斯太爾重型車雙級主減速器設(shè)計(jì)
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附 錄ATruck Main Reduction GearThe imported technology in steyr 1970s at international level of the early 80s. For the imported technology, steyr heavy CARDS industry of China was up the vacancy of Chinese heavy vehicles, steyr technology group began to absorb, fusion, localization, independent research and development and innovation, etc. In 1986, sinotruk technology development center, successively established after three drawings, organizational culture the digestion and absorption and understood. These drawings of cultural production plan and guarantee the requirements of vehicle, batch steyr technology to quickly radiation of 10 provinces in light of the relevant scientific research units, and will play in domestic advanced steyr heavy-duty vehicle product platform. Since the 1970s, however, since in almost all other automotive supplier technology,s GKN fundamentally changed its way, in order to adapt to the current conditions, they in the 1980s and 1990s production purpose is to provide complete installation, including the wheel brake, and all of the design and integration, specific design, as well as the car market.For off-road operation, the duty cycles may be entirely different in both torsional and beam loading-denpending on the application. For example, some types of vehicle spend a considerable proportion of their running time at high torque in low gear. In most circumstances, the terrain may be such that the tyres tend to slip more readily than on tarmac; in others, however, for example in fairly firm sandy screes, it may allow tyres to bite into it, and thus lead to torsional fatigue loading significantly greater than on smooth roads. Vertical and lateral loading, too, may be much more severe, though this dose depend to a major extent on speeds. Shock loading can also affect braking and acceleration torques though, again, such effects are speed-dependent. Heavy and general reducer industry products categories include all kinds of gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, the worm and alizarin also includes a special device, such as the growth of devices, including meat device, and flexible transmission device of various composite transmission device etc. Product service involved in metallurgy, non-ferrous, coal, building materials, ship, water conservancy, electric power, engineering machinery and petrochemical industries. Heavy and general reducer industry manufacturers also coexist in various forms, such as foreign enterprises, sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned enterprises, share-holding enterprise and individual enterprise, has large scale to hundreds of millions of yuan, annual small to millions of dollars. Good living conditions, and the product quality control system, perfect the enterprise has more than 100, and the whole industry 2005 sales of approximately 200 million yuan, the sales of foreign-funded enterprises accounted for about one fourth. Domestic reducer of key enterprises industry products, specifications and parameters are covered in recent