CA6140車床法蘭盤加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)
CA6140車床法蘭盤加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì),ca6140,車床,法蘭盤,加工,工藝,夾具,設(shè)計(jì)
密 級(jí)分類號(hào)編 號(hào)成 績(jī)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)外 文 翻 譯原 文 標(biāo) 題Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Processes 譯 文 標(biāo) 題機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及加工工藝作者所在系別機(jī)電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)作者所在班級(jí)作 者 姓 名作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱完 成 時(shí) 間2017年2月 譯文標(biāo)題機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及加工工藝原文標(biāo)題Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Processes作 者Alex Elias譯 名艾力克斯國(guó) 籍美國(guó)原文出處Journal of Composite Materials摘要:機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品或設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品,為了滿足人類需求而有的應(yīng)用學(xué)科。它涉及到了工程技術(shù)的許多領(lǐng)域,主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸和形狀以及具體結(jié)構(gòu)的詳細(xì)構(gòu)思,同時(shí)還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售及使用中面臨的各種問題。關(guān)鍵詞:機(jī)械;設(shè)計(jì);加工工藝進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的工作人員一般被稱為設(shè)計(jì)工程師或者設(shè)計(jì)人員。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)具有創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師要求在工作上具有創(chuàng)新思維,還得在工程材料、機(jī)械制圖、動(dòng)力學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等學(xué)科具有強(qiáng)大的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備。 像之前所說,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)人類所需要的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)明和科學(xué)知識(shí)并不一定能給人類帶來好處,只有當(dāng)它們被使用在產(chǎn)品上它們才能產(chǎn)生效益。所以,我們應(yīng)該在對(duì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前,了解人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。 我們應(yīng)該把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的思維進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)的分析以及制訂產(chǎn)品的加工工藝的一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。掌握機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)比熟記一些公式和數(shù)據(jù)更重要。只用數(shù)據(jù)和公式并不能完整的做出一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)。同時(shí),設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)該精確定的進(jìn)行運(yùn)算。比如,即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置弄錯(cuò),正確的設(shè)計(jì)也會(huì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)當(dāng)敢于提出新的想法,并且敢于承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)方法不適合時(shí),就立即采用以前的方法。所以,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須要有耐心,因?yàn)榛ㄙM(fèi)許多時(shí)間努力可能并不會(huì)成功。一個(gè)創(chuàng)新的設(shè)計(jì),要求設(shè)計(jì)者拋棄許多舊的、人們都知道的方法。因?yàn)樵S多人都容易墨守成規(guī),所以這樣做不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事情。一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)當(dāng)不斷地努力探索改良舊產(chǎn)品的方法,在這個(gè)過程中,應(yīng)該選擇原有的設(shè)計(jì)原理,并把它同新觀念相結(jié)合起來。新設(shè)計(jì)的本身可能會(huì)有很多的缺陷和問題,只有在這些問題和缺陷解決之后,新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性才能體現(xiàn)出來。所以,一個(gè)好的產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生的同時(shí),也有著巨大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計(jì)不要求采用完全新的方法,那就沒有必要為了改變而采用全新的辦法。 在設(shè)計(jì)的開始階段,應(yīng)當(dāng)讓設(shè)計(jì)工程師充分發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造性,擺脫各種約束。或許在這之中可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多不適用的想法,但是這可以在設(shè)計(jì)的開始階段,在生產(chǎn)圖紙繪制之前進(jìn)行改正。只有這樣,才不會(huì)阻擋創(chuàng)新的思維。一般需要提出幾種設(shè)計(jì)方案,并進(jìn)行比較。可能在最后選擇的方案中,采用了一些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常探討怎樣讓人們適應(yīng)所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)工程師的基本職責(zé)是讓機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的工作,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)對(duì)所有人都做好的操作范圍和操作過程是并不存在的。 另外一個(gè)應(yīng)當(dāng)被知道的重要問題,設(shè)計(jì)者必須能夠和其他相關(guān)人員進(jìn)行溝通和交流。與別人進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)方案的交流和溝通是設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵階段也是最后階段。