.
The drive arrangement normally consists of an electric motor and speed reduction gear box, connected to each other by suitable coupling.
Ideally, the adopt for the transport of any mineral should: (a) provide continuity of mineral clearance form the point of production with maximum safety and reliability, to ensure that production is not interrupted by transport restrictions. (b) be capable of handling the peak outputs.(c) minimize degradation and dust problems.(d) eliminate spillage or at least incorporate means for its collection and reintroduction to the main mineral stream.(e) provide optimum economy in labor requirement .
In general terms, belt conveying systems satisfy the above standard, the application of remote monitoring and control together with employment of bunker conveyors, further enhance the efficiency of the systems. There are limiting factors affecting the use of belt conveyors in that generally reasonably straight run is necessary ,the maximum angle of inclination is normally 25 degrees(1 in 4)and the maximum lump size is to be less than about half the width of the belt .The carrying capacity is influenced by the angle of the mineral material transported , keeping in mind that in passing over the idler rollers , the material is continuously disturbed and spread out on the belt ,Not with standing the above the belt conveyor has a tremendous and expanding mineral transport potential.
中文原文：
輸送膠帶簡介
膠帶輸送機的膠帶被定義為：能夠承受大量負載的聚合物被粘合在一起，并且以彈性材料覆蓋物來保護它們免受機械損傷。這些能夠承受大量負載的聚合物通常有的由許多編織物層芯，單一的整芯編織物構(gòu)成，有的由單一的平行線層，等距離的鋼絲繩構(gòu)成。