years, the product quality has reached international advanced level, industrial countries similar products can undertake for national economic sectors provides complete responsibility of transmission device, part of our products are exported to Europe and southeast Asia. The speed reducer is used to reduce the speed increases from transmission torque, and rotating torque changes direction, the differential transmission to half axle. The main reducer is mainly based on structure form, reducer gear types and different forms. The main gear reducer of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gear, cylindrical gears and worm and worm wheel etc .Pair of level host reduction gear is compared with single stage , the gap may be 7 12 transmission ratio , i0 each other at the same time in swear to be away from a field 12. But the dimension , mass are without exception bigger , cost is higher. It applies to middle, heavy type freight train , go-anywhere vehicle and motor bus mainly go ahead.Dyadic overall pair of level host reduction gear has the various structure scheme: First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is a column gear wheel; First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is epicyclic gear; First order is epicyclic gear , the second stage is a cone gear wheel; First order is a column gear wheel , the second stage is a cone gear wheel.Horizontal , askew, face and droop over to the three kinds to first order for the cone gear wheel , the second stage are that pair of column gear wheel level betokens reduction gear, but has direction arrangement scheme.Direction level arrangement can use the assembly drooping over to outline dimension diminution , reducing the automobile quality heart altitude thereby, makes the direction dimension increase by but , that the use on long distance between shafts automobile but appropriate diminution transmission shaft length, is harmful for short distance between shafts automobiles to put arrangement together but, may make a transmission shaft short , leads to a universal transmission shaft intersection angle enlarge. Droop over to arranging a messenger to drive the bridge direction dimension diminution, may diminish a universal transmission shaft intersection angle, since but host reduction gear shell fixes superjacent in bridge shell , make not only droop over enhance to outline dimension, and have reduced bridge shell stiffness , have been harmful for gear wheel to work. This arrangement but easy to be versed in style driving a bridge arrangement. Arranging bridge shell stiffness and improving to the transmission shaft is slanting to arrangement advantageous.When assigning a transmission ratio in pair of level host reduction gear having the cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, the column gear wheel is 1.4 like the ratio auxiliary and boring subsidiary gear wheel transmission ratio 2.0, and the cone gear wheel is 1.7 like subsidiary transmission ratio 3.3, such axial loading may diminish a cone when the gear wheel is engaged and effect loading on the driven cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, may