軸零件機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【銑φ30k6φ25k6φ20h6φ24各段外圓鍵槽】【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】
軸零件機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【銑30k625k620h624各段外圓鍵槽】【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】,銑30k6,25k6,20h6,24各段外圓鍵槽,說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD,軸零件機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【銑30k6,25k6,20h6,24各段外圓鍵槽】【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】,零件,機(jī)械,加工,工藝
軸 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程專(zhuān)業(yè) 機(jī)械制造及自動(dòng)化班級(jí):機(jī)制3054姓名:使剛敏學(xué)號(hào):17號(hào)指導(dǎo)老師:陜西國(guó)防工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院目錄1.工藝過(guò)程卡2.工序卡3.零件圖4.零件毛坯合圖5夾具總裝圖 6零件圖017零件圖028刀具工作圖9量具工作圖機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共頁(yè)第頁(yè)材 料 牌 號(hào)45鋼毛 坯 種 類(lèi)模鍛毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)備 注 工 序 號(hào) 工 名 序 稱(chēng) 工 序 內(nèi) 容 車(chē) 間 工 段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備 工 時(shí) 準(zhǔn)終 單件0鍛模鍛01熱處理正火熱處理03銑銑左端面、鉆中心孔X53K游標(biāo)卡尺、專(zhuān)用銑床夾具05銑銑右端面、鉆中心孔且保證總長(zhǎng)370mmX53K游標(biāo)卡尺、專(zhuān)用銑床夾具10粗車(chē)粗車(chē)各段外圓及端面C620-1 游標(biāo)卡尺、兩頂尖裝夾、90 0 外圓車(chē)刀15半精車(chē)粗車(chē)各段外圓及端面C620-1游標(biāo)卡尺、兩頂尖裝夾、90 0 外圓車(chē)刀20銑銑30k6,25k6,20h6,24各段外圓的鍵槽X53K游標(biāo)卡尺、專(zhuān)用銑床夾具、直柄鍵槽銑刀25車(chē)車(chē)M24X1.5的螺紋C620-1專(zhuān)用量具、兩頂尖裝夾、螺紋車(chē)刀30熱處理30f7兩節(jié)外圓表面需高頻淬火hrc40-4535粗磨粗磨30k6,25k6,20h6及30f7兩節(jié),各段外圓M1432兩頂尖裝夾、選用單頭雙限卡規(guī)M1432 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)標(biāo)記處數(shù)更改文件號(hào)簽 字 日 期標(biāo)記處數(shù)更改文件號(hào)簽 字 日 期機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共頁(yè)第頁(yè)材 料 牌 號(hào)45鋼毛 坯 種 類(lèi)模鍛毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)備 注 工 序 號(hào) 工 名 序 稱(chēng) 工 序 內(nèi) 容 車(chē) 間 工 段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備 工 時(shí) 準(zhǔn)終 單件40精磨精磨30k6,25k6,20h6 ,各段外圓M1432兩頂尖裝夾、選用單頭雙限卡規(guī)45去毛刺50檢驗(yàn)55入庫(kù)M1432 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)標(biāo)記處數(shù)更改文件號(hào)簽 字 日 期標(biāo)記處數(shù)更改文件號(hào)簽 字 日 期銑機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第1頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序03銑左端面鉆中心孔毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)X53K夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液專(zhuān)用銑床夾具工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1銑左端面游標(biāo)卡尺、專(zhuān)用銑床夾具2鉆B型中心孔 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)銑機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第2頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序05銑右端面鉆中心孔毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)X53K夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液專(zhuān)用銑床夾具工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1銑右端面游標(biāo)卡尺、專(zhuān)用銑床夾具2鉆B型中心孔 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)粗車(chē)機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第3頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序10粗車(chē)各段外圓端面毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)C620-1夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液兩頂尖裝夾工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量(臺(tái)階)切削深度(臺(tái)階)進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1粗車(chē)33外圓,保證長(zhǎng)度5mm游標(biāo)卡尺、兩頂尖裝夾、90 0 