純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)【含8張CAD高清圖紙、文檔全套】【LB4】

【溫馨提示】=【1】設(shè)計(jì)包含CAD圖紙 和 DOC文檔，均可以在線預(yù)覽，所見即所得，dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，超高清，可編輯，無任何水印，充值下載得到【資源目錄】里展示的所有文件=【2】若題目上備注三維，則表示文件里包含三維源文件，由于三維組成零件數(shù)量較多，為保證預(yù)覽的簡(jiǎn)潔性，店家將三維文件夾進(jìn)行了打包。三維預(yù)覽圖，均為店主電腦打開軟件進(jìn)行截圖的，保證能夠打開，下載后解壓即可。=【3】特價(jià)促銷，拼團(tuán)購買，均有不同程度的打折優(yōu)惠，詳情可咨詢QQ：1304139763 或者 414951605=【4】 題目最后的備注【LB系列】為店主整理分類的代號(hào)，與課題內(nèi)容無關(guān)，請(qǐng)忽視 理工科類本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別機(jī)電工程作者所在專業(yè)車輛工程作者所在班級(jí)B13142作 者 姓 名齊澤凱作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)201322231指導(dǎo)教師姓名許文娟指導(dǎo)教師職稱完 成 時(shí) 間年月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制說 明1根據(jù)學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定，學(xué)生必須撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告。開題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。2開題報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)教研室論證審查后生效。開題報(bào)告不合格者需重做。3畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是，逐條認(rèn)真填寫。其中的文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言通順，外來語要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫詞，須注出全稱。4開題報(bào)告中除最后一頁外均由學(xué)生填寫，填寫各欄目時(shí)可根據(jù)內(nèi)容另加附頁。5閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。6參考文獻(xiàn)的書寫應(yīng)遵循畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫規(guī)范要求。7開題報(bào)告應(yīng)與文獻(xiàn)綜述、一篇外文譯文和外文原文復(fù)印件同時(shí)提交，文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）撰寫規(guī)范的要求，字?jǐn)?shù)在2000字左右。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名齊澤凱專 業(yè)車輛工程班 級(jí)B13142指導(dǎo)教師姓名許文娟職 稱工作單位課題來源課題性質(zhì)課題名稱純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)本設(shè)計(jì)的科學(xué)依據(jù)（科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景，國內(nèi)外研究概況，目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等）1.科學(xué)意義及應(yīng)用前景幾十年來，隨著傳統(tǒng)汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展壯大，世界各國均面臨能源和環(huán)境危機(jī)的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。純電動(dòng)汽車的出現(xiàn)能有效解決能源和環(huán)境這兩大危機(jī)。另外，純電動(dòng)汽車的運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、低噪聲、零部件布置靈活多樣化、維修方便、能量利用率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。電動(dòng)車作為解決環(huán)境污染的重要可行途徑, 得到快速發(fā)展。2.國內(nèi)外研究概況國內(nèi)現(xiàn)今電動(dòng)汽車主要是改裝設(shè)計(jì)的。在上世紀(jì)60年代，我國就開始了純電動(dòng)汽車的研發(fā)工作，于上世紀(jì)90年代掀起了一股研發(fā)熱潮，部分相關(guān)高校、科研院所以及汽車企業(yè)聯(lián)合開發(fā)充電電池和純電動(dòng)汽車，相繼研制出電動(dòng)汽車功能樣車、性能樣車和產(chǎn)品樣車，并開始著力推廣其示范運(yùn)行。國外電動(dòng)汽車設(shè)計(jì)主要有以下兩種方法：改裝設(shè)計(jì)和全新設(shè)計(jì)改裝設(shè)計(jì)：選擇一輛與目標(biāo)設(shè)汁的電動(dòng)汽車在載客量和載質(zhì)量方面都近似的傳統(tǒng)汽車來進(jìn)行改裝。移除內(nèi)燃機(jī)，換成電機(jī)。充分利用車架上部和下部以及原油箱和座椅下的一些空間來安放電池。為盡量擴(kuò)大車廂內(nèi)的有一效空間。全新設(shè)計(jì)：國外電動(dòng)車發(fā)展比較早，新研制的電動(dòng)汽車大部分是采用全新設(shè)計(jì)。即采用新的外形，新的造型、底盤設(shè)計(jì)用于減小風(fēng)阻，提高續(xù)時(shí)里程。對(duì)車身、底盤和電池采取輕量化措施減輕車身質(zhì)量。用間接驅(qū)動(dòng)式或直接驅(qū)動(dòng)式或電動(dòng)輪式驅(qū)動(dòng)。再用仿真軟件進(jìn)行仿真修改。3.目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)萬向電動(dòng)汽車有限公司自2002年成立以來，在高能量聚合物鋰離子動(dòng)力電池、一體化電動(dòng)機(jī)及其驅(qū)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)等方面取得了相應(yīng)的成果，成為動(dòng)力電池產(chǎn)業(yè)化制造基地和“十一五”純電動(dòng)汽車平臺(tái)牽頭單位。天津清源電動(dòng)車輛有限公司等單位研發(fā)的純電動(dòng)轎車，其整車的動(dòng)力性、經(jīng)濟(jì)型、續(xù)駛里程、噪聲等指標(biāo)已超過法國雪鐵龍的純電動(dòng)轎車和箱式貨車，初步形成了關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研發(fā)能力。