make the active cone gear wheel tooth number appropriate increasing by at the same time , make whose supporting axis neck dimension appropriate enlarge, To improve whose supporting stiffness, improve falling-in stationarity and the job reliability.For modern axles, choice of gear lubricant can be critical. In cars operating at high speeds on motorways, axle oil temperature can ultimately rise even higher than 130,so venting of the casing is important. In principle, the oil in the base of the casting is swept around over the crownwheel and then forwards through the two bearings that carry the pinion. Consequently, both the shapes and dimensions of the clearances between the crownwheel and casing can be critical, and adequate drainage has to be provided for the oil to flow, through channels cored in the pinion bearing housings, back to the base of the casing. Within the gear carrier unit, taper roller bearings are employed almost universally for carrying the input pinion. They have a large load capacity within a small envelope, and can be preloaded for accurate and stable positioning of the gears. For pinion flange seals where resistance to high temperatures at relatively high speeds is essential, polyarcylate may be specified, but the abrasive conditions Viton is generally preferred.That the cone gear wheel tooth goes over width face to face can not enhance gear wheel intensity and life-span , is able to lead to tooth ditch unexpected turn of events small end because of cone gear wheel gear teeth on the contrary narrow the cutting knife the top of the head face width arousing is too narrow and the point of a knife round angle is too small. Like this , not only, have diminished the tooth radical circle radius , have enlarged strain all together, life time having reduced a cutter. Besides , when assembling, have location deviation or wait for cause since fabrication , heat treatment are deformable, loading concentrates minor in gear teeth end when making a gear wheel work , is able to arouse gear teeth holding untimely damage and weary loss for a short time. That besides, the tooth goes over width face to face also is able to arouse assembling space diminution. The flank of a tooth is too narrow but , the gear teeth outside abrasion resistance meeting reduces.For the running-in improving the new gear wheel, prevent the person from dying in working to Model T wear appear on initial stage , bruising , gluing together or barking, cone gear wheel bonderizing being 0.005 0.020 mm in heat treatment and finish machining aftercrop, thickness handles or the copper facing , the tin plating handle. The ball carrying out strain on the flank of a tooth gushing is sold at reduced prices , may improve 25%s gear wheel life-span. To the high speed gear wheel sliding, may be in progress a sulfur oozing handling to improve abrasion resistance. Rub a factor but notable sulfur queen lessening oozes, even if lubricating condition is relatively poor , also, can prevent the flank of a tooth bruise from facing , barks to die and glue together.附 錄B重型車主減速器我國引進(jìn)的斯太爾技術(shù)在當(dāng)時(shí)處于國際20世紀(jì)70年代末80年代初的水平。