首先，先談?wù)勥\輸機膠帶裝置的構(gòu)成，其可以被分為防火膠帶和非防火膠帶，在地下使用的情況下，前者防火膠帶是規(guī)定是必須或及按照一定的規(guī)范使用。 例如，在U.K 采煤工業(yè)，只批準防火膠帶可以在地下使用。大多數(shù)其它發(fā)達國家也有相似的要求。另外，也有許多情況下防火膠帶被推薦使用，例如，在合成的選礦廠。膠帶類型的確定，在任何帶式輸送機系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計的早期階段是最重要的，其因為這兩種膠帶類型的特征可能影響其它與之相關(guān)的設(shè)備的設(shè)計，如果在以后需要變化時，該問題也會出現(xiàn)的，任何特殊膠帶的使用的提出應(yīng)該寫在購買說明書上，因為膠帶的設(shè)計者為了適應(yīng)某些要求，如摩擦系數(shù)，老化，潮濕度的變化可能需要修改，而且一般來說，橡膠材料膠帶比任何一個防火材料的膠帶更有能力減輕物料的沖擊。
主要有三種膠帶結(jié)構(gòu)形式：（a）層芯結(jié)構(gòu)，（b）整芯編織結(jié)構(gòu)，（c）鋼絲繩芯結(jié)構(gòu)。
在以上的結(jié)構(gòu)中，（a）與（b）僅僅是帶芯提供輸送重物，而且能夠承受各種各樣沖擊。以至于它們能夠在膠帶上被使用，因為帶芯在膠帶中是最重要的部分，所以采用合理的保護措施保護帶芯是很重要的。在（c）中，大負載的輸送用鋼絲繩芯膠帶，其也要求有合理的保護措施。
另外，有特殊要求的膠帶設(shè)計和鋼繩牽引膠帶一起被使用，當這種布置被認同的時候，這個系統(tǒng)將要被獨立的描述。
（1）層芯膠帶結(jié)構(gòu)
在討論層芯膠帶結(jié)構(gòu)時，術(shù)語“彎曲強度”和“膠帶橫向強度”經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，為了分段的目的，它被認為：膠帶彎曲強度涉及到膠帶橫向受力。
為了符合托輥的曲線設(shè)計要求，膠帶側(cè)面的柔韌性是非常重要的，當深槽形托輥組被使用的時候，這個是特殊的。傳統(tǒng)的膠帶帶芯是由天然的纖維品構(gòu)成，現(xiàn)在的膠帶帶芯是由一種或者更多的人工制造的纖維層芯構(gòu)成的。例如尼龍和滌綸，整體被硬化或用特殊材料合并，這些人造纖維比天然的纖維強度更高，它們更輕，更具有韌性，當通過托輥的時候允許更深的槽行，允許更小直徑的滾筒使用，它們在高強度的張力下，只有較短的伸長。
表層物質(zhì)通常是橡膠，其用于非防火膠帶和聚氯乙烯氯丁橡膠，氯丁(二烯)橡膠帶等，在任何膠帶的兩面上，最小表層物不小于0.8mm，考慮到運輸?shù)奈镔|(zhì)，幾乎所有礦物的輸送時膠帶都必須增加適度的有耐磨的物質(zhì)。礦物質(zhì)例如，煤、碎石、灰燼等。最小的運料側(cè)層應(yīng)該是1.4mm。滾筒側(cè)層是0.8mm。當有更多的金剛砂，最小運料側(cè)層應(yīng)該是3.2mm，滾筒側(cè)層應(yīng)該是1.6mm。
雖然國家標準可能改變，但是當考慮到其強度，膠帶類型將被分類，在下面的介紹中將被給出。
（2）整芯編織膠帶
通常情況下，許多層芯膠帶結(jié)構(gòu)適用于整芯編織，但是隨后膠帶帶芯所構(gòu)成的纖維是內(nèi)編織物，然后演變?yōu)楣腆w形式，而且合理的布置被使用，纖維可能是高粘性尼龍，棉花軟毛，混合纖維。以防火要求為標準的表層覆蓋物是聚氯乙烯，但這種物質(zhì)有一定的局限性，特別是在傾斜輸送的場合。為了克服這個問題，表層覆蓋物則是用聚合物制成的，這種聚合物具有天然橡膠的優(yōu)點，這種聚合物覆蓋物被應(yīng)用在膠帶的輸送和驅(qū)動表面上，因為它們能夠提高摩擦的特性，使物料滑落的可能性降到最低，并且能夠增大牽引力，考慮到煤的高潮濕度和許多其它的礦物質(zhì)，無阻力允許更有效的保持膠帶的清潔，更近一點的好處是這種覆蓋物像聚氯乙烯一樣不能在使用中打滑。整芯編織膠帶的一個重要特征是它的結(jié)構(gòu)減少了層芯的分離，并且減少了邊緣磨損，更好的是它具有耐腐蝕性，能夠抵抗礦物油的腐蝕。
新式的織布機生產(chǎn)的整芯編織膠帶裝置比用梭子生產(chǎn)的整芯編織膠帶裝置具有更強的膠帶橫向強度，它能夠改變膠帶的橫向強度，減少所需的下滑時間，編織工序一完成，帶芯就被輸送到正在進行的過程中，提供一個額外的合適的防火表面，最后在壓力作用下固化成型。
除滿足U.K的要求外，這種膠帶還應(yīng)符合以下的防火規(guī)定并且還應(yīng)滿足帶寬315—2625kN/m