北京理工大學(xué)等單位聯(lián)合組建了北京理工科凌電動(dòng)車輛股份有限公司密云電動(dòng)車輛產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)基地，并于2003年底順利通過北京市公共交通總公司組織的示范運(yùn)行車組驗(yàn)收，小批量研發(fā)生產(chǎn)的四種車型約40輛公交車投放了北京市奧運(yùn)電動(dòng)車示范車隊(duì)運(yùn)行。設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和預(yù)期成果（具體設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和重點(diǎn)解決的技術(shù)問題、預(yù)期成果和提供的形式）一、 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和重點(diǎn)解決的技術(shù)問題1.確定驅(qū)動(dòng)方式2.設(shè)計(jì)齒輪3.確定變速器及制動(dòng)器形式二、 預(yù)期成果和提供的形式1.制定傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)總體方案；2.總體結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖；3.制定關(guān)鍵部位的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方案；4.撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書。擬采取設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)支持（設(shè)計(jì)方案、技術(shù)要求、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和步驟、可能遇到的問題和解決辦法等）1.純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方法：在純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)過程中，首先需掌握相關(guān)仿真軟件，具備汽車原理、汽車設(shè)計(jì)及機(jī)械制圖等專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，然后采用電動(dòng)汽車仿真軟件ADVISOR建立整車動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的Simulink仿真模型。2.工作環(huán)境及技術(shù)條件：需要用PC機(jī)進(jìn)行機(jī)械工程圖的繪制，可以充分利用系里的CAD/CAM實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)工作。設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的各種手冊(cè)和資料和從學(xué)校圖書館借閱；另外可以充分利用學(xué)校的數(shù)字圖書資源，查閱中、英文文獻(xiàn)。實(shí)現(xiàn)本項(xiàng)目預(yù)期目標(biāo)和已具備的條件（包括過去學(xué)習(xí)、研究工作基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)有主要儀器設(shè)備、設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境及協(xié)作條件等）1、完成傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的初步掌握，已學(xué)習(xí)完汽車設(shè)計(jì)課程，已具有一定的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)；2、掌握純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，需具有機(jī)械制圖和汽車設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)知識(shí)，已學(xué)習(xí)過汽車?yán)碚?、汽車設(shè)計(jì)等多門課程，為設(shè)計(jì)工作打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。3、已掌握相關(guān)仿真軟件，且熟悉ADVISOR軟件的運(yùn)用，可對(duì)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行仿真，為制定優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方案提供依據(jù)。4、我院已具備CAD/CAM實(shí)驗(yàn)室，圖書館，數(shù)字圖書館等硬件設(shè)施。各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進(jìn)度(以周為單位)1準(zhǔn)備開題報(bào)告：3周2純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)：8周4 撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明及準(zhǔn)備答辯：2周開 題 報(bào) 告 審 定 紀(jì) 要時(shí) 間地點(diǎn)主持人參會(huì)教師姓 名職 務(wù)（職 稱）姓 名職 務(wù)（職 稱）論證情況摘要 記錄人：指導(dǎo)教師意見指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日教研室意見教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 32 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述設(shè)計(jì) (論文)題目純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別機(jī)電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)車輛工程作者所在班級(jí)B13142作 者 姓 名齊澤凱作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)201322231指導(dǎo)教師姓名許文娟指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完 成 時(shí) 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制說 明1根據(jù)學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定，學(xué)生必須撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述。