斯太爾技術(shù)的引進(jìn),為當(dāng)時(shí)的中國重卡行業(yè)彌補(bǔ)了空缺,隨后原中國重型汽車集團(tuán)開始對斯太爾技術(shù)進(jìn)行吸收、融合、國產(chǎn)化、自主研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新等各個(gè)階段。1986年中國重汽技術(shù)發(fā)展中心成立后,先后組織了3次圖紙、明細(xì)表的消化吸收和中文化工作。這些圖紙的中文化保證了按計(jì)劃組織生產(chǎn)和批量出車的要求,使斯太爾技術(shù)很快輻射到全國10多個(gè)省市的載重車生產(chǎn)廠和相關(guān)科研單位,并將斯太爾打造成國內(nèi)先進(jìn)的重型車產(chǎn)品平臺。然而自二十世紀(jì)七十年代以來,在幾乎所有其他汽車行業(yè)供應(yīng)商的技術(shù)里, GKN從根本上改變了它的辦法,以適應(yīng)當(dāng)前的條件,他們在二十世紀(jì)八十年代和九十年代的生產(chǎn)目的是提供完整的輪軸安裝,其中包括,剎車、所有的設(shè)計(jì)和整合、具體的汽車設(shè)計(jì),以及為專業(yè)市場特別設(shè)計(jì)的。斯太爾重型汽車主減速器,由于它的主傳動(dòng)比比較大,故選用雙級主減速器,雙級減速器具有降低轉(zhuǎn)速,增大扭矩的特點(diǎn),在保證離地間隙相同時(shí)可得到很大的傳動(dòng)比,并且還擁有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,噪聲小,使用壽命長等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。雙級主減速器與單級相比,在保證離地間隙相同時(shí)可得到大的傳動(dòng)比,但是尺寸、質(zhì)量均較大,成本較高。 重型及通用減速器行業(yè)涉及的產(chǎn)品類別包括了各類齒輪減速器、行星齒輪茜素其及蝸桿減速器,也包括了各種專用傳動(dòng)裝置,如增速裝置、條素裝置、以及包括柔性傳動(dòng)裝置在內(nèi)的各類復(fù)合傳動(dòng)裝置等。產(chǎn)品服務(wù)領(lǐng)域涉及冶金、有色、煤炭、建材、船舶、水利、電力、工程機(jī)械及石化等行業(yè)。重型及通用減速器行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)廠家也以多種形式并存,如外資企業(yè)、中外合資企業(yè)、國有企業(yè)、股份制企業(yè)和個(gè)體企業(yè),規(guī)模有大到年產(chǎn)值數(shù)億元以上,小到數(shù)百萬元不等。具有良好生活條件、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量控制體系健全的企業(yè)有100余個(gè),2005年全行業(yè)銷售額約為200億元,這其中外資企業(yè)的銷售額約占四分之一左右。 國內(nèi)減速器行業(yè)重點(diǎn)骨干企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品品種、規(guī)格及參數(shù)覆蓋范圍近幾年都在不斷擴(kuò)展,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量已達(dá)到國外先進(jìn)工業(yè)國家同類產(chǎn)品水平,完全可承擔(dān)起為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各行業(yè)提供傳動(dòng)裝置配套的重任,部分產(chǎn)品還出口至歐美及東南亞地區(qū)。主減速器的作用是用來降低傳動(dòng)軸傳來的轉(zhuǎn)速而增大旋轉(zhuǎn)扭矩,并將扭矩改變傳動(dòng)方向,經(jīng)差速器傳給半軸。主減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式主要是根據(jù)齒輪類型、減速器形式不同而不同。主減速器的齒輪主要有螺旋錐齒輪、雙曲面齒輪、圓柱齒輪和蝸輪蝸桿等形式。雙級主減速器與單級相比,在保證離地間隙相同時(shí)可得到大的傳動(dòng)比,i0一般為712。但是尺寸、質(zhì)量均較大,成本較高。它主要應(yīng)用于中、重型貨車、越野車和大客車上。整體式雙級主減速器有多種結(jié)構(gòu)方案:第一級為錐齒輪,第二級為圓柱齒輪;第一級為錐齒輪,第二級為行星齒輪;第一級為行星齒輪,第二級為錐齒輪;第一級為圓柱齒輪,第二級為錐齒輪。對于第一級為錐齒輪、第二級為圓柱齒輪的雙級主減速器,可有縱向水平、斜向和垂向三種布置方案??v向水平布置可以使總成的垂向輪廓尺寸減小,從而降低汽車的質(zhì)心高度,但使縱向尺寸增加,用在長軸距汽車上可適當(dāng)減小傳動(dòng)軸長度,但不利于短軸距汽車的總布置,會(huì)使傳動(dòng)軸過短,導(dǎo)致萬向傳動(dòng)軸夾角加大。垂向布置使驅(qū)動(dòng)橋縱向尺寸減小,可減小萬向傳動(dòng)軸夾角,但由于主減速器殼固定在橋殼的上方,不僅使垂向輪廓尺寸增大,而且降低了橋殼剛度,不利于齒輪工作。這種布置可便于貫通式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的布置。斜向布置對傳動(dòng)軸布置和提高橋殼剛度有利。在具有錐齒輪和圓柱齒輪的雙級主減速器中分配傳動(dòng)比時(shí),圓柱齒輪副和錐齒輪副傳動(dòng)比的比值一般為1.42.0,而且錐齒輪副傳動(dòng)比一般為1.73.3,這樣可減小錐齒輪嚙合時(shí)的軸向載荷和作用在從動(dòng)錐齒輪及圓柱齒輪上的載荷,同時(shí)可使主動(dòng)錐齒輪的齒數(shù)適當(dāng)增多,使其支承軸頸的尺寸適當(dāng)加大,以改善其支承剛度,提高嚙合平穩(wěn)性和工作可靠性。現(xiàn)代車橋中,齒輪潤滑油的選擇是至關(guān)重要的。汽車運(yùn)行在高速公路上,車橋油溫可以最終上升,甚至高于130 ,所以車橋外殼通風(fēng)是很重要的。通過兩個(gè)軸承攜帶的小齒輪來達(dá)到改善的目的。因此,形狀和尺寸之間的間隙,套管等可能都是至關(guān)重要的,足夠的排水必須提供的潤滑油的流向,通過渠道流入小齒輪軸承座,再回到套管。在齒輪軸承中,圓錐滾子軸承普遍應(yīng)用在齒輪。他們有大量的承載能力,通過穩(wěn)定的、準(zhǔn)確定位。法蘭密封的齒輪對于抗高溫和相對較高的速度是至關(guān)重要的。錐齒輪齒面過寬并不能增大齒輪的強(qiáng)度和壽命,反而會(huì)導(dǎo)致因錐齒輪輪齒小端齒溝變窄引起的切削刀頭頂面寬過窄及刀尖圓角過小。這樣,不但減小了齒根圓半徑,加大了應(yīng)力集中,還降低了刀具的使用壽命。此外,在安裝時(shí)有位置偏差或由于制造、熱處理變形等原因,使齒輪工作時(shí)載荷集中于輪齒小端,會(huì)引起輪齒小端過早損壞和疲勞損傷。