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1、2021/7/221 American LiteraturePart ThreeThe Age of Realism(1860-1910) 2021/7/222Chapter 6New American Outlooks2021/7/2236.1.Mark Twain (18351910)2021/7/2242021/7/225I. Life and Career: oFather of American LiteratureoForerunner of 19th Century American RealismoHumorist1.Local colorist 2021/7/226I. Li
2、fe and Career: oSamuel Langhorne Clemens omoved with his family to Hannibal, a port on the Mississippi River at 4oWorked as a printer, a steamboat pilot, Served as a volunteer soldier, reporter and writer1.an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1907 2021/7/227Olivia Langdon Clemens,w
3、ife of Samuel Clemens 2021/7/228Family 2021/7/2292021/7/2210oDont part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live. o不要放棄你的幻想。當(dāng)幻想沒(méi)有了以后，你還可以生存，但是你雖生猶死。2021/7/2211oThe holy passion of Friendship is of so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring a nature th
4、at it will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money. 2021/7/2212oWrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been. 2021/7/2213oTwenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didnt do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away
5、from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.2021/7/2214oGet your facts first, then you can distort them as you please.2021/7/2215I. Life and CareeroThree writing periodso 1. 1865-around 1880s oPeriod of highhearted, humorous description oRather confident and o
6、ptimisticoCriticize the society with light-hearted humour and satire1.Believe in social reform. 2021/7/2216I. Life and CareeroRepresentatives: o The Adventure of Tom Sawyero The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 2021/7/22172021/7/2218oThis was the story that launched Mark Twain into nation
7、al prominence. oTo this day, Calaveras County in California still holds a celebration of the jumping frog contest, their biggest event of the year. 2021/7/2219在一八七四至一八九一年間住在這座有十九間房間的大宅中。他寫出諸如湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記和哈克貝利芬歷險(xiǎn)記這樣的經(jīng)典作品。他自己說(shuō)過(guò)，那是他一生中最歡樂(lè)的歲月。 2021/7/2220I. Life and Careero 2. 1880s-1900soPeriod of bitter an
8、d sharper criticismoSociety turned deaf ear to his advicesoa combination of romanticism and realism.1.return to the pure and natural life2021/7/2221I. Life and CareeroRepresentatives:o The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn2021/7/2222Mark Twain and Dorothy Quick2021/7/2223I. Life and Careero 3. 1900-1910
9、oPeriod of pessimism and fatalismoThe darkest period of Mark TwainoDisappointed in society oFull of miseries in his personal life2021/7/2224Mark Twain in New Hampshire, 19052021/7/2225II. Literary Workso艱苦歲月（Roughing It, 1872）o鍍金時(shí)代（The Gilded Age，1873）o湯姆索耶歷險(xiǎn)記（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，1876）o王子與貧
10、兒（The Prince and the Pauper，1882）o密西西比河上（Life on the Mississippi，1883）o哈克貝利費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記（The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn，1884）o傻瓜威爾遜（The Tragedy of Puddn head Wilson，1893），o自傳（Autobiography） 2021/7/2226湯姆索耶歷險(xiǎn)記（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，18762021/7/2227The Prince and the Pauper2021/7/2228The Gilded Age2
11、021/7/2229The Tragedy of Puddn head Wilson2021/7/2230III. Writing Style:o ocreate a real and genuine American style oadventurous, humorousoCombination of realism and romanticismoCombination of humor and serious literature 1. 2021/7/2231III. Writing Style:o o informal, colloquial, rural, regional lan
12、guage: dialect, jargon, slang o sentence structure: simple, compound, a series of “than” and “and”, semi-colons. 2021/7/2232III. Writing Style :o from everyday lifeo from his own experience1. lower strata of society 2021/7/2233III. Writing Style : oIn late 1860s and early1870soAn important part of r
13、ealistic movementoDifferences existed between different parts of the country. oEmphasis on local peculiarities of speech, dress and habits. oIdealize and glorify, give true color of local life2021/7/2234Characteristic of Mark Twains worko1,His works sum up the tradition of western humor and frontier
14、 realismo2,He writes about his people and his own lifeo3,His greatest achievement on literature is his use of dialect and his portray of the local (before him people tend to use elegant elite language on literature, but since him ,people tend to use colloquial language in literature. Thats his great
15、 contribution to American literature.)2021/7/2235 Mark Twain said: My language my words are like water, the great master s language is like wine but everyone drinks water2021/7/2236IV. Overview of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: o unpopulated wildness an a dense forest along Mississippi River202
