連桿加工工藝過(guò)程及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【鉆螺紋孔】【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】

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機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片 機(jī) 械 加 工 工 藝 過(guò) 程 卡 片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零（部）件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng) 柴油機(jī) 零（部）件名稱(chēng) 連桿 共 頁(yè) 第 頁(yè) 材料牌號(hào) 45# 毛坯種類(lèi) 鍛件 毛坯外型尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 1 每臺(tái)件數(shù) 1 備注 工序 號(hào) 工序 名稱(chēng) 工 序 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 工 時(shí) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 01 鍛造 鍛造 鍛模 02 鍛造 模鍛成型，切邊 切邊模 03 熱處理 正火處理 04 銑 銑連桿體大頭平面每面留磨量0.5mm，粗、精銑銑連桿體小頭平面 XF924 05 磨 以一大平面定位磨另一大平面，保證中心線(xiàn)的對(duì)稱(chēng)并做標(biāo)記，定為基面（下同） M7350 06 磨 以基面定位磨另一大平面，保證厚度尺寸大頭平面65mm M7350 07 鉆 以基面定位鉆小頭孔，小頭孔尺寸為?53mm 加工中心VM-32SA 08 鏜 以基面定位，粗鏜小頭孔尺寸為54mm±0.05mm 加工中心VM-32SA 09 銑 以基面及大、小頭孔定位裝夾工件，銑連桿體工藝凸臺(tái)側(cè)面（此平面為工藝用基準(zhǔn)面） XF924,組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb 010 銑、鉆（連桿體） 1）以基面和銑后凸臺(tái)側(cè)面（下同）定位裝夾工件，銑連桿體、蓋結(jié)合面（保留0.5mm余量） XF924，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb 2） 以基面、結(jié)合面和側(cè)面定位裝夾工件，鉆連桿體兩螺釘孔保證中心距131mm Z3080,組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb 3）以基面、結(jié)合面和側(cè)面定位裝夾工件，冷擠壓螺紋 NZ73007，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb 011 精鏜 以基面、側(cè)面定位裝夾工件，精鏜小頭孔至圖樣尺寸。大小頭孔中心距為（280±0.03）mm T60組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb，也可用可調(diào)雙軸立鏜 012 鉆 鉆連桿體大頭油孔、小頭油孔 Z3080組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb 013 磨 精磨結(jié)合面到要求尺寸及精度 M7350組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb 014 鉗 編號(hào)、去除毛刺 015 檢 檢查各部尺寸及精度 016 檢測(cè) 無(wú)損檢測(cè)及硬度檢驗(yàn) 017 機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片 機(jī) 械 加 工 工 藝 過(guò) 程 卡 片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零（部）件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng) 柴油機(jī) 零（部）件名稱(chēng) 連桿 共 頁(yè) 第 頁(yè) 材料牌號(hào) 45# 毛坯種類(lèi) 鍛件 毛坯外型尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 1 每臺(tái)件數(shù) 1 備注 工序 號(hào) 工序 名稱(chēng) 工 序 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 工 時(shí) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 I1 鍛造 鍛造 鍛模 I2 鍛造 模鍛成型，切邊 切邊模 I3 熱處理 正火處理 I4 銑 銑連桿體大頭兩大平面，每面留磨量0.5mm（加工中要多翻轉(zhuǎn)幾次） XF924 I5 磨 以一大平面定位磨另一大平面，保證中心線(xiàn)的對(duì)稱(chēng)并做標(biāo)記，定為基面（下同） M7350 I6 磨 以基面定位磨另一大平面，保證厚度尺寸大頭平面65mm M7350 I7 銑 以基面及內(nèi)孔定位裝夾工件，銑連桿上蓋結(jié)合面，保證直徑方向測(cè)量深度為82.5mm（保留0.5mm磨量） XF924組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb I8 磨 精磨結(jié)合面到要求尺寸及精度 M7350組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb I9 銑 以基面、結(jié)合面定位裝夾工件，粗、精銑結(jié)合面對(duì)側(cè)螺釘孔面保證到結(jié)合面距離38mm XF924組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb I10 鉆 以基面、結(jié)合面及螺釘孔面定位裝夾工件，鉆連桿上蓋兩螺釘孔?18.5mm保證中心距163mm Z3080，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ勉@模 I11 鉆 以基面、結(jié)合面及螺釘孔面定位裝夾工件，鉆兩螺釘孔至圖樣尺寸 Z3080，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ勉@模 I12 鉆 倒角 Z3080組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb I13 鉗 編號(hào)、去除毛刺 I14 檢 檢查各部尺寸及精度 I15 檢測(cè) 無(wú)損檢測(cè)及硬度檢驗(yàn) I16 I17 I18 機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片 機(jī) 械 加 工 工 藝 過(guò) 程 卡 片 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零（部）件圖號(hào) 產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng) 柴油機(jī) 零（部）件名稱(chēng) 連桿 共 頁(yè) 第 頁(yè) 材料牌號(hào) 45# 毛坯種類(lèi) 鍛件 毛坯外型尺寸 每毛坯可制件數(shù) 1 每臺(tái)件數(shù) 1 備注 工序 號(hào) 工序 名稱(chēng) 工 序 內(nèi) 容 工 藝 裝 備 工 時(shí) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 II1 合裝 將連桿體、蓋對(duì)號(hào)組裝 專(zhuān)用連桿螺釘 II2 鏜 粗鏜大頭孔（尺寸為?100mm±0.05mm），精鏜大頭孔至圖樣尺寸 TF673，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb II3 鉆 倒角 Z3080組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb，也可用可調(diào)雙軸立鏜 II4 拆分 將連桿體、蓋拆分 II5 銑 以基面及結(jié)合面定位裝夾工件，銑連桿體斜槽 X51，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb II6 銑 以基面及結(jié)合面定位裝夾工件，銑連桿蓋斜槽 X51，組合夾具或?qū)Ｓ霉ぱb II7 鉗 去除毛刺，連桿體、蓋對(duì)號(hào)組裝 II8 檢 檢查各部尺寸及精度 II9 檢測(cè) 無(wú)損檢測(cè)及硬度檢驗(yàn) II10 入庫(kù) 檢測(cè)合格零件入庫(kù) II11 II12 II13 II14 II15 II16 II17 II18 湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué) 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 學(xué) 生 姓 名： 劉志強(qiáng) 學(xué) 院： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān)業(yè)及班級(jí)： 機(jī)設(shè)3班 學(xué) 