另外,齒面過寬也會(huì)引起裝配空間的減小。但是齒面過窄,輪齒表面的耐磨性會(huì)降低。為改善新齒輪的磨合,防止其在運(yùn)行初期出現(xiàn)早期的磨損、擦傷、膠合或咬死,錐齒輪在熱處理及精加工后,作厚度為0.0050.020mm的磷化處理或鍍銅、鍍錫處理。對齒面進(jìn)行應(yīng)力噴丸處理,可提高25的齒輪壽命。對于滑動(dòng)速度高的齒輪,可進(jìn)行滲硫處理以提高耐磨性。滲硫后摩擦因數(shù)可顯著降低,即使?jié)櫥瑮l件較差,也能防止齒面擦傷、咬死和膠合。7SY-025-BY-2畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書學(xué)生姓名吳文強(qiáng)系部汽車工程系專業(yè)、班級車輛07-6班指導(dǎo)教師姓名趙國遷職稱高級實(shí)驗(yàn)師從事專業(yè)汽車運(yùn)用技術(shù)是否外聘是否題目名稱斯太爾重型車雙級主減速器設(shè)計(jì)一、 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)目的、意義 載貨汽車的有關(guān)參數(shù)名稱代號 參數(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)形式 42裝載質(zhì)量t 8.510總質(zhì)量t 16發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大功率kw及轉(zhuǎn)速rmin- 140-2500發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩N.m及轉(zhuǎn)速rmin- 700-1400輪胎型號 11.00-20變速器傳動(dòng)比 5.2 0.72最高車速kmh 92主減速器設(shè)計(jì)是汽車設(shè)計(jì)中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。主減速器的功用是將輸入的轉(zhuǎn)矩增大并相應(yīng)降低轉(zhuǎn)速,以及當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)縱置時(shí)還具有改變轉(zhuǎn)矩旋轉(zhuǎn)方向的作用。通過本題目的設(shè)計(jì),學(xué)生可綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、汽車構(gòu)造、汽車?yán)碚?、汽車設(shè)計(jì)等知識,達(dá)到綜合訓(xùn)練的效果。二、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求(研究方法)1 設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容在本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,針對載貨汽汽車的主減速器進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),使之具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度以及較高的傳動(dòng)效率,通過對主減速器主要結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的計(jì)算,分析雙級主減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、特點(diǎn)及工作原理,進(jìn)行主減速器總成及零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸設(shè)計(jì),完成齒輪及軸承等的強(qiáng)度校核。繪制總裝配圖和主要零件圖,編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。2技術(shù)要求(研究方法)要求將汽車構(gòu)造、汽車設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械制圖、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件等相關(guān)知識有機(jī)結(jié)合、熟練運(yùn)用;要求熟練運(yùn)用CAD軟件。三、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成后應(yīng)提交的成果1、完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份(1.5萬字以上)。2、繪制總裝配圖和主要零件圖,圖量折合A0圖紙3張以上。3、設(shè)計(jì)資料的電子稿件一份。四、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排第一周第二周 查閱資料,學(xué)習(xí)主減速器設(shè)計(jì),開題報(bào)告。第三周 撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述。第四周第六周 主減速器傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算及主、從動(dòng)錐齒輪齒數(shù)分配;主、從動(dòng)錐齒輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和校核;第七周第九周二級主、從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪齒數(shù)分配;主、從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和校核;第十周 軸承的選擇及箱體設(shè)計(jì)第十一周第十二周 繪制主減速器設(shè)計(jì)裝配圖及零件圖。第十三周第十四周 修改圖紙、完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書。第十五周第十六周 對圖紙及設(shè)計(jì)說明書進(jìn)一步修改,對設(shè)計(jì)圖紙及設(shè)計(jì)說明書內(nèi)容、格式、英文摘要等進(jìn)行最終審查和修改。第十七周 畢業(yè)答辯五、主要參考資料1 劉惟信主編. 汽車設(shè)計(jì).北京:清華大學(xué)出版社2 仙波正莊(日)行星齒輪傳動(dòng)及應(yīng)用M北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19983 成大先機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊M北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,20024 陳家瑞主編.