文獻(xiàn)綜述作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。2文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成，由指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見并經(jīng)所在專業(yè)教研室審查。3文獻(xiàn)綜述各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要實(shí)事求是，文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言通順，外來語要同時(shí)用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫詞，須注出全稱。4學(xué)生撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述，閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。5文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫規(guī)范的要求，字?jǐn)?shù)在2000字左右。文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)與開題報(bào)告同時(shí)提交。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述我的論文選題是：純電動(dòng)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 一、文獻(xiàn)查閱的方法與結(jié)果我從以下途徑查閱了文獻(xiàn)資料：1 圖書館和其他途徑查到以下書刊文本資料（按照注釋與參考文獻(xiàn)注錄格式列出）1付主木.電動(dòng)汽車運(yùn)用技術(shù)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2014.112鄒政耀，王若平.新能源汽車技術(shù)M.北京：國防工業(yè)出版社.2012.73Iqbal Husain.純電動(dòng)及混合動(dòng)力汽車設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)M.原書第二版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2012.34趙航，史廣奎.混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2012.552 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)檢索http:/www.docin.com/p-812644657.htmlhttp:/ddc.greenwheel.com.cn/ddqcjs/car-2819.htmlhttp:/www.docin.com/p-165789986.html在查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料中，與我論文直接有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)有以下幾類：1專著教材類： 5 種，如：2學(xué)位論文類： 2 種，如：3互聯(lián)網(wǎng)資源： 3 種，如： 以上共查閱了有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料 10 種，詳見我的資料卡片。二、國內(nèi)外研究歷史與現(xiàn)狀通過查閱資料和分析，對(duì)我所研究的論題國內(nèi)外研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀是： 早在19世紀(jì)中期，燃油汽車出現(xiàn)之前，純電動(dòng)汽車就在公共場(chǎng)所開始應(yīng)用。1990年，出售的4200輛汽車中，40%是蒸汽機(jī)汽車，38%是電動(dòng)汽車，剩下的22%為燃油汽車。然而，起動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)明、燃油汽車大批量生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的提高，以及充電的不便性，使得純電動(dòng)汽車再20世紀(jì)初退出汽車市場(chǎng)。20世紀(jì)60年代，環(huán)境問題日益嚴(yán)重，且化石燃料的匱乏，使人們又開始重視純電動(dòng)汽車。接下來的幾十年里，驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)有了較大的發(fā)展，環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的出現(xiàn)也使純電動(dòng)汽車受到越來越多的關(guān)注。目前，國內(nèi)純電動(dòng)汽車的各種研究，大多數(shù)都是建立在改裝車的基礎(chǔ)上的。純電動(dòng)汽車的改裝設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)機(jī)電一體化的綜合工程，純電動(dòng)汽車改裝后高性能的獲得并不是簡(jiǎn)單地將內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和油箱換成電動(dòng)機(jī)和蓄電池邊可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，它必須通過對(duì)蓄電池、電動(dòng)機(jī)、變速器、減速器和控制系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的合理匹配選擇，并且在總體方案布置時(shí)使其連接可靠、軸荷分配合理等才能獲得。而常見的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)方案中，因?yàn)閭鲃?dòng)方案及組成與普通汽車相同，傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)仍由變速器、傳動(dòng)軸、主減速器、差速器及半軸等組成。雖然這種方案設(shè)計(jì)周期短、可直接采用普通汽車底盤的構(gòu)造、造價(jià)低，但是因?yàn)榱悴考?、電?dòng)汽車總質(zhì)量大、傳動(dòng)效率低，不能滿足純電動(dòng)汽車整體設(shè)計(jì)和使用性能的要求，現(xiàn)已逐漸被其他傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)取代。三、對(duì)已掌握文獻(xiàn)的綜述與分析對(duì)于我所選論題的現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)，總體分析如下：目前，國內(nèi)純電動(dòng)汽車的各種研究，大多數(shù)都是建立在改裝車的基礎(chǔ)上的。