16、1/7/2237IV. Overview of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:oIgnorant uneducated black slave Jim1.Uneducated outcast white boy Huck Finn2021/7/22382021/7/22392021/7/2240Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Jim helps Huck slip into a dress, as the boy attempts to go out unrecognized.2021/7/2241IV. Overview
17、of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:oHucks inner waving struggle between what he was taught and what he thought out of good-heart and humanity. 2021/7/2242The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyoA comic frontier western tale together with many tall tales which Mark Twain which he heard in
18、the western mining camps in 1861oTheme: competition between the pioneers, selfishness and mercilessness of capitalismoColloquial style: in the general standard speech of the uneducated2021/7/2243The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyStudy questionoA, what realistic elements can you find in
19、this story?oB, what role does language play in the story ?oC, how is the story narrated？（narrated pattern of the story）2021/7/2244Realistic elements found in the story 1every language, dialect ,shows the people are so real and uneducated2, ordinary people 3,setting: mining factory Story told by a wo
20、rker , a person associated with the experience rather than feel like the story made up by the writer.4,detailed description: how he dress themselves,how they talk,walk and behave.2021/7/2245Background of the story : Gold Rusho1, California was a world of men, isolated homesick and eager for entertai
21、nmento2,Gambling was one of the easiest and most popular ways to amuse themselves (you can see this clear in Hollywood movie)o3, the easterners had a reputation for being civilized, cultured, and advanced; whereas the westerner were considered to be less-educated, less refined and easy to be deceive
22、d2021/7/2246Name of the dog in the storyoAndrew JacksonoGive the name of a dog ,have surname and given name , oThe 7th president of the United StatesoThe first westerner to become presidentoHe is described as being determined and strongwilled (associated these characteristic with the dog)2021/7/2247
23、The name of the frogoDaniel Webster oDaniel Webster（1782-1852） is a statesmanoHe embodies the very spirit of the nation (arrange the name of dog and frog ,Mark Twain try to carry certain messages)2021/7/2248IV. Notes of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: odasnt stop=didnt dare stop.oSpanish moss: 寄
24、生藤，又叫“l(fā)ong-beard” 鐵蘭屬。一種產(chǎn)于美國(guó)東南部和熱帶美洲的附生鳳梨屬的植物，生有長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的密集成串的下垂的灰色線狀莖。othe frauds: 指書中的兩個(gè)冒充公爵和國(guó)王的騙子。oyellocution: from “elocution,” the art of public speaking. 哈克自己編造的字，暗指兩個(gè)騙子說(shuō)話簡(jiǎn)直就是在 “yelling.”odoggery: a cheap bar or saloon.ocussing=cursing.oshook the reefs out: let out sail on a boat to catch more wind
25、 and thus go faster.oSet her loose: 把木筏的纜繩解開。oSilas Phelps: 賽拉斯斐爾普斯，湯姆的姨父，騙子把吉姆賣給了他。oafeard/afeared: archaism. =afraid. 2021/7/2249IV. Notes of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:oHe run off fm down South somers=He ran off from down South, somewhere.oNo-sirree-bob: =No, sir. sirree=sir, 用在yes 和no后面加
26、強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。bob: 尾音沒(méi)有意義。oMiss Watson:華森小姐，吉姆的女主人。oornery=ordinary, 此處為含蓄的表達(dá)，意思是丟臉。ofix: difficult situation. oprovidence: God. 和下文的One，Him，he相同。oit was a close place: 這件事真是讓人犯難。oIll go to hell: 哈克決定不告發(fā)吉姆逃跑的事情，而是讓他獲得自由，當(dāng)時(shí)這種做法被認(rèn)為是要下地獄的。ogo the while hog: do it thoroughly. okept my eyes peeled=kept my eyes ope
27、n.oleft me aholt of: slang. =let me hold.otry the “Royal Nonesuch” another shake: 把“皇家奇物”拿出來(lái)再試試。othe next minute he whirls on me and says: 馬上他又猛轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身對(duì)我說(shuō)。obut mind you dont work your jaw between here and there: 可是你要記住不要在路上到處瞎說(shuō)。2021/7/2250Question 1oExplain in detail the relation of the selection from L
28、ife on the Mississippi and The Celebrated Jumping Frog to Clemens own life. oAnswer2021/7/2251Question 2oIn the selection from Life on the Mississippi Twain mentions three transient or passing ambitions of the boys of Hannibal. (a) What were these transient ambitions? (b) What was Twains purpose in
29、mentioning them? oAnswer2021/7/2252Question 3oIn what way does Twain introduce humor into the story of the local boy who became an apprentice engineer?oAnswer2021/7/2253Question 4 oTo capture the flavor of the oral yarn in writing, it is necessary for an author to make it possible for his readers to
30、 see the narrator and to hear him speak. (a) What parts of The Celebrated Jumping Frog are devoted to acquainting the reader with Simon Wheeler, the narrator of the yarn? (b) What kinds of information does Twain give about Wheeler? (c) Why does Twain use peculiar sentence patterns, misspellings, and
