丹麥豬飼養(yǎng)標準 Nutrients Standards 2004.rar

丹麥豬飼養(yǎng)標準 Nutrients Standards 2004.rar,丹麥豬飼養(yǎng)標準,Nutrients,Standards,2004,丹麥,飼養(yǎng)標準 Nutrients Standards營養(yǎng)標準Amino acids 氨基酸Sows 母豬Finishers 生長育肥豬Minerals 礦物質(zhì)Vitamins 維生素Vitamin E 維生素EThe feed evaluation system in Denmark丹麥豬的營養(yǎng)評價體系In 2002, a new feed evaluation system was introduced in Denmark. This newsystem is based on the physiological energy value of the nutrients and on standardised digestibilities, and two new feed units have been introduced replacing the old feed unit: FEsv (feed units for pigs including lactating sows) and FEdr (feed units for gestant sows).在2002年，丹麥引進了新的豬營養(yǎng)評價體系。新營養(yǎng)評價體系的基礎(chǔ)以營養(yǎng)元素的生理能量值、標準的消化力和兩個新的營養(yǎng)單位即FEsv （包括哺乳母豬在內(nèi)的營養(yǎng)單位）和FEdr（妊娠母豬的營養(yǎng)單位）。The content of feed units in the individual ingredients has been calculated on the basis of knowledge of the following factors:各營養(yǎng)元素每飼料單位的含量的計算根據(jù)下列基礎(chǔ)知識：Digestible crude protein in ileum在回腸的可消化粗蛋白Digestible crude fat in faeces糞便中的可消化粗蛋白Easily digestible carbohydrate易消化碳水化合物Carbohydrate not easily digested (fermentable carbohydrates)難消化的碳水化合物（可發(fā)酵的碳水化合物）Extra carbohydrate (included only in the calculation of FEdr for gestant sows and takes into account the fact that gestant sows digest 18% of what is indigestible for finishers)多余的碳水化合物（只包括在計算妊娠母豬的營養(yǎng)需要和考慮妊娠母豬只能消化相對于育肥豬可消化的多余碳水化合物的18）Energy loss in connection with digestion (2.8 KJ per g indigestible dry matter at ileum)與消化 有關(guān)的能量損耗（2.8兆焦/克在回腸中的未消化干物質(zhì)）The protein evaluation system is based on standardised ileal digestibility for each amino acid.蛋白質(zhì)的評價體系基礎(chǔ)是每種氨基酸的標準回腸可消化力。In the old feed evaluation system, the content of feed units is calculated as follows:在舊的營養(yǎng)體系中，飼料單位的含量是按照下列公式計算的。Amino acids氨基酸The standards in tables 1 to 4 denote the minimum content estimated to be necessary to ensure an optimum production. The standards for weaners, growers and finishers are based on approximate ad libitum. All amino acids are stated per feed unit in the old feed evaluation system (FUp) and the new feed evaluation system (FEsv and FEdr).表1至表4中的氨基酸標準表示確保最佳的生產(chǎn)性能必需最低估計含量。斷奶仔豬、生長豬和育肥豬的氨基酸標準基于自由采食。所有的氨基酸含量按照舊的營養(yǎng)體系（FUp）和新的營養(yǎng)體系（Fesv和FEdr）進行表示。The standards were revised in:營養(yǎng)標準的修訂時間表1990:The standards for the first five amino acids were revised on the basis of the latest weaner trials.按照最近的斷奶仔豬試驗，修訂了標準中的前五種氨基酸的含量。1991:The standards for male pigs were reduced by 10% on the basis of the latest Danish trials. Therefore there are no specific standards for male pigs.按照最近在丹麥的試驗，公豬的營養(yǎng)標準減少了10。至此，再沒有公豬的特殊營養(yǎng)標準。1996:Standards were established for the remaining six amino acids.建立了剩余的六種氨基酸的營養(yǎng)標準。1998:Standards were incorporated for use at phase feeding.建立了階段飼養(yǎng)的營養(yǎng)標準。