號(hào)： 1103010321 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 胡忠舉 2015 年 5 月 30 日 Mechanical?Design Abstract: A?machine?is?a?combination?of?mechanisms?and?other?components?whic transforms,?transmits.?Examples?are?engines,?turbines,?vehicles,?hoists,?printing presses,?washing?machines,?and?movie?cameras.?Many?of?the?principles?andmethods of?design?that?apply?to?machines?also?apply?to?manufactured?articles?that?are?not?true?machines.?The?term?"mechanical?design"?is?used?in?a?broader?sense?than?"machine design"?to?include?their?design.?the?motion?and?structural?aspects?and?the?provisions? or?retention?and?enclosure?are?considerations?in?mechanical?design.?Applications occur?in?the?field?of?mechanical?engineering,?and?in?other?engineering?fields?as?well, all?of?which?require?mechanical?devices,?such?as?switches,?cams,?valves,?vessels,?and?mixers. Keywords:?Mechanical?Design?mechanisms?Design?Process The?Design?Process Designing?starts?with?a?need?real.Existing?apparatus?may?need?improvements?in durability,?efficiency,?weight,?speed,?or?cost.?New?apparatus?may?be?needed?to perform?a?function?previously done?by?men,?such?as?computation,?assembly,?or?servicing.?With?the?objective wholly?or?partly In?the?design?preliminary?stage,?should?allow?to?design?the?personnel?fully?to display?the?creativity,?not?each?kind?of?restraint.?Even?if?has?had?many?impractical ideas,?also?can?in?the?design?early?time,?namely?in?front?of?the?plan?blueprint?is corrected.?Only?then,?only?then?does?not?send?to?stops?up?the?innovation?the?mentality.? Usually,?must?propose?several?sets?of?design?proposals,?then?perform?the comparison.?Has?the?possibility?very?much?in?the?plan?which?finally?designated,?has?used?certain?not?in?plan?some?ideas?which?accepts. When?the?general?shape?and?a?few?dimensions?of?the?several?components?become? apparent,?analysis?can?begin?in?earnest.?The?analysis?will?have?as?its?objective satisfactory?or?superior?performance,?plus?safety?and?durability?with?minimum?weight,?and?a?competitive?cost.?Optimum?proportions?and?dimensions?will?be?sought?for?each?critically?loaded?section,?together?with?a?balance?between?the?strengths?of?the?several components.?Materials?and?their?treatment?will?be?chosen.?These?important?objectives?can?be?attained?only?by?analysis?based?upon?the?principles?of?mechanics,?such?as?those?of?static?for?reaction?forces?and?for?the?optimum?utilization?of?friction;?of?dynamics for?inertia,?acceleration,?and?energy;?of?elasticity?and?strength?of?materials?for?stress and?deflection;?of?physical?behaviorof?materials;?and?of?fluid?mechanics?for lubrication?and?hydrodynamic?drives.?The?analyses?may?be?made?by?the?same engineer?who?conceived?the?arrangement?of?mechanisms,?or,?in?a?large?company,?they?may?be?made?by?a?separate?analysis?division?or?research?group.?Design?is?a?reiterative?and?cooperative?process,?whether?done?formally?or?informally,?and?the?analyst?can contribute?to?phases?other?than?his?own.?Product?design?requires?much?research?and development.?Many?Concepts?of?an?idea?must?be?studied,?tried,?and?then?either?used or?discarded.?Although?the?content?of?each?engineering?problem?is?unique,?the designers?follow?the?similar?process?to?solve?the?problems. Product?liability?suits?designers?and?forced?in?material?selection,?using?the?best?program.?In?the?process?of?material,?the?most?common?problems?for?five?(a)?don't understand or?not?use?about?the?latest?application materials?to?the?best information,?(b)?failed?to?foresee?and?consider?the?reasonable?use?material?may?(such as?possible,?designers?should?further?forecast?and?consider?due?to?improper?use?products.?In?recent?years,?many?products?liability?in?litigation,?the?use?of products?and?hurt?the?plaintiff?accused?manufacturer,?and?won?the?decision),?(c)?of?the?materials?used?all?or?some?of?the?data,?data,?especially?when?the?uncertainty?long-term?performance?data?is?so,?(d)?quality?control?method?is?not?suitable?and?unproven,?