純電動(dòng)汽車的改裝設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)機(jī)電一體化的綜合工程，純電動(dòng)汽車改裝后高性能的獲得并不是簡(jiǎn)單地將內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和油箱換成電動(dòng)機(jī)和蓄電池邊可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，它必須通過對(duì)蓄電池、電動(dòng)機(jī)、變速器、減速器和控制系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的合理匹配選擇，并且在總體方案布置時(shí)使其連接可靠、軸荷分配合理等才能獲得。由于電機(jī)可以從靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)開始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，并且能在較寬速度范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行有效的工作，這種能力使得它可以省去離合器，而在傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車上則需要使用離合器。單一的傳動(dòng)比可以滿足電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速與車輪速度的匹配。電動(dòng)汽車可以設(shè)計(jì)成不需要齒輪的形式，但是減速器的使用使電機(jī)可以在一定車速高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，這種高轉(zhuǎn)速低轉(zhuǎn)矩的需求特性可以縮小電機(jī)的尺寸。與燃油汽車相比，電動(dòng)汽車的結(jié)構(gòu)更加靈活，其各部件的放置及選擇具有很大的靈活性。由于驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速完全可以用電子控制器進(jìn)行全范圍的控制，因此變速系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)就可以有多種不同的選擇，既可用手動(dòng)變速器和自動(dòng)變速器，又可用電子驅(qū)動(dòng)器控制電動(dòng)機(jī)直接變速。目前，純電動(dòng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)具有以下幾種布置方案：第一種類型：機(jī)械傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)方案。第二種類型：機(jī)電集成式傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)方案。第三種類型：電動(dòng)橋傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)方案。第四種類型：電動(dòng)輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)方案。注釋與參考文獻(xiàn)例：1付主木.電動(dòng)汽車運(yùn)用技術(shù)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2014.112鄒政耀，王若平.新能源汽車技術(shù)M.北京：國防工業(yè)出版社.2012.73Iqbal Husain.純電動(dòng)及混合動(dòng)力汽車設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)M.原書第二版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2012.34趙航，史廣奎.混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)M.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2012.55畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述指導(dǎo)教師意見 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日專業(yè)教研室審查意見 負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)外 文 翻 譯原 文 標(biāo) 題ElectricVehicleDevelopment:ThePast, Present&Future譯 文 標(biāo) 題電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展：過去、現(xiàn)在與未來作者所在系別機(jī)械工程系作者所在專業(yè)車輛工程作者所在班級(jí)B13142作 者 姓 名齊澤凱作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)201322231指導(dǎo)教師姓名許文娟指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完 成 時(shí) 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制 41 譯文標(biāo)題電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展：過去、現(xiàn)在與未來原文標(biāo)題Electric Vehicle Development: The Past, Present & Future作 者Lixin Situ譯 名國 籍中國香港原文出處http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1譯文：摘要當(dāng)比傳統(tǒng)的石油燃燒發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)更環(huán)保時(shí)，這種車輛被認(rèn)為是綠色環(huán)保的，其中包括混合動(dòng)力汽車，插電式，燃料電池，生物燃料等可以改善燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的任何非傳統(tǒng)汽車。電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展已有一百多年，但由于各種原因的解釋，未能在各階段得到公眾的認(rèn)可。雖然電動(dòng)汽車從未大量生產(chǎn)，但混合動(dòng)力汽車近年來取得了勢(shì)頭。福特已經(jīng)推出了第二代HEV，通用還宣布在2010年首次亮相Volt。與常規(guī)HEV相比，插電是混合動(dòng)力汽車開發(fā)的新趨勢(shì)，因?yàn)橹灰旭偩嚯x小于充電閾值，那么電動(dòng)模式下行駛距離可以延長并達(dá)到零排放的可能性。 然而，最近汽車行業(yè)的電氣化趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)發(fā)展一段時(shí)間了并將使汽車行業(yè)發(fā)生徹底的革命。 