外圓車(chē)刀38044.10.331.314.5s2粗車(chē)31.415外圓38044.10.33(0.30)1.3(1.5)1122.97s3粗車(chē)26.415外圓,保證長(zhǎng)度114mm38044.10.33(0.30)1.3(1.5)143.04s4粗車(chē)21.4外圓,保證長(zhǎng)度31mm38044.10.33(0.30)1.3(1.5)117.44s 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)半精車(chē)機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第4頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序15半精車(chē)各段外圓及端面毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)C620-1夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液兩頂尖裝夾工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1半精車(chē)30.4外圓游標(biāo)卡尺、兩頂尖裝夾、90 0 外圓車(chē)刀2半精車(chē)29外圓3半精車(chē)25.4外圓4半精車(chē)24外圓5半精車(chē)20.4外圓 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)銑鍵槽機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第5頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序20銑30k6,25k6,20h6,24各段外圓的鍵槽毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)X53K夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液專(zhuān)用銑床夾具工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1銑30k6上的鍵槽,槽寬8mm游標(biāo)卡尺、直柄鍵槽銑刀2銑25k6上的鍵槽,槽寬6mm3銑20h6上的鍵槽,槽寬5mm4銑24上的鍵槽,槽寬5mm 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)車(chē)螺紋機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第6頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序25車(chē)M24X1.5螺紋毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)C620-1夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液兩頂尖裝夾工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1車(chē)M24X1.5螺紋專(zhuān)用量具、螺紋車(chē)刀 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)粗磨機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第7頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序35粗磨30粗磨30k6,25k6,20h6,30f7兩節(jié),各段外圓毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)M1432夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液兩頂尖裝夾工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1粗磨30k6外圓選用單頭雙限卡規(guī)2粗磨25k6外圓3粗磨20h6外圓4粗磨30f7兩節(jié)外圓 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)精磨機(jī)械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號(hào)零件圖號(hào)31288產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)零件名稱(chēng)軸共8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)車(chē)間工序號(hào)工序名稱(chēng)材 料 牌 號(hào)工序40精磨30k6,25k6,20h6 ,各段外圓毛 坯 種 類(lèi)毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺(tái) 件 數(shù)設(shè)備名稱(chēng)設(shè)備型號(hào)設(shè)備編號(hào)同時(shí)加工件數(shù)M1432夾具編號(hào)夾具名稱(chēng)切削液兩頂尖裝夾工位器具編號(hào)工位器具名稱(chēng)工序工時(shí) (分)準(zhǔn)終單件工步號(hào)工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進(jìn)給量切削深度進(jìn)給次數(shù)工步工時(shí)r/minm/minmm/rmm機(jī)動(dòng)輔助1精磨30k6外圓選用單頭雙限卡規(guī)2精磨25k6外圓3精磨20h6外圓 設(shè) 計(jì)(日 期) 校 對(duì)(日期) 審 核(日期) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期) 會(huì) 簽(日期)零件圖零件毛坯合圖夾具總裝圖夾具零件圖刀具工作圖量具工作圖畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)專(zhuān)業(yè) 機(jī)械制造及自動(dòng)化班級(jí):機(jī)制3054姓名:使剛敏學(xué)號(hào):17號(hào)指導(dǎo)老師:陜西國(guó)防工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院目錄第一部分工藝設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)2第二部分第XX號(hào)工序夾具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)3第三部分第XX號(hào)工序刀具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)第四部分第XX號(hào)工序量具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)第五部分畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)體會(huì)第六部分 參考資料第一部分工藝設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)1.