汽車構(gòu)造(下)北京:人民交通出版社.20005 汽車工程手冊編輯委員會(huì).汽車工程手冊.北京:人民交通出版社.20016 李秀珍主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)(第3版)北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20037 吉林工業(yè)大學(xué)汽車教研室編.汽車設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19818 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊委員會(huì)編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊第3卷.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20049 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊委員會(huì)編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊第2卷.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200410 劉鴻文主編.材料力學(xué)(第三版)北京:高等教育出版社,199311 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊編委會(huì).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 減速器和變速器M.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200712 沈綿主編.汽車底盤構(gòu)造與檢修M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200613 彭文生等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與機(jī)械原理指南M.華中理工大學(xué)出版社.199814 Detached we Eddy si Lations Over a si lified Landing Gear.L.5.He dges ,A .L TravinM.PR. Spalart. Journalfo FluidsEngineering.200215 The Key Cballenges for Northerican Truck Manu facturersM.Beyond Au tmootive design production.JustinCok.2006六、備注指導(dǎo)教師簽字:年 月 日教研室主任簽字: 年 月 日畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: 斯太爾重型車雙級主減速器 院 系 名 稱: 汽車工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 班 級: 車輛工程07-6 學(xué) 生 姓 名: 吳文強(qiáng) 導(dǎo) 師 姓 名: 趙國遷 開 題 時(shí) 間: 2011年2月28日 指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)審查意見: 簽字: 年 月 日SY-025-BY-3畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告學(xué)生姓名吳文強(qiáng)系部汽車與交通工程專業(yè)、班級車輛07-6班指導(dǎo)教師姓名趙國遷職稱高級實(shí)驗(yàn)師從事專業(yè)汽車運(yùn)用技術(shù)是否外聘是否題目名稱斯太爾重型車雙級主減速器一、 課題研究現(xiàn)狀,選題的目的、依據(jù)和意義1.重型車主減速器國外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀: 重卡驅(qū)動(dòng)是靠減速增扭來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,減速增扭則要通過車橋的核心部件減速器實(shí)現(xiàn)。重卡車橋的減速方式主要有單級減速橋、中央雙級減速橋和輪邊(雙級)減速橋。在歐、美重卡中雙級主減速器后驅(qū)動(dòng)橋只占整個(gè)產(chǎn)品的40%,且有呈下降趨勢,在美國只占10%;日本采用該結(jié)構(gòu)的產(chǎn)品更少。其原因是這些地區(qū)的道路較好,采用單級減速雙曲線螺旋錐齒輪副成本較低,故大部分均采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。而亞洲、非洲和南美國家則采用雙級主減速器的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋,用于非道路和惡劣道路使用的車輛(工程自卸車等)。當(dāng)?shù)氐缆酚顒t采用雙級主減速器驅(qū)動(dòng)橋愈多,反之,則愈少。 國外汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋已普遍采用限滑差速器、濕式行車制動(dòng)器等先進(jìn)技術(shù)。限滑差速器大大減少了輪胎的磨損,而濕式行車制動(dòng)器則提高了主機(jī)的安全性能,簡化了維修工作。國內(nèi)僅一部分車使牙嵌式差速器。限滑差速器成本較高,因而在多數(shù)國產(chǎn)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋上一直沒有得到應(yīng)用。目前向國內(nèi)提供限滑差速器的制造商主要是美國TraCtech公司和德國采埃孚公司。美國Tractech公司在蘇州的工廠即將建成投產(chǎn),主要生產(chǎn)牙嵌式、多片摩擦盤式差速器。12.重型車主減速器國內(nèi)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀: 我國2010年主流重卡企業(yè)市場高速發(fā)展,銷量幾乎全線飄紅,產(chǎn)銷再創(chuàng)歷史新高。其中,前三甲企業(yè)一汽,中國重汽,東風(fēng)公司上半年重卡銷量均超過10萬年。半掛牽引車?yán)塾?jì)銷售201953量,銷售同比累計(jì)上升227.93%。其中40噸準(zhǔn)拖掛車上半年以前所未有的高速增長,開創(chuàng)了國產(chǎn)大噸位重卡的先河,說明了重卡市場正在向大噸位大馬力,高速化發(fā)展的趨勢。據(jù)我國工信部消息,2015年重卡市場的產(chǎn)能規(guī)劃在300萬量以上。在這樣的汽車行業(yè)市場需求下,作為汽車工業(yè)的重要配套行業(yè),中國車橋行業(yè)的產(chǎn)銷量同樣呈上升趨勢。