隨著電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)的正確政策和政策的推進(jìn)，電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展前景將是未來發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵字：電動(dòng)汽車 混合動(dòng)力 插入 綠色 歷史1 引言與能源獨(dú)立和環(huán)境問題相關(guān)的替代燃料車輛，特別是電動(dòng)和混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車已成為全球政府政策的一部分。美國要求制定更嚴(yán)格的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國今年發(fā)布新能源汽車政策，加快推行電力配置，2011年達(dá)到500k的目標(biāo)。香港在不久的將來也建立了電動(dòng)汽車應(yīng)用的明確愿景。至于汽車行業(yè)，汽油價(jià)格大幅上漲至超過2美元水平和市場(chǎng)對(duì)此類汽車的需求后，無聲的綠色解決方案將經(jīng)歷重大轉(zhuǎn)型。該行業(yè)推出更多的燃油高效HEV和較少污染的車輛進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。隨著過去幾年油價(jià)急劇上漲，這一現(xiàn)象推動(dòng)了純電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展，重新吸引了汽車制造商和政府。消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)在替代燃料車輛以及HEV和電動(dòng)車輛方面帶來了顯著的增長。 PolkCompany進(jìn)行的HEV研究表明，美國和西歐的HEV銷售市場(chǎng)份額呈上升趨勢(shì)。事實(shí)上，OEM廠商的HEV模型選擇從2000年的兩倍（InsightPrius）增長到今天的二十多歲。 2007年，HEV的銷售量已經(jīng)超過了30萬輛HEV。來自O(shè)EM的HEV和電動(dòng)車輛的進(jìn)一步已知承諾將進(jìn)一步改善HEV生產(chǎn)。增加插電式和電動(dòng)汽車，將加強(qiáng)和加快目前的電氣化趨勢(shì)。第一款插電式混合動(dòng)力車雪佛蘭Volt，以及北美最終消費(fèi)者的一批計(jì)劃中的電動(dòng)汽車，將為市場(chǎng)帶來一輪新能源汽車。一、電動(dòng)車發(fā)展歷史電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展歷史悠久。自從發(fā)明電動(dòng)機(jī)以來，電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)有150多年了。從簡(jiǎn)單的不可充電到現(xiàn)代技術(shù)控制系統(tǒng)，電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展可分為三個(gè)階段：A.早期發(fā)展階段電動(dòng)汽車被認(rèn)為是最早的汽車之一，遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)。在20世紀(jì)20年代后期至20世紀(jì)30年代，汽油車輛的登記比例為3：1，汽油車輛占有率高達(dá)20。這是一種主要的運(yùn)輸工具，在馬車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，在當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)輸中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。直到1930年，電動(dòng)汽車領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層被汽油車開發(fā)所取代，無法重新獲得以下原因：汽油成熟度可以合理成本大批量生產(chǎn)。隨著模具制造過程革命的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，車輛突然向公眾開放，并作為改善生活的途徑。汽油車在性能和成本方面都領(lǐng)先于超級(jí)電動(dòng)汽車。城市間旅行的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施改善和需求需要較長的旅行距離，以前無法利用電動(dòng)車輛。缺乏充電基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施開發(fā)，可靠的電力傳輸和有限的旅行距離，電動(dòng)汽車不再適應(yīng)消費(fèi)者需求，并失去了普通汽油車的優(yōu)勢(shì)。有限的或沒有電氣基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持迫使早期電動(dòng)汽車的辭呈和豐富。汽油廣泛發(fā)現(xiàn)，廉價(jià)燃料的準(zhǔn)備就緒也促成了汽油車輛的普及。汽油在20世紀(jì)30年代為車輛運(yùn)輸提供了直接的便宜的能源。它可以通過容器攜帶，從而使擁有車輛的流動(dòng)性得以擴(kuò)大。B.中期發(fā)展（20世紀(jì)30年代至80年代）電動(dòng)汽車的生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展在1935年內(nèi)燃機(jī)接管后的個(gè)人運(yùn)輸中停止。與歐佩克的政治敏感性在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代創(chuàng)造了能源獨(dú)立的必要性。美國政府和環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者重新制定了更嚴(yán)格的燃油效率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并引發(fā)了該期間董事會(huì)對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車的興趣。 70年代初的能源危機(jī)驅(qū)使美國郵政服務(wù)放置了大量的350 EV測(cè)試車隊(duì)。它是中期發(fā)展的最高節(jié)點(diǎn)。然而，部分原因是由于業(yè)績有限，其他政府優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，董事會(huì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配置的缺乏和公司參與的范圍，這一時(shí)期的發(fā)展很慢。C.現(xiàn)代發(fā)展現(xiàn)代EV發(fā)展由通用汽車公司生產(chǎn)的EV1車隊(duì)主導(dǎo)。在能源部資助的計(jì)劃之后，福特開發(fā)了EV Ranger接收卡車，豐田提供Rav4 EV，而本田在20世紀(jì)90年代末和21世紀(jì)初期也有EV可用。