澳大利亞 MDA series 250 國際標準 ISOR340
加拿大 4th draft NO.M422 m
法國 NF-M81-65
美國 USBM Schedule 2G
南非 SABS971
德國 DIN2203/4
特殊膠帶產(chǎn)品的范圍包括膠帶在315-1000kN/m范圍內(nèi)的張力的強度，與之有關(guān)的膠帶強度在158-350kN/m內(nèi)膠帶橫向強度比膠帶強度逐步由50%下降到35%。強度較高的膠帶增大到2625kN/m，膠帶橫向強度一直保持在350kN/m左右。因此，膠帶橫向強度與彎曲強度的比值很快的降到11.4%，其必須允許槽行托輥的膠帶軌跡。
（3）鋼絲繩芯膠帶結(jié)構(gòu)
對于需要較大壓力和高強度的膠帶設(shè)備，不斷增長的需求為高強度的膠帶提供了一致的要求。其中使用最多的人造纖維也不能滿足要求，因此使用鋼絲繩芯膠帶。這種膠帶分為兩部分工序生產(chǎn)，（a）氯丁二烯，混合物生產(chǎn)中的機構(gòu)母體和二層覆蓋物，（b）在滾筒段中，電線，母體，和表層覆蓋物的組裝緊接著用較大壓力擠壓成型。
據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，聚合防火膠帶很（>80°）很困難， 其防靜電的彈性物質(zhì)和繩被擠壓，垂直距離大于1mm時，將失去彈性像這樣的問題可能發(fā)生。如果在設(shè)計理論中有缺陷，通過使用硬度在60-80°范圍內(nèi)的彈形物質(zhì)可以克服這樣的問題，當防火附加物質(zhì)使用的時候，這是一個迫切需求，通過注意驅(qū)動和改向的滾筒和限轉(zhuǎn)矩設(shè)備在輸送機驅(qū)動中的使用，可以使疲勞降低到最低點。
在美國，Sebly mining Complex 所使用的膠帶詳細資料如下：
運輸長度：14.93kM 膠帶厚度：28.3mm
膠帶寬度： 1300mm 膠帶強度：6950kN/m
絕緣電線數(shù)量；57 最大高度：990m
電線直徑： 13.1mm 電功率：10100kW
膠帶是帶式輸送機一個必需的組成要素，除此還有托輥、滾筒、驅(qū)動裝置和機架。它們共同組成膠帶輸送系統(tǒng)。
從最簡單的形式上講，膠帶輸送由一對滾筒組成，其中一個有動力，兩者之間由一個兩端連接的膠帶連接，這種基本的布置已經(jīng)受到了一定的限制，其與短距離輸送不同。例如，輸送組件等。其為了防止膠帶的下垂，上面的膠帶必須由有規(guī)則空間的托輥支持，為了這個目的，槽形托輥式最好的，以系列的槽形托輥組通常由三個獨立的輥子組成，外面的兩個短輥子時傾斜的，因為容量較小，膠帶窄，可以使用兩個托輥，為了更多的容量，5個或者更多的輥子被使用，空載段的下膠帶需要水平支持，要求不是很高，其通常運行在一個水平面上，通常地布置是使用單獨的托輥，在一定的空間距離和上托輥鉸接在一起使用。有一些特別長的輸送機，其使用兩個半槽的托輥。
驅(qū)動裝置通常由電動機和減速器組成。相互之間由合適的聯(lián)軸器聯(lián)接。
在理想的條件下，若采用膠帶系統(tǒng)輸送任何礦物質(zhì)時，應(yīng)能：(a)以最大的安全性和可靠性，把各個生產(chǎn)點連接成連續(xù)的礦物流，以保證生產(chǎn)，不會因輸送機的某些限制而中斷。（b）應(yīng)具有最大的輸出功率。(c)將灑落和灰塵問題降低到最小程度。（d）減少泄露或者至少為系統(tǒng)的收集和輸送的主要礦物編入平均系數(shù)（e）在勞動需求上提供最佳的經(jīng)濟效益。
在一般的情況下 ，膠帶輸送系統(tǒng)能夠符合以上標準，物料輸送裝置遠程控制系統(tǒng)的使用，更進一步提高了系統(tǒng)的效率。但是膠帶輸送機的使用也受到一些限制因素的影響，以至于在一些情況下，直線運行是必要的。最大的角度通常是25°，最大的集中尺寸大約是小于膠帶寬度的一半，輸送量受到被輸送的礦物安息角的影響，在通過托輥的時候，物料在膠帶上連續(xù)不斷的被干擾和散開。盡管膠帶輸送機有上面的限制，但還是一個有巨大的輸送能力和潛力的輸送設(shè)備。