隨著汽車行業(yè)的高速發(fā)展,汽車在節(jié)能,環(huán)保,舒適等方面的性能將顯著提升,這就要求車橋產(chǎn)品的性能進(jìn)一步提高。車橋作為重卡的核心總成,其重要性受到越來越多的關(guān)注??萍嫉难该桶l(fā)展也將帶領(lǐng)未來重卡車橋朝著輕量化,大扭矩,長壽命和地生產(chǎn)成本的方向發(fā)展,同時(shí)技術(shù)含量高的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋附件和電子技術(shù)將會(huì)得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。在我國重卡中單級橋因?yàn)闃虬叽绱?,離地間隙小,導(dǎo)致通過性較差,應(yīng)用范圍相對較小,雙級減速器的應(yīng)用占有很大一部分比例。我國重卡大量使用的斯太爾驅(qū)動(dòng)橋?qū)儆诘湫偷碾p級減速器,其二級減速的結(jié)構(gòu),主減速器總成相對較小,橋包尺寸減小,因此離地間隙加大,通過性好,承載能力較大。廣泛用于公路運(yùn)輸,以及石油,工礦,林業(yè),野外作業(yè)和部隊(duì)等多種領(lǐng)域的車輛。不過,雙級減速器也有傳動(dòng)效率低,油耗高,結(jié)構(gòu)相對復(fù)雜,產(chǎn)品價(jià)格高等缺點(diǎn)。不管重型車的技術(shù)含量提升得多快,在未來10年大多數(shù)重型車的車橋和懸架結(jié)構(gòu)不會(huì)有明顯的改變,傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和型式仍處于主導(dǎo)地位。在相同結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上推出各自車橋的亮點(diǎn),是每一個(gè)專業(yè)廠必須不斷研究的問題。以前,各廠家主要是在載重噸位上進(jìn)行競爭,但在國家法規(guī)的限定下,車橋的載重能力不可能有太多的增加,現(xiàn)在各專業(yè)廠家采用最多的方法是不斷增加車橋及其附件的技術(shù)含量,從橋殼的制造工藝、車橋的減速形式、車輪的制動(dòng)方式等方面入手,通過吸收國外一些先進(jìn)的技術(shù),推出具有本企業(yè)特色、結(jié)構(gòu)先進(jìn)、承載能力強(qiáng)的車橋,不斷提升產(chǎn)品的制造質(zhì)量及服務(wù)質(zhì)量。在齒輪減速形式上,從傳統(tǒng)的中央單級減速發(fā)展到了現(xiàn)在的中央及輪邊雙級減速或雙級主減速器結(jié)構(gòu),不但擴(kuò)寬了車橋轉(zhuǎn)速比的范圍,有利于輸出轉(zhuǎn)速及輸出扭矩的調(diào)整。還由于把減速機(jī)構(gòu)放到輪邊后,使得車橋中央的第一級減速比做得比較小,因此橋殼中部離地間距較大,能很好地滿足汽車通過性的要求。由于汽車高速行駛要求及法規(guī)對于噪音的控制要求,為了降低齒輪在高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)下的磨損,增加車橋的使用壽命,降低維修費(fèi)用,車橋內(nèi)部的主、從動(dòng)齒輪、行星齒輪及圓柱齒輪逐漸采用精磨加。但由于精磨加工成本較高,因此在貨車車橋上的應(yīng)用還不是很多,但這也是以后高速車橋發(fā)展的需要。23.意義: 對于重汽斯太爾等一些重型車來說,由于載荷巨大,所要求的傳動(dòng)比大,所以減速器的設(shè)計(jì)至關(guān)重要。主減速器是汽車傳動(dòng)系中減小轉(zhuǎn)速、增大扭矩的主要部件,它是依靠齒數(shù)少的錐齒輪帶動(dòng)齒數(shù)多的錐齒輪。對發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)縱置的汽車,其主減速器還利用錐齒輪傳動(dòng)以改變動(dòng)力方向。由于汽車在各種道路上行使時(shí),其驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上要求必須具有一定的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩和轉(zhuǎn)速,在動(dòng)力向左右驅(qū)動(dòng)輪分流的差速器之前設(shè)置一個(gè)主減速器后,便可使主減速器前面的傳動(dòng)部件如變速器、萬向傳動(dòng)裝置等所傳遞的扭矩減小,從而可使其尺寸及質(zhì)量減小、操縱省力。4.目的: 綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、汽車構(gòu)造、汽車?yán)碚?、汽車設(shè)計(jì)等知識和繪圖技能,完成傳動(dòng)裝置的測繪與分析,通過這一過程全面掌握汽車主減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)度、制造、裝配以及表達(dá)等方面的知識,培養(yǎng)綜合分析、實(shí)際解決工程問題的能力。二、 設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的基本內(nèi)容,擬解決的主要問題1.基本內(nèi)容:載貨汽車的有關(guān)參數(shù)名稱代號 參數(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)形式 42裝載質(zhì)量t 8.510總質(zhì)量t 16發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大功率kw及轉(zhuǎn)速rmin- 140-2500發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩N.m及轉(zhuǎn)速rmin- 700-1400輪胎型號 11.00-20變速器傳動(dòng)比 5.2 0.72最高車速kmh 92在本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,針對載貨汽汽車的整體式雙級主減速器進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),使之具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度以及較高的傳動(dòng)效率,通過對主減速器主要結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的計(jì)算,分析雙級主減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、特點(diǎn)及工作原理,進(jìn)行主減速器總成及零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸設(shè)計(jì),完成齒輪及軸承等的強(qiáng)度校核。