零件圖工藝性分析1.1零件結(jié)構(gòu)功用分析從傳動(dòng)軸的受力分析可知,它受扭轉(zhuǎn)一彎曲復(fù)合作用力,由于其承受中等載荷,工作又較平穩(wěn),沖擊力很小,所以可采用優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的45號(hào)鋼,坯料用熱軋圓鋼。為了改善組織、提高力學(xué)性能,坯料要經(jīng)過(guò)正火熱處理1.2零件技術(shù)條件分析外圓尺寸精度 :30k6,30f7兩節(jié),25k6,20h6,及M24X1.5的螺紋;外圓形狀位置精度 :要求為30f7兩軸節(jié)相對(duì)30k6,20h6,25k630f7兩軸節(jié)表面需高頻淬火;外圓表面質(zhì)量 :30k6,30f7兩節(jié),25k6,20h6的表面質(zhì)量要求 Ra均為0.8um,其它面Ra為12.5um1.3零件結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析軸的鍛件強(qiáng)度較高,形狀比較簡(jiǎn)單,外輪廓尺寸不大,在軸徑30k6,30f7兩節(jié),25k6,20h6,及M24X1.5的螺紋上均開(kāi)有鍵槽,且軸兩端帶有B型中心孔。結(jié)論:軸的結(jié)構(gòu)較規(guī)則,在加工鍵槽和B型中心孔時(shí),采用專(zhuān)用夾具定位和夾緊,螺紋加工安排在半精加工后,精加工前進(jìn)行。2.毛坯選擇2.1毛坯類(lèi)型在傳遞力矩過(guò)程時(shí)要承受很強(qiáng)的沖擊力和很大的交變載荷, 要求材料應(yīng)有較高的強(qiáng)度、沖擊韌度、疲勞強(qiáng)度和耐磨性,而且其輪廓形狀不復(fù)雜,故采用鍛件;零件尺寸不大,而且零件屬于批量生產(chǎn),故采用模鍛。2.2毛坯余量確定毛坯的形狀和尺寸越接近成品零件,即毛坯精度越高,則零件的機(jī)械加工勞動(dòng)量越少,材料消耗越少,可充分提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,降低成本,但是毛坯制造費(fèi)用會(huì)提高,在確定毛坯時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)機(jī)械加工和毛坯制造兩方面考慮。2.2.11).鍛件公差等級(jí):由該零件的功能和技術(shù)確定其鍛件公差等級(jí)為普通級(jí);2).鍛件質(zhì)量Mf :根據(jù)鍛件成品質(zhì)量1.94g估算;3).分析鍛件形狀復(fù)雜系數(shù)s:S=Mf/Mn該零件為圓形,假設(shè)其最大直徑37長(zhǎng)為375則在:Mn=/4 d2 hS=Mf/Mn=Vf/Vn=229712.195 mm/316300.05mm=0.726由于0.726介于0.63和1之間,故該零件的形狀復(fù)雜系數(shù)S屬S 1 級(jí)。4).鍛件材質(zhì)系數(shù)M:由于該零件材料為45鋼,是碳的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)小于0.65%的碳素鋼,故該鍛件的材質(zhì)系數(shù)屬M(fèi) 1級(jí); 5).零件表面粗糙度 由零件圖知,除30k6,30f7兩節(jié),25k6,20h6的表面質(zhì)量Ra為0.8um外,其余各加工表面Ra為12.5um;2.2.2 初步確定機(jī)加工余量及毛坯尺寸,初選毛坯尺寸公差根據(jù)毛坯尺寸公差,鍛件質(zhì)量,材質(zhì)系數(shù),形狀復(fù)雜系數(shù),初步確定本零件毛坯尺寸允許偏差,根據(jù)鍛件質(zhì)量,零件表面粗糙度,形狀復(fù)雜系數(shù)查參考書(shū)1中表5-9,由此查得單邊余量:零件尺寸初選厚度方向單邊加工余量初選水平方向單邊加工余量確定厚度方向單邊加工余量確定水平方向單邊加工余量初選鍛件尺寸偏差30k61.72.22.02.5234 +1.2 -0.630f7兩節(jié)1.72.22.02.5234+1.2 -0.6291.72.22.02.5234+1.2 -0.625k61.72.22.02.5229+1.1 -0.5 241.72.22.02.5229+1.1 -0.51151.72.22.02.52.5115+1.4 -0.620h61.72.22.02.5224+1.1 -0.5321.72.22.02.52.533+1.2 -0.6331.72.22.02.5237+1.2 -0.63701.72.22.02.52.5375+1.7 -0.851.72.22.02.52.510+1.1 -0.52.2.3驗(yàn)證上述余量是否滿足要求計(jì)算同上得,鍛件形狀復(fù)雜系數(shù)s= S=Mf/Mn=Vf/Vn=229712.195 mm/316300.05mm=0.726,S屬于S 1級(jí);查表得,機(jī)械加工余量與上述相同,滿足要求。2.3毛坯零件合圖草圖3機(jī)加工工藝路線確定3.1加工方法分析確定(1)30k6外圓-粗車(chē)(IT12級(jí),Ra12.5um)-半精車(chē)(IT9級(jí),Ra3.2um)-銑鍵槽(IT9級(jí),Ra12.5um)-粗磨(IT8級(jí),Ra0.8um)-精磨(IT6級(jí),Ra0.8um)(2)25k6外圓-粗車(chē)(IT12級(jí),Ra12.5um)-半精車(chē)(IT9級(jí),Ra3.2um)-銑鍵槽(IT9級(jí),Ra12.5um)-粗磨(IT8級(jí),Ra0.8um)-精磨(IT6級(jí),Ra0.8um)(3)20h6外圓-粗車(chē)(IT12級(jí),Ra12.5um)-半精車(chē)(IT9級(jí),Ra3.2um)-銑鍵槽(IT9級(jí),Ra12.5um)-粗磨(IT8級(jí),Ra0.8um)-精磨(IT6級(jí),Ra0.8um)(4)30f7外圓-粗車(chē)(IT12級(jí),Ra12.5um)-半精車(chē)(IT9級(jí),Ra3.2um)- 熱處理(30f7兩節(jié)外圓表面局部高頻淬火)-磨削(IT7級(jí),Ra0.8um)(5)2M24X1.5螺紋-粗車(chē)(IT12級(jí),Ra12.5um)-半精車(chē)(IT9級(jí),Ra3.2um)-銑鍵槽(IT9級(jí),Ra12.5um)-車(chē)螺紋(配螺母)3.2加工順序的安排銑端面鉆中心孔保證總長(zhǎng)370mm,粗車(chē)各外圓和臺(tái)階端面,半精車(chē)各段外圓和切各段3X0.5退刀槽,加工30k6,25k6,20h6,及24各段的鍵槽,隨后車(chē)M24X1.5的螺紋,局部熱處理30f7兩節(jié)表面進(jìn)行高頻淬火,最后粗精磨30k6,25k6,20h6外圓及30f7兩節(jié)外圓表面,保證表面質(zhì)量Ra為0.8um。3.3定位基準(zhǔn)選擇3.3.1粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇:粗車(chē)時(shí)以外圓和兩側(cè)端面為粗基準(zhǔn);3.3.2精基準(zhǔn)的選擇:以?xún)蓚?cè)端面中心孔為精基準(zhǔn)定位。3.4加工階段的劃分說(shuō)明加工階段分為:粗加工階段為工序3、5、10;半精加工階段為工序15,20,25,30;精加工階段為工序35,40;方案討論:M24X1.5的螺紋加工安排在半精加工后,精加工前進(jìn)行,故放到半精加工階段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。