(e) by?some?completely?incompetent?persons?choose?materials.?Through?to?the?above?five?questions?analysis,?may?obtain?these?questions?is?does?not?have?the?sufficient?reason existence?the?conclusion.?May?for?avoid?these?questions?to?these?questions?research analyses?the?appearance?indicating?the?direction.?Although?uses?the?best?choice?of material?method?not?to?be?able?to?avoid?having?the?product?responsibility?lawsuit, designs?the?personnel?and?the?industry?carries?on?the?choice?of?material?according?to the?suitable?procedure,?may?greatly?reduce?the?lawsuit?the?quantity. May?see?from?the?above?discussion,?the?choice?material?people?should?to?the material?nature,?the?characteristic?and?the?processing?method?have?comprehensive?and?the?basic?understanding. Finally,?a?design?based?upon?function,?and?a?prototype?may?be?built.?If?its?tests?are satisfactory,?the?initial?design?will?undergo?certain?modifications?that?enable?it?to?be manufactured?in?quantity?at?a?lower?cost.?During?subsequent?years?of?manufacture?and?service,?the?design?is?likely?to?undergo?changes?as?new?ideas?are?conceived?or?as further?analyses?based?upon?tests?and?experience?indicate?alterations.?Sales?appeal. Some?Rules?for?Design In?this?section?it?is?suggested?that,?applied?with?a?creative?attitude,?analyses?can?leadto?important?improvements?and?to?the?conception?and?perfection?of?alternate,?perhaps?more?functional,?economical,?and?durable?products. To?stimulate?creative?thought,?the?following?rules?are?suggested?for?the designer?and?analyst.?The?first?six?rules?are?particularly?applicable?for?the?analyst. 1.?A?creative?use?of?need?of?physical?properties?and?control?process. 2.?Recognize?functional?loads?and?their?significance.?3.?Anticipate?unintentional loads. 4.?Devise?more?favorable?loading?conditions. 5.?Provide?for?favorable?stress?distribution?and?stiffness?with?minimum?weight. 6.Use?basic?equations?to?proportion?and?optimize?dimensions. 7.?Choose?materials?for?a?combination?of?properties. 8.?Select?carefully,?stock?and?integral?components. 9.?Modify?a?functional?design?to?fit?the?manufacturing?process?and?reduce?cost. 10.?Provide?for?accurate?location?and?noninterference?of?parts?in?assembly.? Machinery?design?covers?the?following?contents. 1.?Provides?an?introduction?to?the?design?process?,?problem?formulation?,safety factors. 2.?Reviews?the?material?properties?and?static?and?dynamic?loading?analysis， ?Including?beam?,?vibration?and?impact?loading. 3.?Reviews?the?fundamentals?of?stress?and?defection?analysis. 4.?Introduces?fatigue-failure?theory?with?the?emphasis?on?stress-life approaches?to?high-cycle?fatigue?design,?which?is?commonly?used?in?the?design?of ?rotation?machinery. 5.?Discusses?thoroughly?the?phenomena?of?wear?mechanisms,?surface?contact? stresses?,and?surface?fatigue. 6.?Investigates?shaft?design?using?the?fatigue-analysis?techniques. 7.?Discusses?fluid-film?and?rolling-element?bearing?theory?and?application 8.?Gives?a?thorough?introduction?to?the?kinematics,?design?and?stress?analysis?of spur?gears?,?and?a?simple?introduction?to?helical?,bevel?,and?worm?gearing. 9.?Discusses?spring?design?including?compression?,extension?and?torsion?springs. 10.?Deals?with?screws?and?fasteners?including?power?screw?and?preload?fasteners. 11.?Introduces?the?design?and?specification?of?disk?and?drum?clutches?and?brakes. Machine?Design The?complete?design?of?a?machine?is?a?complex?process.?The?machine?design?is?a? creative?work.?Project?engineer?not?only?must?have?the?creativity?in?the?work,?but?also?must?in?aspect?and?so?on?mechanical?drawing,?kinematics,?engineerig?material,?materials?mechanics?and?machine?manufacture?technology?has?the?deep?elementary? knowledge. One?of?the?first?steps?in?the?design?of?any?product?is?to?select?the?material?from? which?each?part?is?to?be?made.?Numerous?materials?are?available?to?today's?designers.?The?function?of?the?product,?its?appearance,?the?cost?of?the?material,?and?the?cost?of? fabrication?are?important?in?making?a?selection.?A?careful evaluation?of?the?properties?of?a.?material?must?be?made?prior?to?any?calculations.??Careful?calculations?are?necessary?to?ensure?the?validity?of?a?design.?In?case?of?any? part?failures,?it?is?desirable?to?know?what?was?done?in?originally?designing?the?defective?components.?The?checking?of?calculations?(and?drawing?dimensions)is?of?utmost?importance.The?misplacement?of?one?decimal?point?can?ruin?an?otherwise?acceptable project.All?aspects?of?design?work?should?be?checked?and?rechecked.? The?computer?is?a?tool?helpful?to?mechanical?designers?to?lighten?tedious?calculations,?and?provideextended?analysis?of?available?data.?Interactive?systems,?based?on?computer?capabilities,?have?made?possible?the?concepts?of?computer?aided?design?(CAD)?and?computer-aided?manufacturing?