有很多偉大的發(fā)明設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)造并沒有被人們所利用,因?yàn)閯?chuàng)造者不愿意或者不善于向他人介紹自己的成果。提出方案是一個(gè)說服別人的事情。當(dāng)一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)工程師向經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理部門或者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)提出自己的新方案時(shí),就是希望說明或證明自己的方案很好。只有很好的完成這個(gè)工作,為了這個(gè)方案耗費(fèi)的大量時(shí)間和精力才會(huì)有意義。 人們只有三種表達(dá)自己思想的方式,分別是文字說明、口頭闡述和繪圖說明。所以,一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計(jì)師不到要掌握大量的技術(shù),還應(yīng)該掌握這幾種表達(dá)方式。如果一個(gè)技術(shù)很強(qiáng)的人,但是表達(dá)能力較差,他就會(huì)面臨巨大的困難。如果以上三種表達(dá)能力都很差,那么永遠(yuǎn)都沒有人知道他的才能。一個(gè)真正有能力的設(shè)計(jì)工程師不該漢派自己提出的方案可能不可行。實(shí)際上,失敗是肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)每個(gè)真正有創(chuàng)造性的想法總是有批評(píng)或者失敗伴隨著它。從一次失敗中可以學(xué)到很多的東西,只有不怕失敗的人才能取到巨大的收獲??傊?,決定不把方案提交出來,才是真正的失敗。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流,需要解決下列問題:(1)所要設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要?(2)此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力?(3)生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)?(4)產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便?(5)產(chǎn)品有無銷路?是否可以盈利?只有時(shí)間才能對(duì)上述問題給出正確的答案。但是,產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行溝通。通常,在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題。可能要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差做一些更改,使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是,工程上的更改必須經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn),以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí),在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。不能采用解析法計(jì)算的情況下,可以在基本公式內(nèi)引入系數(shù)。例如,對(duì)于薄壁鋼管,考慮到腐蝕性,可將根據(jù)壓力求得的厚度增加一些。當(dāng)必須應(yīng)用一個(gè)基本公式來確定形狀、材料和使用條件,而這些被確定的量?jī)H僅與在公式推導(dǎo)中的假設(shè)比較接近時(shí),要采取措施使結(jié)果“偏于安全”。當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)不完全時(shí),可以應(yīng)用理論公式作為尺寸的指南,在擴(kuò)展后的范圍內(nèi)獲得令人滿意的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果。4根據(jù)性能組合選擇材料。選擇材料時(shí)需要考慮有關(guān)的性能組合,不僅考慮強(qiáng)度,硬度和重量,而且有時(shí)還要考慮抗沖擊性,抗腐蝕性和耐高溫或低溫的能力。成本和制造性能都是應(yīng)該考慮的因素,這些因素包括可焊接性,機(jī)械加工性能,對(duì)熱處理溫度變化的敏感性和所需要的涂層等。5在現(xiàn)有零件和整體零件之間進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的選擇。若一個(gè)以前研制的零件能夠滿足性能要求和可靠性要求,并適用于所設(shè)計(jì)的那臺(tái)機(jī)器而無須附加的研制費(fèi)用,那么設(shè)計(jì)人員及其公司通常會(huì)從零件制造廠的現(xiàn)貨中選取該零件。但是,只有充分了解其性能,才能進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的選擇工作,因?yàn)槿魏我粋€(gè)機(jī)器零件的失效都會(huì)影響公司的信譽(yù),并使公司承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任。在其他情況下,若機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)人員自己來設(shè)計(jì)零件,則零件的強(qiáng)度,可靠性和成本等方面的要求就可以更好地得到滿足。可將某個(gè)零件與其他零件設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)整體零件,例如將幾個(gè)齒輪設(shè)計(jì)為一個(gè)鍛件或者將齒輪與軸設(shè)計(jì)為一體,這種方法的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是緊湊。6保證零件在裝配中準(zhǔn)確定位和不發(fā)生干涉。一個(gè)良好的設(shè)計(jì)能夠保證零件定位準(zhǔn)確,裝配和修理方便容易。軸肩和導(dǎo)向表面在裝配過程中不需要測(cè)量就能提供準(zhǔn)確定位。零件的形狀應(yīng)該被設(shè)計(jì)得保證這個(gè)零件不會(huì)被裝反或裝錯(cuò)位置。必須能夠預(yù)見和防止諸如不同的螺紋孔中的螺釘之間的干涉和不同的連桿機(jī)構(gòu)之間的干涉。必須避免部件之間的找正對(duì)中誤差和定位誤差,或者必須采用措施,減小任何由此引起的不利的位移和應(yīng)力。人類通過使用工具和智能,制造使其生活變得更容易和更舒適的物品這種方法,把他們自己與其他種類的生命區(qū)別開來。許多世紀(jì)以來,工具和為工具提供動(dòng)力能源的種類都在不斷地發(fā)展,以滿足人類日益完善和越來越復(fù)雜的想法。在最早的時(shí)期,工具主要是由石器構(gòu)成的??紤]到所制造的物品相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的形狀和被加工的材料,石頭作為工具是適用的。當(dāng)鐵制工具被發(fā)明出來以后,耐用的金屬和更精致的物品能夠被制造出來。在20世紀(jì)中,已經(jīng)有了一些由有史以來最耐用,同時(shí)也是最難加工的材料制造的產(chǎn)品。為了迎接這些材料給制造業(yè)帶來的挑戰(zhàn),工具材料已經(jīng)發(fā)展到包括合金鋼、硬質(zhì)合金、金剛石和陶瓷。給我們的工具提供動(dòng)力的方法也發(fā)生了類似的進(jìn)步。最初,是由人或動(dòng)物的肌肉為工具提供動(dòng)力;隨后,水力、風(fēng)力、蒸汽和電力得到了利用,人類通過采用新型機(jī)器、更高的精度和更快的加工速度來進(jìn)一步提高制造能力。