3.5主要機(jī)加工工序簡(jiǎn)圖工序3.銑左端面,鉆中心孔工序5.銑右端面,鉆中心孔 工序10. 粗車(chē)各段外圓及端面 工序15 半精車(chē)各段外圓及端面工序20 銑30k6,25k6,20h6,24各段外圓的鍵槽工序25. 車(chē)M24X1.5的螺紋工序30.30f7兩節(jié)外圓表面需高頻淬火hrc40-45工序35.粗磨30k6,25k6,20h6,30f7兩節(jié),各段外圓工序40 精磨30k6,25k6,20h6 ,各段外圓工序45去毛刺;工序50檢驗(yàn);工序55入庫(kù).4.工序尺寸及其公差確定4.1工序尺寸確定加工表面工序余量(雙邊)工序尺寸及公差表面粗糙度/um粗半精粗磨精磨粗半精粗磨精磨粗半精粗磨精磨30k6外圓2.61.00.30.131.4150 -0.3930.4150 -0.06230.1150 -0.02530.0150 -0.013Ra12.5Ra3.2Ra0.8Ra0.825k6外圓2.61.00.30.126.4150 -0.3325.4150 -0.05225.1150 -0.02125.0150 -0.013Ra12.5Ra3.2Ra0.8Ra0.820h6外圓2.61.00.30.121.40 -0.3320.40 -0.05220.10 -0.021200 -0.013Ra12.5Ra3.2Ra0.8Ra0.830f7外圓2.61.00.331.380 -0.4630.380 -0.05229.980 -0.021Ra12.5Ra3.2Ra0.8加工表面工序余量(雙邊)工序尺寸及公差表面粗糙度/um粗車(chē)半精車(chē)半精車(chē)粗車(chē)半精車(chē)半精車(chē)粗車(chē)半精車(chē)半精車(chē)292.61.01.431.40 -0.4630.40 -0.062290 -0.052Ra12.5Ra3.2Ra3.2242.61.01.426.40 -0.3325.40 -0.052240 -0.052Ra12.5Ra3.2Ra3.21151.5(單邊)1.0(單邊)1140 -0.541150 -0.54Ra12.5Ra3.2321.5(單邊)1.0(單邊)310 -0.39320 -0.39Ra12.5Ra3.251.5(單邊)1.0(單邊)60 -0.1850 -0.18Ra12.5Ra3.23702.53700 -0.89Ra12.54.2軸向尺寸的工序尺寸鏈圖5.設(shè)備及其工藝裝備確定5.1選擇機(jī)床和夾具1).工序03、05是銑端面和鉆中心孔,可采用專(zhuān)用夾具在X53K銑床上加工;2).工序10、15、25是粗車(chē)、半精車(chē)、車(chē)螺紋各工序的工步數(shù)不多,成批生產(chǎn),不要求很高的生產(chǎn)率,故選用臥式車(chē)床能夠滿足使用要求,又由于要求的精度較高,表面粗糙度值較小,需選用較精密的車(chē)床才能滿足要求,因此選用C620-1,使用通用夾具(兩頂尖)裝夾;3)工序20是銑鍵槽,可采用專(zhuān)用夾具在立式銑床上加工,故選X53K;4)工序40,45是磨削外圓, 使用專(zhuān)用磨床夾具,選用臥式磨床M1432;5.2選擇刀具1)工序03、05在銑床上加工,一般都選用硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀;2)工序10、15、25在車(chē)床上加工,一般都選用硬質(zhì)合金車(chē)刀,加工剛質(zhì)零件采用YT類(lèi)硬質(zhì)合金,粗加工用YT5,半精加工用YT15,為了提高生產(chǎn)率及經(jīng)濟(jì)性,選用90度車(chē)刀,螺紋車(chē)刀和鏜刀,切槽刀宜選用高速鋼;3)工序20銑鍵槽,零件要求銑切寬度分別為5h9,6h9,8h9故所選直柄鍵槽銑刀分別為5e8 GB/T1112.1-1997,6e8 GB/T1112.1-1997,8e8 GB/T1112.1-1997;5.3選擇量具本零件屬于成批生產(chǎn),一般采用通用量具工序加工面尺寸尺寸公差選擇量具粗加工外圓31.40.39讀數(shù)值0.02,測(cè)量范圍0150游標(biāo)卡尺26.40.33粗加工軸向尺寸1160.54330.3960.18半精加工軸向尺寸1150.54320.3950.18半精加工外圓30.40.062讀數(shù)值0.01,測(cè)量范圍75100外徑千分尺25.40.05220.40.052粗,精磨外圓30k60.013選用單頭雙限卡規(guī)(GB632286)25k60.01320h60.01330f70.0216切削用量及工時(shí)定額確定工序10(參考書(shū)1)本道工序?yàn)榇周?chē)(車(chē)臺(tái)階面和外圓)已知加工材料為45鋼,6b=670mpa,鍛件有外皮,機(jī)床為CA6140,工件采用兩頂尖裝夾。(1).確定粗車(chē)外圓33的切削用量,所選刀具為YT5硬質(zhì)合金車(chē)刀,刀桿尺寸BXH=16mmX25mm刀片厚為4.5mm,根據(jù)1表5-113,選擇刀具幾何角度s=00 , o=120 , o=60 o=40 r=90 0 ,r=100 ,=0.8mma.確定被吃刀量ap 粗車(chē)雙邊余量為2.6mm,則ap=1.3mmb.確定進(jìn)給量f 根據(jù)表5-114在粗車(chē)鋼料,刀桿尺寸16X25mm,ap3mm,工件直徑在2040mm時(shí)f=0.30.5mm/r,按C620-1車(chē)床的進(jìn)給量f=0.33mm/r確定的進(jìn)給量尚需滿足機(jī)床進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度要求,故需進(jìn)行校驗(yàn):根據(jù)表5-55,C620-1車(chē)床進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)允許的進(jìn)給力Fmax=3530N根據(jù)表5-123,當(dāng)鋼料6b=570670mpa,ap2mm,f0.75mm/r,r=45 0 ,V=65m/min時(shí),進(jìn)給力Ff=760N。Ff的修正系數(shù)為Kr。Ff=1.0,KsFf=1.0, KkTFf=1.17故實(shí)際進(jìn)給力為Ff=760X1.17=889.2NFfFmax,所選的進(jìn)給量f=0.33mm/r可用。C .選擇車(chē)刀磨鈍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及耐用度根據(jù)表5-119,車(chē)刀后刀面最大磨損量取1m,車(chē)刀的耐用度為T(mén)=60min。d .確定切削速度V根據(jù)表5-120,當(dāng)用YT5硬質(zhì)合金車(chē)刀加工6b=600-700mpa,鋼料ap3mm,f0.75mm/r,V=109m/min切削速度的修正系數(shù)為Ksv=0.8, Ktv=0.65, KKTv=0.81, KTv=1.0, Kmv=Kkv=1.0故,V109X0.8X0.81=45.9m/min,n=1000v/3.14d=1000X45.9/3.14X37=395.1r/min按C620-1車(chē)床的轉(zhuǎn)速,選擇n=380 r/min,則實(shí)際切削速度V=44.1m/mine.校驗(yàn)機(jī)床功率:由表5-125,當(dāng)6b=580970mpa,HBS=166277,ap2mm,f0.75mm/r,V=44.1m/min時(shí),Pc=1.7KW切削功率的修正系數(shù)為KTrPc=1.13, KkrPc=1.17,Kr。