2001:The standards for methionine, methionine + cystine, and threonine for sows were revised. Furthermore, the standards for leucine for weaners and growers, and for methionine for finishers were revised (cf. note LU0126).修訂了母豬的蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸胱氨酸和蘇氨酸的營養(yǎng)標準。另外，修訂了斷奶仔豬和生長豬的亮氨酸、以及育肥豬的蛋氨酸的營養(yǎng)標準。2002:The standards for threonine and tryptophan for weaners were changed. New amino acid standards and recommendations for minimum content of crude protein have been incorporated that apply to the new feed evaluation system introduced in the summer of2002 (cf. note LU0216). The amino acid standards are changed from apparent faecal digestible to standardised ileal digestible.修訂了斷奶仔豬的蘇氨酸和色氨酸的營養(yǎng)標準。綜合了新的氨基酸營養(yǎng)標準和最低粗蛋白的推薦含量，應(yīng)用于2002年夏季引進的新的營養(yǎng)標準。氨基酸的營養(yǎng)標準由表觀的糞便消化率改變?yōu)闃藴实幕啬c消化率。Table 1. Amino acid standardsfor sows, g dig. per feed unit表1、母豬的氨基酸營養(yǎng)標準，克（可消化的）/飼料單位Old feed evaluation system舊的營養(yǎng)評價體系New feed evaluation system新的營養(yǎng)評價體系Gestant妊娠L(fēng)actating*哺乳Gestant妊娠L(fēng)actating*哺乳Per FUpPer FUpPer FEdrPer FEsvLysine賴氨酸3.56.03.36.0Methionine蛋氨酸1.61.81.61.9Methionine + cystine蛋氨酸胱氨酸3.23.63.23.6Threonine蘇氨酸3.24.03.03.9Tryptophan色氨酸1.01.21.01.2Isoleucine異亮氨酸3.04.23.04.2Leucine亮氨酸2.66.92.67.0Histidine組氨酸1.22.41.22.5Phenylalanine苯丙氨酸1.83.41.93.6Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸3.76.93.67.0Valine纈氨酸3.75.13.55.0Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量9011090110* If it is not possible to reach an average feed intake in the lactation period of at least6.0 feed units per day, it may be necessary to increase the content of amino acids per feed unit by 8% for all amino acids.如果母豬在泌乳期的采食量不能達到每天至少6.0飼料單位的平均水平，就有必要將所有氨基酸的每飼料單位含量增加8。Table 2. Amino acid standards for weaners, g dig. per feed unit表2、斷奶仔豬的氨基酸營養(yǎng)標準，克（可消化）/飼料單位。Old feed evaluation system舊的營養(yǎng)評價體系New feed evaluation system新的營養(yǎng)評價體系A(chǔ)ge, weeks 周齡Weight interval, kg體重范圍，公斤3-56-95-89-205-119-3020-303-56-95-89-205-119-3020-30Lysine 賴氨酸10.810.29.89.210.810.29.89.2Methionine 蛋氨酸3.43.13.02.93.53.23.13.0Methionine + cystine蛋氨酸胱氨酸5.75.45.25.15.85.45.25.1Threonine 蘇氨酸6.5*6.2*6.1*5.7*6.5*6.1*6.0*5.6*Tryptophan 色氨酸1.91.81.71.61.91.81.71.6Isoleucine 異亮氨酸6.35.95.75.36.45.95.75.3Leucine 亮氨酸10.810.29.89.610.910.39.99.6Histidine 組氨酸3.53.33.23.13.63.33.33.1Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸5.95.65.45.26.15.85.65.3Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸酪氨酸11.911.210.810.312.111.310.910.3Valine 纈氨酸7.87.37.06.77.87.26.96.6Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量 155150150145155150150145* Please note that a trial with threonine is being carried out at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The results are expected to be published in June 2002, and the standard for threonine for weaners may be re-adjusted as a result of this trial 注：在丹麥農(nóng)業(yè)科技研究所進行了有關(guān)蘇氨酸的試驗。