繪制總裝配圖和主要零件圖,編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。2擬解決的主要問題:驅(qū)動(dòng)橋中主減速器的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足如下基本要求:(1)所選擇的主減速比應(yīng)能保證汽車既有最佳的動(dòng)力性和燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性。(2)外型尺寸要小,保證有必要的離地間隙;齒輪其它傳動(dòng)件工作平穩(wěn),噪音小。(3)在各種轉(zhuǎn)速和載荷下具有高的傳動(dòng)效率;與懸架導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)與動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)。(4)在保證足夠的強(qiáng)度、剛度條件下,應(yīng)力求質(zhì)量小,以改善汽車平順性。(5)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,加工工藝性好,制造容易,拆裝、調(diào)整方便。三、技術(shù)路線(研究方法)主減速器結(jié)構(gòu)方案分析主減速器結(jié)構(gòu)形式主減速器設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算主、從動(dòng)錐齒輪的支承方案第一級齒輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算差速器及橋殼設(shè)計(jì)第二級齒輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算軸的設(shè)計(jì)與校核軸承的設(shè)計(jì)與校核繪圖及編寫說明書四、進(jìn)度安排第一周第二周 (3月2日-3月15日) 查閱資料,學(xué)習(xí)主減速器設(shè)計(jì),開題報(bào)告。第三周 (3月16日-3月21日) 撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述。第四周第六周 (3月22日-4月5日) 主減速器傳動(dòng)比計(jì)算及主、從動(dòng)錐齒輪齒數(shù)分配;主、從動(dòng)錐齒輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和校核;第七周第九周(4月6日-4月28日) 二級主、從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪齒數(shù)分配;主、從動(dòng)圓柱齒輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和校核;第十周 (4月29日5月9日) 軸承的選擇及箱體設(shè)計(jì)第十一周第十二周(5月10日-5月24日)繪制主減速器設(shè)計(jì)裝配圖及零件圖。第十三周第十四周(5月25日-6月7日) 修改圖紙、完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書。第十五周第十六周(6月8日-6月21日) 對圖紙及設(shè)計(jì)說明書進(jìn)一步修改,對設(shè)計(jì)圖紙及設(shè)計(jì)說明書內(nèi)容、格式、英文摘要等進(jìn)行最終審查和修改。第十七周 (6月22日-6月28日) 畢業(yè)答辯主要參考資料1 劉惟信主編. 汽車設(shè)計(jì).北京:清華大學(xué)出版社2 仙波正莊(日)行星齒輪傳動(dòng)及應(yīng)用M北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19983 成大先機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊M北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,20024 陳家瑞主編.汽車構(gòu)造(下)北京:人民交通出版社.20005 汽車工程手冊編輯委員會(huì).汽車工程手冊.北京:人民交通出版社.20016 李秀珍主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)(第3版)北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20037 吉林工業(yè)大學(xué)汽車教研室編.汽車設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19818 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊委員會(huì)編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊第3卷.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20049 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊委員會(huì)編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊第2卷.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200410 劉鴻文主編.材料力學(xué)(第三版)北京:高等教育出版社,199311 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊編委會(huì).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊 減速器和變速器M.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200712 沈綿主編.汽車底盤構(gòu)造與檢修M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200613 彭文生等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與機(jī)械原理指南M.華中理工大學(xué)出版社.199814 管曉忙等主編,斯太爾系列柴油車結(jié)構(gòu)與維修M.200915 Detached we Eddy si Lations Over a si lified Landing Gear.L.5.He dges ,A .L TravinM.PR. 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