Pc=KMPc=KkPc=1.0,KSPc=0.8,KtPc=0.65,故實(shí)際切削時(shí)的功率為Pc=0.72KW根據(jù)表5-29,當(dāng)n=120r/min時(shí),機(jī)床主軸允許功率PE=5.9KW,Pc PE,故所選切削用量在C620-1車(chē)床上進(jìn)行最后確定的切削用量為:ap=1.3mm,f=0.33mm/r,V=44.1m/min,n=380 r/min。(2). 確定粗車(chē)外圓31.4mm及臺(tái)階面的切削用量,采用車(chē)外圓33的刀具加工這些表面,加工余量皆可一次走刀切除,車(chē)外圓31.4mm的ap=1.3mm,f1=0.33mm/r,臺(tái)階面的ap=1.5mm,f2=0.30mm/r,主軸轉(zhuǎn)速與車(chē)外圓33的轉(zhuǎn)速相同。(3).確定粗車(chē)外圓26.4mm及臺(tái)階面的切削用量,采用車(chē)外圓33的刀具加工這些表面,加工余量皆可一次走刀切除,車(chē)外圓26.4mm的ap=1.3mm,f1=0.33mm/r,臺(tái)階面的ap=1.5mm,f2=0.30mm/r,主軸轉(zhuǎn)速與車(chē)外圓33的轉(zhuǎn)速相同。(4). 確定粗車(chē)外圓21.4mm及臺(tái)階面的切削用量,采用車(chē)外圓33的刀具加工這些表面,加工余量皆可一次走刀切除,車(chē)外圓21.4mm的ap=1.3mm,f1=0.33mm/r,臺(tái)階面的ap=1.5mm,f2=0.30mm/r,主軸轉(zhuǎn)速與車(chē)外圓33的轉(zhuǎn)速相同。基本時(shí)間(1) 確定粗車(chē)外圓33的基本時(shí)間,根據(jù)表2-21車(chē)外圓基本時(shí)間:Tj1=(L+L1+L2+L3)*i/nf,L=7.5mm,L1=ap/tankr+(2-3),kr=90 0 ,L1=2mm,L2=0,L3=0, f=0.33mm/r,n=380 r/min,i=1Tj1=7.5+2/0.33*380=4.5s(2) 確定粗車(chē)外圓31.4的基本時(shí)間,根據(jù)表2-21車(chē)外圓基本時(shí)間:Tj2=(L+L1+L2+L3)*i/nf,L=250mm,L1=ap/tankr+(2-3),kr=90 0 ,L1=2mm,L2=0,L3=0, f1=0.33mm/r,f2=0.30mm/r,n=380 r/min, i=1Tj2=(250+2)/0.33*380+(2.5+2)/0.30*380=122.97s(3) 確定粗車(chē)外圓26.4的基本時(shí)間,根據(jù)表2-21車(chē)外圓基本時(shí)間:Tj3=(L+L1+L2+L3)*i/nf,L=83mm,L1=ap/tankr+(2-3),kr=90 0 ,L1=2mm,L2=0,L3=0, f1=0.33mm/r,f2=0.30mm/r,n=380 r/min, i=1Tj3=(83+2)/0.33*380+(2.5+2)/0.30*380=43.04s(4) 確定粗車(chē)外圓21.4的基本時(shí)間,根據(jù)表2-21車(chē)外圓基本時(shí)間:Tj4=(L+L1+L2+L3)*i/nf,L=29.5mm,L1=ap/tankr+(2-3),kr=90 0 ,L1=2mm,L2=0,L3=0, f1=0.33mm/r,f2=0.30mm/r,n=380 r/min, i=1Tj4=(29.5+2)/0.33*380+(2.5+2)/0.30*380=17.44s確定工序10的基本時(shí)間:Tj= Tj1+ Tj2+ Tj3+ Tj4=(4.5+122.97+43.04+17.44)s=187.95s第二部分第20號(hào)工序夾具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)1.工序尺寸精度分析工序加工要在軸25.40 -0.052的外圓表面上銑鍵槽保證尺寸20.50 -0.52,鍵槽寬為6h9mm;無(wú)其它技術(shù)要求,該工序在立式銑床上加工,零件屬中批量生產(chǎn)。2.定位方案確定理論上限制自由度分析:槽寬由定尺寸刀具保證;保證槽深應(yīng)限制:x移動(dòng)、y轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng);保證鍵槽長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)限制:x移動(dòng);保證鍵槽對(duì)稱(chēng)度應(yīng)限制:y移動(dòng),z轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng);綜合結(jié)果限制:x移動(dòng)、y移動(dòng)、y轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、z轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),z移動(dòng);實(shí)際上限制自由度分析:V形塊定位30.40 -0.052限制:y移動(dòng)、z移動(dòng)、y轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、z轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),大頭端面用定位銷(xiāo)定位限制:x移動(dòng);綜合結(jié)果實(shí)際限制:x移動(dòng)、y移動(dòng)、y轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、z轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、z移動(dòng);3.定位誤差分析計(jì)算工件采用V形塊定位,對(duì)稱(chēng)度分析:基準(zhǔn)不重合誤差為:jb=0.02mm,基準(zhǔn)位移誤差為:db=0則:dw=jb+db=0.02mm對(duì)尺寸20.50 -0.52分析:基準(zhǔn)不重合誤差為:jb=0.02+0.026=0.046mm基準(zhǔn)位移誤差為:db=0.707T(d)=0.707X0.062=0.044mm則:dw=jb+db=0.09mm由于T=0.52 mm,T/3=0.173mm,即dwT/3,故該夾具能夠滿足加工要求.4.夾緊方案及元件確定本套夾具采用鉸鏈壓板夾緊;工件在加工時(shí)所受的力主要是切削力F,由機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)表1-2-7得切削力的計(jì)算公式:Fx=667DsKp=667x7x700x650/7261083N實(shí)際所需加緊力與計(jì)算加緊力之間的關(guān)系為:(K由表1-2-2查得為1.15)F=KFx=1.15X1083=1245.45N5.夾具總裝草圖第三部分第10號(hào)工序刀具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)1.工序尺寸精度分析粗車(chē)軸各段外圓保證尺寸33,31.4,26.4,21.4公差等級(jí)為IT12。2.刀具類(lèi)型確定此道工序保證的尺寸精度要求不高可用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量,屬粗加工,因此可用90度外圓車(chē)刀。