試驗結(jié)果預(yù)期在2002年6月發(fā)表，斷奶仔豬的蘇氨酸營養(yǎng)標準可能根據(jù)該試驗結(jié)果進行調(diào)整。Table 3. Amino acid standards for growers and finishers, g dig. per Fup表3、生長豬和育肥豬的氨基酸營養(yǎng)標準，克（可消化）/FupOld feed evaluation system 舊的營養(yǎng)評價體系Weight interval, kg體重范圍，公斤20-45 30-45 30-55 45-65* 25-100 55-75* 45-10055-10065-10075-100Lysine 賴氨酸8.57.87.67.37.16.96.76.5Methionine 蛋氨酸2.62.32.32.12.12.01.91.9Meth. + cyst.蛋氨酸胱氨酸5.04.64.64.24.24.03.83.8Threonine 蘇氨酸5.45.15.04.84.74.64.54.4Tryptophan 色氨酸1.51.41.41.41.41.31.31.2Isoleucine 異亮氨酸4.84.44.34.24.03.93.83.7Leucine 亮氨酸9.48.98.78.38.17.97.67.4Histidine 組氨酸3.12.82.72.62.62.52.42.3Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸4.84.44.34.24.03.93.83.7Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸酪氨酸9.78.98.78.38.17.97.67.4Valine 纈氨酸6.35.85.65.45.35.15.04.8Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量140135133130127125122118* The short weight intervals apply to phase feedingTable 4. Amino acid standardsfor growers and finishers, g dig. per Fesv表4、生長豬和育肥豬的氨基酸營養(yǎng)標準，克（可消化）/FEsvNew feed evaluation system 新的營養(yǎng)評價體系Weight interval, kg體重范圍，公斤20-4530-4530-5545-65*25-10055-75*45-10055-10065-10075-100Lysine 賴氨酸8.77.97.77.47.16.96.76.4Methionine 蛋氨酸2.72.42.42.22.22.12.02.0Meth. + cyst.蛋氨酸胱氨酸5.14.74.74.34.24.03.83.8Threonine 蘇氨酸5.45.15.04.74.64.54.44.3Tryptophan 色氨酸1.61.51.51.41.41.31.31.2Isoleucine 異亮氨酸5.04.64.44.34.14.03.93.8Leucine 亮氨酸9.79.18.98.58.38.07.77.5Histidine 組氨酸3.32.92.82.72.72.62.52.4Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸5.14.74.64.54.24.14.03.9Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸酪氨酸10.19.29.08.68.48.17.87.6Valine 纈氨酸6.35.85.65.45.35.04.94.7Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量140135133130127125122118* The short weight intervals apply to phase feeding 缺的體重范圍適用于階段飼養(yǎng)Tables 1 to 4 denote the minimum contents of crude protein. If these are met, one has generally ensured a sufficient supply of the last six amino acids that are normally not added in the form of synthetic amino acids. In diets with a lower content of proteins than stated in the standards, one must ensure that the standards for all eleven amino acids are met. If all these standards are not met, then there is no reason for adding e.g. lysine and methionine so that the standards for these two amino acids are met.表1至表4注明了粗蛋白的最少含量。如果日糧中的粗蛋白含量達到了標準中的最少含量，一般可以確保后六種氨基酸的供應(yīng)，不再添加合成的這六種氨基酸。如果日糧中的粗蛋白的含量低于營養(yǎng)標準中的含量，就必須確保這11種氨基酸達到營養(yǎng)標準的要求。如果不能達到營養(yǎng)標準的要求，也就沒有必要添加過多的氨基酸諸如賴氨酸和蛋氨酸以滿足營養(yǎng)標準。As an example of deficiency, table 5 shows the importance of a 5% deficiency of the first limiting amino acid.表5是一個氨基酸缺乏的例子，表示了第一限制性氨基酸缺乏5的重要性。