不幸的是，由于政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，教育和技術(shù)這個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題，包括車輛生產(chǎn)成本和安全問題，電動(dòng)車可用性的短暫增長并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)到商業(yè)生產(chǎn)中。 EV1，Ranger，Rav4和本田EV僅用于艦隊(duì)測(cè)試，幾乎所有車輛已經(jīng)停產(chǎn)，銷毀和回收利用。只有少數(shù)電動(dòng)車在電動(dòng)汽車愛好者手中幸存下來。D.現(xiàn)代HEV發(fā)展然而，在1999年至21世紀(jì)初期，純電動(dòng)汽車出現(xiàn)了一種新型的電動(dòng)汽車。本田向美國市場(chǎng)推出首款HEV，本田Insight，為汽車行業(yè)帶來了另一個(gè)里程碑。隨著市場(chǎng)的接受和普銳斯的成功，HEV技術(shù)顯示出成熟和潛力。福特在“曼哈頓坦克”活動(dòng)期間推出了第一款美國混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車Escape SUV HEV，并在充氣城市交通中注冊(cè)了600英里/坦克，開啟了HEV中美國新時(shí)代的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。截至2008年，HEV銷售總額達(dá)到2.5以上。深刻的是，豐田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已經(jīng)在2009年引入了更新技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步細(xì)化。燃油效率也有所提高。豐田是HEV競(jìng)技場(chǎng)的明顯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，以其“協(xié)同驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)”的體積和范圍。本田和福特公司正在配備完整的混合動(dòng)力車。通用在混合客車和卡車方面也提供了“雙?！奔夹g(shù)。E.未來發(fā)展隨著汽油價(jià)格快速上漲，再加上環(huán)保問題，社會(huì)責(zé)任重新得到社會(huì)責(zé)任。電動(dòng)車等AFV突然變得流行起來。隨著幾年前Chevy Volt插件概念的推出以及日產(chǎn)的純電動(dòng)汽車，新一輪的電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展已經(jīng)在未來幾年復(fù)活到OEM的周轉(zhuǎn)計(jì)劃中。這一EV趨勢(shì)的結(jié)果將在未來三年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)。與以往的電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展相比，有以下幾個(gè)因素可以確保未來的發(fā)展取得成功：汽車經(jīng)營者是開發(fā)電動(dòng)汽車的直接目標(biāo)客戶。市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的方法始終以合理的成本和性能創(chuàng)造出具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和吸引力的產(chǎn)品。早期的技術(shù)和環(huán)境采用者將是最初的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和用戶。他們?cè)敢庵С植⒂心芰τ绊懗晒Α８鞣N教育計(jì)劃和電動(dòng)汽車計(jì)劃也改變了對(duì)燃油效率車輛的普遍了解以及他們的好處。電動(dòng)汽車的熱烈接受在未來幾年是高的。電站和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展合作受到不同層次的關(guān)注。正在探索各種商業(yè)模式。行業(yè)和政府相信，最終計(jì)劃將在電動(dòng)汽車大規(guī)模發(fā)布之前達(dá)到。儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的改進(jìn)使得鋰電池的使用在車輛上變得安全。系統(tǒng)管理的復(fù)雜化升級(jí)，并將電動(dòng)汽車提升到可比較的內(nèi)燃機(jī)水平。最后，適當(dāng)?shù)恼呤切袠I(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。特別稅收優(yōu)惠和補(bǔ)貼將抵消消費(fèi)者購買電動(dòng)汽車的負(fù)擔(dān)。在政府愿意提供財(cái)務(wù)和戰(zhàn)略支持的情況下，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的投票是自信的。三，結(jié)論像許多新興技術(shù)一樣，電動(dòng)汽車的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用已經(jīng)存在了很長時(shí)間，但直到最近，技術(shù)還沒有真正起飛。盡管HEV是汽油車的良好替代品，并被媒體廣泛宣傳，但它只是作為中間步驟或近期解決方案的代表。政府法規(guī)和環(huán)境前景，特別是推動(dòng)運(yùn)輸電氣化的采用。電動(dòng)車將是最終目標(biāo)。事實(shí)上，隨著OEM到2012年為終端消費(fèi)者推出更多的電動(dòng)汽車模型，電動(dòng)汽車的展示將被廣泛認(rèn)可和認(rèn)可。隨著新型電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展，同時(shí)也將引進(jìn)電力電子技術(shù)相關(guān)技術(shù)的巨大機(jī)遇。利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，為綠色發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。原文：AbstractA vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine, in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electrical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of electric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development.Key words: electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, historyI. INTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the government policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EV application in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers and governments.The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Prius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 20072. Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will strengthen and accelerate the current electrification trend.Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.II. HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTThe development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages:A. Early development stageElectric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages. Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructure improvement and demand of inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regular gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.B. Midterm development (1930s-1980s)Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet down quickly during this period.C. Modern DevelopmentModern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electric vehicles were survived under the hands of EV enthusiasts.D. Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the Manhattan on a Tank event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into 2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well.Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models with it “synergy drive system”. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode” technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.E. Future DevelopmentAs gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEMs cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that will ensure this initiation be successful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.Cooperation in charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and government are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a comparable level of combustion engine. Lastly, proper government policy provides a development foundation for the industry. Special tax incentives and subsidy will offset consumer burden for purchasing electric vehicle. It is a confident vote for the product when government is willing to provide financial and strategic support.III. CONCLUSIONLike many emerging technology, electric vehicle development and application have been around for a long time, but until recently, the technology has not really taken off. Even though HEV started as a good alternative to gasoline vehicle and well publicized by the media, but it only represented as the intermediate step or near term solution. Government regulation and environmental prospect, in particular will drive the adoption of transportation electrification. Electric vehicle will be the final goal. In fact, as OEM introduce more EV model to the end consumer by 2012, the presents of electric vehicle will be widely seen and recognized. Along with new electric vehicle development on the way, it will also introduce tremendous opportunity in associated technology especially in Power electronics. We shall utilize this opportunity and contribute to the green trend.指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評(píng) 語 外文翻譯成績：指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)閱時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價(jià)值。2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。共 5 頁 第 10 頁