附錄:Mechanical Design and Manufacturing ProcessesAbstract: Mechanicaldesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologyto devisenew orimprovedproductsforthepurpose ofsatisfyinghumanneeds.Itisavastfieldofengine technologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductin termsof itssize,shapeandconstructiondetails butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.Keywords: Mechanical,design,manufacturing processPeoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmechanicaldesignaretypicallycalleddesi-gners,ordesignengineers.Mechanicaldesignisbasicallyacreativeactivity.However,inadditiontobeinginnovative,adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundinthe a-reasofmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,dynamics,materialsengineering,strengthof materialsandmanufacturingprocesses.Asstatedpreviously,thepurposeofmechanicaldesignistoproduceaproductwhich willserveaneedforman.Inventions,discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselve-sdonotnecessarilybenefitpeople;only if they are incorporated into adesigned product will a benefitbe derived.Itshouldberecognized,therefore,thatahumannee-dmustbeidentifiedbeforeaparticularproductisdesigned.Mechanicaldesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentst-oenvisionadesignofaproduct,toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentso-nhowtheproductistobemanufactured.Itisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalso-fengineeringrather thanmemorizemerefacts andequations.Thereareno factsorequ-ationswhichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceago-oddesign.Ontheotherhand,anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecisi-on.Forexample,ifadecimalpointismisplaced,anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynotf-unction.Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakea certainamountofris-k,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated.Thu-sadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffo-rtexpended.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarid-eas,techniquesandattitudes.Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimpr-oveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.Newdesignsgenerallyhavebugsorunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedoutb-eforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesignscanbeenjoyed.Thusthereisachanc-eforasuperiorproduct,butonlyathigherrisk.Itshouldbeemphasizedthat,ifadesigndo-esnotwarrantradicalnewmethods,suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesa-keofchange.Duringthebeginningstagesofdesign,creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithou-tagreatnumberofconstraints.Eventhoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise,itisusuall-yeasytoeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsarerequiredbyma-nufacturing.Inthisway,innovative ideasarenotinhibited.Quiteoften,morethanonede-signisdeveloped,uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachother.Itisentir-elypossiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasexistinginoneoft-herejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.Psychologistsfrequentlytalkabouttryingtofitpeopletothemachinestheyoperate.Iti-sessentiallytheresponsibilityofthedesignengineertostrivetofitmachinestopeople.Th-isisnotaneasytask,sincethereisreallynoaveragepersonforwhichcertainoperatingd-imensionsandproceduresareoptimum.Anotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbea-bletocommunicateideastootherpeopleiftheyaretobeincorporated.Communicatingth-edesigntoothersisthefinal,vitalstepinthedesignprocess.Undoubtedlymanygreatdesi-gns,inventions,andcreativeworkshavebeenlosttomankindsimplybecausetheoriginat-orswereunableorunwillingtoexplaintheiraccomplishmentstoothers.Presentationi-sasellingjob.Theengineer,whenpresentinganewsolutiontoadministrative,manageme-nt,orsupervisorypersons,isattemptingtosellortoprovetothemthatthissolutionisabe-tterone.Unlessthiscanbedonesuccessfully,thetimeandeffortspentonobtainingtheso-lutionhavebeenlargelywasted. Basically,thereareonlythreemeansofcommunicationavailabletous.Thesearethew-ritten,theoral,andthegraphicalforms.Thereforethesuccessfulengineerwillbetechnica-llycompetentandversatileinallthreeformsofcommunication.Atechnicallycompeten-tpersonwholacksabilityinanyoneoftheseformsisseverelyhandicapped.Ifabilityinal-lthreeformsislacking,noonewilleverknowhowcompetentthatpersonis!Thecompetentengineershouldnotbeafraidofthepossibilityofnotsucceedinginapre-sentation.Infact,occasionalfailureshouldbeexpectedbecausefailureorcriticismseem-stoaccompanyeveryreallycreativeidea.Thereisagreatdealtobelearnedfromafailure,andthegreatestgainsareobtainedbythosewillingtoriskdefeat.Inthefinalanalysis,th-erealfailurewouldlieindecidingnottomakethepresentationatall.Tocommunicateeffectively,thefollowingquestionsmustbeanswered:(1)Doesthedesignreallyserveahumanneed?(2)Willitbecompetitivewithexistingproductsofrivalcompanies?(3)Isiteconomicaltoproduce?(4)Canitbereadilymaintained?(5)Willitsellandmakeaprofit?Onlytimewillprovidethetrueanswerstotheprecedingquestions,buttheproductshou-ldbedesigned,manufacturedandmarketedonlywithinitialaffirmativeanswers.Thedesi-gnengineeralsomustcommunicatethefinalizeddesigntomanufacturingthroughtheus-eofdetailandassemblydrawings. Quiteoften,aproblemwilloccurduringthemanufacturingcycle3.Itmaybethatach-angeisrequiredinthedimensioningortolerancingofapartsothatitcanbemorereadil-yproduced.Thisfailsinthecategoryofengineeringchangeswhichmustbeapprovedbyt-hedesignengineersothattheproductfunctionwillnotbeadverselyaffected.Inothercases,adeficiencyinthedesignmayappearduringassemblyortestingjustprio-rtoshipping.Theserealitiessimplybearoutthefactthatdesignisalivingprocess.Ther-eisalwaysabetterwaytodoitandthedesignershouldconstantlystrivetowardsfindingt-hatbetterway.Designingstartswithaneed,realorimagined.Existingapparatusmayneedimprovement-sindurability,efficiently,weight,speed,orcost.Newapparatusmaybeneededtoperfor-mafunctionpreviouslydonebymen,suchascomputation,assembly,orservicing.Withth-eobjectivewhollyorpartlydefined,thenextstepindesignistheconceptionofmechanis-msandtheirarrangementsthatwillperformtheneededfunctions.Forthis,freehandsketch-ingisofgreatvalue,notonlyasarecordofonesthoughtsandasanaidindiscussionwit-hothers,butparticularlyforcommunicationwithonesownmind,asastimulantforcreati-veideas.Whenthegeneralshapeandafewdimensionsoftheseveralcomponentsbecom-eapparent, analysiscanbegininearnest.Theanalysiswillhaveasitsobjectivesatisfactor-yorsuperiorperformance,plussafetyanddurabilitywithminimumweight,andacompetit-iveeast.Optimumproportionsanddimensionswillbesoughtforeachcriticallyloadedsection,to-getherwithabalancebetweenthestrengthoftheseveralcomponents.Materialsandthei-rtreatmentwillbechosen.Theseimportantobjectivescanbeattainedonlybyanalysisbas-edupontheprinciplesofmechanics,suchasthoseofstaticsforreactionforcesandforth-eoptimumutilizationoffriction;ofdynamicsforinertia,acceleration,andenergy;ofelasticityandstrengthofmaterialsforstressanddeflection;andoffluidmechanicsforlubricationandhydrodynamicdrives.Finally,adesignbaseduponfunctionandreliabilitywillbecompleted,andaproto typ-emaybebuilt.Ifitstestsaresatisfactory,andifthedeviceistobeproducedinquantity,th-einitialdesignwillundergocertainmodificationsthatenableittobemanufacturedinqua-ntityatalowercost.Duringsubsequentyearsofmanufactureandservice,thedesignislik-elytoundergochangesasnewideasareconceivedorasfurtheranalysisbasedupontest-sandexperienceindicatealterations.Salesappeal,customersatisfaction,andmanufactur-ecostareallrelatedtodesign,andabilityindesignisintimatelyinvolvedinthesuccesso-fanengineeringventure.8指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評(píng) 語 外文翻譯成績(jī):指導(dǎo)教師簽字: 年 月 日注:1. 指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)閱時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面:翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的主題是否高度相關(guān),并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的參考文獻(xiàn);翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量(3 000字以上);譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價(jià)值。2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。
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