3.刀具設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)確定(數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源參考書(shū)3)序號(hào)項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源或公式計(jì)算采用值1車(chē)刀外行表2-6、2-7焊接式900 強(qiáng)力外圓車(chē)刀2刀片材料YT5刀桿材料45鋼3幾何角度表2-8、2-9s=00 o=120 o=60 o=40 r=90 0 r=100 =0.8mm 4斷削參數(shù)前面型式表2-11、2-12(f=0.33mm/r)帶倒棱曲面圓弧卷削槽前面Ln=8.5m,o 1= -200 br1=0.6 qn=9.35過(guò)渡刃表2-13(ap=1.3mm)直線過(guò)渡刃 Kre=450 b=16刀片型號(hào)表2-3A420L=20 ,B=12 ,C=7,R=12.5,r=1 e=0.87車(chē)刀外型結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸表2-1、2-2、2-5BxH=20x30 L=150 M=8(900 彎頭車(chē)刀)8刀槽型式表2-4Sinrj=ln/2qn=8.5/2x9.6=0.443c=o-j=120 -18.30 Hc=H+(12)-cCoso/Cos(o+ c)=30+1-7Cos5/Cos(50 +6.30 )=31-7x1/1=24Bc=B-C*tg(o+c)=12-7tg(60 +5.30 )=10.6Lc=L-CCoso/Cos(o+c)*tgo=20-7.Cos5/Cos(60 +5.30 )*tg5=20-7x0.08=19.4j= 18.30 c= 5.30 Hc=24mmBc=10.6mmLc=19.4mm4.刀具工作草圖第四部分第40號(hào)工序量具設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)1.工序尺寸精度分析對(duì)軸外圓30k6選基孔制,首先確定被測(cè)軸的極限偏差,查4公差書(shū)第三章極限與配合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得30k6的上偏差es= -0.009mm,下偏差ei= -0.025mm。公差等級(jí)為IT6。2.量具類(lèi)型確定軸的外圓30k6的量具用卡規(guī),量具測(cè)量面的材料用硬質(zhì)合金,測(cè)量面的硬度為58-65HRC,其它部分的材料為45鋼。3.極限量具尺寸公差確定(1)確定工作量規(guī)的制造公差和位置要素值,由公差書(shū)表6-1得IT6尺寸30k6的量規(guī)公差為T(mén)=0.0024mm,位置要素Z=0.0028mm.。(2)計(jì)算工作量規(guī)的極限偏差:30k6通規(guī):上偏差=es-Z+T/2=-0.009-0.0028+0.0012=-0.0106mm 下偏差=es-Z-T/2=-0.009-0.0028-0.0012=-0.013mm磨損極限= es=-0.009mm止規(guī):上偏差=ei+T=-0.025+0.0024=-0.0226mm 下偏差=ei=-0.025mm4.極限量具尺寸公差帶圖5. 極限量具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)第五部分畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)體會(huì)第六部分 參考資料1機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)指南: 主編: 崇凱 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社2 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué): 主編: 鄭修本 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社3刀具課程設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社4 公差配合與技術(shù)測(cè)量 主編: 徐茂功桂定一 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)摘要: 機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置,例如:發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車(chē)輛、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、照相機(jī)和攝影機(jī)等。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì),也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。術(shù)語(yǔ)中的“機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)” 的含義要比“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)”的含義更為廣泛一些,機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。在分析運(yùn)動(dòng)及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中,以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中,所有這些都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備,比如:開(kāi)關(guān)、凸輪、閥門(mén)、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。關(guān)鍵詞: 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)流程設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性,現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需具有以前機(jī)器所能執(zhí)行的功能。在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法,也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期,即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計(jì)劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。