(CAM).?How?does?the?psychologist?frequently?discuss?causes?the?machine?which?the?people?adapts?them?to?operate.?Designs?personnel''s basic?responsibility?is?diligently?causes?the?machine?to?adapt?the?people.?This?certainly?is?not?an?easy?work,?because?certainly?does?not?have?to?all?people?to?say?in?fact?all?is the?most?superior?operating?area?and?the?operating?process.?Another?important question,?project?engineer?must?be?able?to?carry?on?the?exchange?and?the?consultation?withother?concerned?personnel.?In?the?initial?stage,?designs?the?personnel?to?have?to?carry?on?the?exchange?and?the?consultation?on?the?preliminary?design?with?the?administrative personnel,?and?is?approved.?This?generally?is?through?the?oral?discussion,?the schematic?diagram?and?the?writing?material?carries?on. If?front?sues,?the?machine?design?goal?is?the?production?can?meet?the?human?need the?product.?The?invention,?the?discovery?and?technical?knowledge?itself?certainly?not?necessarily?can?bring?the?advantage?to?the?humanity,?only?has?when?they?are?applied can?produce?on?the?product?the?benefit.?Thus,?should?realize?to?carries?on?before?the design?in?a?specific?product,?must?first?determine?whether?the?people?do?need?this?kind?of?product Must?regard?as?the?machine?design?is?the?machine?design?personnel?carries?on?using?creative?ability?the?product?design,?the?system?analysis?and?a?formulation?product manufacture?technology?good?opportunity.?Grasps?the?project?elementary?knowledge to?have?to?memorize?some?data?and?the?formula?is?more?important?than.?The?merely service?data?and?the?formula?is?insufficient?to?the?completely?decision?which?makes?in?a?good?design?needs.?On?the?other?hand,?should?be?earnest?precisely?carries?on?all operations.?For?example,?even?if?places?wrong?a?decimal?point?position,?also?can?cause?the?correct?design?to?turn?wrongly. A?good?design?personnel?should?dare?to?propose?the?new?idea,?moreover?is?willing to?undertake?the?certain?risk,?when?the?new?method?is?not?suitable,?use?original method.?Therefore,?designs?the?personnel?to?have?to?have?to?have?the?patience, because?spends?the?time?and?the?endeavor?certainly?cannot?guarantee?brings successfully.?A?brand-new?design,?the?request?screen?abandons?obsoletely?many ?knows?very?well?the?method?for?the?people.?Because?many?person?of?conservativeness, does?this?certainly?is?not?an?easy?matter.?A?mechanical?designer?should?unceasingly explore?the?improvement?existing?product?the method,?should?earnestly?choose?originally,?the?process?confirmation?principle?of design?in?this?process,?with?has?not?unified?it?after?the?confirmation?new?idea. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)? 摘要：?機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車(chē)輛、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、照相機(jī)和攝影機(jī)等。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)，也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。術(shù)語(yǔ)中的“機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)”?的含義要比“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)”的含義更為廣泛一些，機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。在分析運(yùn)動(dòng)及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中，以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中，所有這些都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備，比如：開(kāi)關(guān)、凸輪、閥門(mén)、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。 ?關(guān)鍵詞：?設(shè)計(jì)流程??設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則??機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)?? 設(shè)計(jì)流程? 設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性，現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需具有以前機(jī)器所能執(zhí)行的功能。? 在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計(jì)劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。? 一般的當(dāng)外型特點(diǎn)和組件部分的尺寸特點(diǎn)分析得透徹時(shí)，就可以全面的設(shè)計(jì)和分析。接著還要客觀(guān)的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時(shí)也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。? 也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過(guò)力學(xué)原理來(lái)分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動(dòng)力慣性、加速動(dòng)力和能量；包括彈性材料的強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤(rùn)滑和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程是重復(fù)和合作的過(guò)程，無(wú)論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)每個(gè)階段都很重要。? 最后，以圖樣為設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并建立將來(lái)的模型。