31、 grammatical errors in the yarn itself? oAnswer2021/7/2254Question 5oExplain why The Celebrated Jumping Frog was probably much funnier to readers a hundred years ago than it is to us today.oAnswer 2021/7/2255Question 6oAnalyze the following quotation: It was a close place. I took . . . up the letter
32、 Id written to Miss Watson, and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: “All right then, Ill go to hell”and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words
33、, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming. oAnswer 2021/7/2256Question 7 oHow did Mark Twain develop his theme of slavery in the story of Huck Finn? oAnswer 2021/7/2257Answer to question 1oThe selection from Life on the Mississippi is based on Clemens e
34、xperiences as a boy in the river town of Hannibal, Missouri, when he, like every other boy in town, longed to be a pilot. The Celebrated Jumping Frog grew out of Clemens experiences in the gold-mining country of central California. Clemens probably told the story well because from boyhood on he had
35、heard many stories told effectively. 2021/7/2258Answer to question 2o(a) To become clowns, to become minstrel-show performers, and to become pirates. (b) To contrast the transient character of these ambitions with the importance of the desire to become a steamboatman a permanent ambition. 2021/7/225
36、9Answer to question 3oHe gives a series of details which show that although the boy is a great show-off, prodigiously envied by the other boys, he really is not very impressive and actually has not risen very high in the world. For example: “This fellow had money, too, and hair oil. Also an ignorant
37、 silver watch and a showy brass watch chain.” 2021/7/2260Answer to question 4o(a) The first three paragraphs. (b) He spent his time dozing by the stove in a mining-town tavern. He is plump, bald, mild-looking. He welcomes a chance to talk, cornering his audience so that it cannot escape. He tells hi
38、s story with no sense that it is funny. (c) They represent the way Wheeler talks and therefore make him known as a character. Also they are comic because they contrast with proper ways of speaking 2021/7/2261Answer to question 5oPeople in that day had listened to many oral tales; storytelling for th
39、em was what TV, radio, and motion pictures are for us. They therefore could read a story and imagine better than we can how it would sound when told aloud. In addition, modern readers tend to wait for a “punch line” or a surprise ending, whereas the humor of a tale is meant to be savored throughout.
40、 2021/7/2262Answer to question 6oHuck considers but then decides against writing Miss Watson to tell her the Phelps family is holding Jim, following his conscience rather than the prevailing morality of the day. Huck is willing to sacrifice his soul for Jims freedom, showing a tremendous amount of p
41、ersonal growth. This scene indicates how his relationship with Jim has changed over the course of the journey downriver, from companion, to respected friend, to the only family Huck will acknowledge. 2021/7/2263Answer to question 6oHuck decides to free Jim after remembering all the times Jim protect
42、ed and cared for him, something which no one else has ever done for Huck. The logical consequences of Hucks action, rather than the lessons society has taught him, drive Huck. He decides that going to “hell,” if it means following his gut and not societys hypocritical and cruel principles, is a bett
43、er option than going to everyone elses heaven. This moment of decision represents Hucks true break with the world around him. At this point, Huck decides to help Jim escape slavery once and for all. Huck also realizes that he does not want to reenter the “civilized” world: after all his experiences
44、and moral development on the river, he wants to move on to the freedom of the West instead. 2021/7/2264Answer to question 7oThe theme of slavery is perhaps the most well known aspect of this novel. Twain uses Jim, a main character and a slave, to demonstrate the humanity of slaves. Jim expresses the
45、 complicated human emotions and struggles with the path of his life. 2021/7/2265Answer to question 7oHuck and Jim never debate slavery, and all the other slaves in the novel are very minor characters. Only in the final section of the novel does Twain develop the central conflict concerning slavery:
46、should Huck free Jim and then be condemned to hell? This decision is life-altering for Huck, as it forces him to reject everything civilization has taught him. Huck chooses to free Jim, based on his personal experiences rather than social norms, thus choosing the morality of the “natural life” over that of civilization.
馬克吐溫-跳蛙PPT課件