一般的當(dāng)外型特點(diǎn)和組件部分的尺寸特點(diǎn)分析得透徹時(shí),就可以全面的設(shè)計(jì)和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性,以及它的安全、重量、耐用性,并且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸,同時(shí)也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過(guò)力學(xué)原理來(lái)分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性,如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用,像動(dòng)力慣性、加速動(dòng)力和能量;包括彈性材料的強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等材料的物理特性,以及流體潤(rùn)滑和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程是重復(fù)和合作的過(guò)程,無(wú)論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)每個(gè)階段都很重要。最后,以圖樣為設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并建立將來(lái)的模型。如果它的測(cè)試是符合事先要求的,則再將對(duì)初步設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行某些修改,使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善,然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個(gè)工程學(xué)問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容是獨(dú)特的,但是設(shè)計(jì)師可以按照類(lèi)似的步驟來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí),采用最好的程序。在材料過(guò)程中,五個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題為:(a)不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預(yù)見(jiàn)和考慮材料的合理用途(如有可能,設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來(lái)的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中,由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家,并且贏得判決);(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定,尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長(zhǎng)期不更新;(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證;(e)由一些完全不稱(chēng)職的人員選擇材料。通過(guò)對(duì)上述五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析,可以得出這些問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的研究分析可以為避免這些問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì),特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中,要接受新觀念的變化,或者由試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)。一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則在本節(jié)中,建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來(lái)替代和改進(jìn)。也許會(huì)創(chuàng)造出更實(shí)用、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維,下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個(gè)規(guī)則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)特別適用。1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過(guò)程。2. 認(rèn)識(shí)負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。3. 預(yù)測(cè)沒(méi)有想到的負(fù)載。4. 創(chuàng)造出對(duì)載荷更為有利的條件。5. 提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。6. 運(yùn)用最簡(jiǎn)單的方程來(lái)優(yōu)化體積和面積。7. 選擇組合材料。8. 仔細(xì)選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。9. 調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案,以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和降低成本。10. 規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時(shí)不干涉。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容:1. 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。2. 回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)載荷分析,包括梁、振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷。3. 回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。4. 介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。5. 介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì),這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。6. 深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。7. 使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。8. 討論潤(rùn)滑油膜與滾動(dòng)軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。9. 深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動(dòng)力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析,并簡(jiǎn)單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問(wèn)題。10. 討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計(jì),包括傳動(dòng)螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。11. 介紹盤(pán)式和鼓式離合器以及制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說(shuō)明。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能,它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對(duì)材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評(píng)估。仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的,以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下,最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算(圖紙尺寸)檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò),就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具,它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算,并對(duì)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析?;?dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力,已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(CAM)成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來(lái)適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作,因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來(lái)說(shuō)都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過(guò)程。另一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開(kāi)始階段,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過(guò)口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。如前所訴,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類(lèi)需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)好處,只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如,即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò),也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí),就使用原來(lái)的方法。因此,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心,因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來(lái)成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì),要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法,在此過(guò)程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理,將其與未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來(lái)。新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問(wèn)題發(fā)生,只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問(wèn)題被解決之后,才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí),也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒(méi)有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。附件2:外文原文(復(fù)印件)Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) dont understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly. Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading. 3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis. 4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery. 5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue. 6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques. 7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application 8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing. 9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs. 10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners. 11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to todays designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
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