如果它的測(cè)試是符合事先要求的，則再將對(duì)初步設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個(gè)工程學(xué)問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容是獨(dú)特的，但是設(shè)計(jì)師可以按照類(lèi)似的步驟來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。? 產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過(guò)程中，五個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見(jiàn)和考慮材料的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來(lái)的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長(zhǎng)期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱(chēng)職的人員選擇材料。? 通過(guò)對(duì)上述五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析，可以得出這些問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的研究分析可以為避免這些問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。? 從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。? 在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中，要接受新觀(guān)念的變化，或者由試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)。?? 一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則? 在本節(jié)中，建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來(lái)替代和改進(jìn)。也許會(huì)創(chuàng)造出更實(shí)用、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。? 為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個(gè)規(guī)則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)特別適用。? 1.?要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過(guò)程。? 2.?認(rèn)識(shí)負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。? 3.?預(yù)測(cè)沒(méi)有想到的負(fù)載。 4.?創(chuàng)造出對(duì)載荷更為有利的條件。? 5.?提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。? 6.?運(yùn)用最簡(jiǎn)單的方程來(lái)優(yōu)化體積和面積。? 7.?選擇組合材料。? 8.?仔細(xì)選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。? 9.?調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和降低成本。?10.?規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時(shí)不干涉。? 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容：? 1.?對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。? 2.?回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷。 3.?回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。? 4.?介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。? 5.?介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì)，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。? 6.?深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。? 7.?使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。? 8.?討論潤(rùn)滑油膜與滾動(dòng)軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。? 9.?深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動(dòng)力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，并簡(jiǎn)單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問(wèn)題。? 10.?討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計(jì)，包括傳動(dòng)螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。? 11.?介紹盤(pán)式和鼓式離合器以及制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說(shuō)明。?? 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)? 一臺(tái)完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。? 任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀(guān)、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對(duì)材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評(píng)估。? 仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。? 計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具，它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算，并對(duì)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析。互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來(lái)適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來(lái)說(shuō)都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過(guò)程。另一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開(kāi)始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過(guò)口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。? 如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。? 應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。? 一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來(lái)的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來(lái)成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過(guò)程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的新觀(guān)念結(jié)合起來(lái)。? 新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問(wèn)題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問(wèn)題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒(méi)有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。