Table 5. Importance of the first limiting amino acid (rule-of-thumb)表5、第一限制性氨基酸的重要性5% lower content than the requirement means:低于5的營養(yǎng)含量意味著Weaners, 7-25kg斷奶仔豬，7-25公斤Finishers, 25-95 kg育肥豬，25-95公斤Daily gain, g 日增重，克 14 15Increased feed consumption, FUp per kg gain增加飼料消耗，0.040.05Lean meat %, percentage unit瘦肉率- 0.3Minerals礦物質(zhì)The standards are stated as the pigs requirements plus a safety margin.In general it cannot be recommended to add minerals beyond the standard. This particularly applies to calcium, as calcium interacts with some of the micro minerals, which means that a high content of calcium thereby may obstruct the utilization of these micro minerals.礦物質(zhì)的營養(yǎng)標準為豬對礦物質(zhì)的需要量再加安全量。一般情況下，添加的礦物質(zhì)不要超過營養(yǎng)標準。尤其是鈣的含量，是因為鈣與一些微量元素互相影響，即鈣含量高會降低這些微量元素的吸收利用。The standards for minerals in tables6 and7 are denoted as total amount in the feed.表6和表7中的礦物質(zhì)營養(yǎng)標準為飼料中礦物質(zhì)元素的總量。The standards for digestible phosphorus and calcium for weaners and sows were last revised in 1997 and 2000, respectively. In 1998 phase feeding standards for phosphorus in the feed were incorporated. The standards for the other minerals were revised in May 1991.斷奶仔豬和母豬的可消化磷和鈣的營養(yǎng)標準分別在1997年和2000年修訂的，綜合了1998年磷的階段營養(yǎng)標準。其它礦物質(zhì)的營養(yǎng)標準于1991年5月修訂的。Table 6. Mineral standards for sows and weaners, total amount per feed unit. The standards are identical in both the new and old feed evaluation systems表6、母豬和斷奶仔豬的礦物質(zhì)營養(yǎng)標準，總量/飼料單位。新舊營養(yǎng)評價體系的礦物質(zhì)營養(yǎng)標準相同。Sows母豬Weaners 斷奶仔豬Gestant妊娠L(fēng)actating哺乳6-9 kg9-20 kg9-30 kg20-30Calcium, g 鈣，克7.08.07.08.58.58.5Dig. phosphorus, g可消化磷，克2.22.73.23.23.22.9Sodium, g鈉，克1.51.51.51.51.51.5Chloride, g 氯，克2.52.52.52.52.52.5Potassium, g 鉀，克2.52.52.52.52.52.5Magnesium, g 鎂，克0.40.40.40.40.40.4Iron, mg 鐵，毫克8080150(1)150(1)150(1)150(1)Copper, mg 銅，毫克666666Manganese, mg 錳，毫克404040404040Zinc, mg 鋅，毫克100100100100100100Iodine, mg 碘，毫克0.20.20.20.20.20.2Selenium, mg(2) 硒，毫克0.20.20.350.350.350.351) Hereof at least 100 mg easily soluble iron salt. 至少100毫克易溶鐵鹽(2) According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, mixes must not contain more than 0.5 mgselenium per kg complete diet as a maximum. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that one can add from 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium per feed unit. 按照丹麥飼料法律，混和飼料硒的含量不能超過0.5毫克/公斤全價飼料。根據(jù)日糧的組成，硒的添加量為0.2-0.35毫克/飼料單位。As the content of digestible phosphorus in the feed cannot yet be controlled,the feeds content of digestible phosphorus should be assessed on the basis of the total content of phosphorus. Table 8 shows the guiding minimum content of total phosphorus. 由于不能控制飼料中的可消化磷的含量，應(yīng)根據(jù)飼料中總磷的含量估計可消化磷的含量。表8中磷的含量為最低總磷含量。Table 7. Mineral standards for growers and finishers, total amount per feed unit. The standards are identical in the new and the old feed evaluation systems.表7、生長豬和育肥豬礦物質(zhì)營養(yǎng)標準，總量/飼料單位。新舊營養(yǎng)評價體系的礦物質(zhì)營養(yǎng)標準相同。20-45 kg30-45 kg25-100 kg45-100 kg65-100 kgCalcium, g 鈣，克8.07.57.07.06.5Dig. phosphorus, g可消化磷，克2.62.32.22.12.0Sodium, g 鈉，克1.51.51.51.51.5Chloride, g 氯，克2.52.52.52.52.5Potassium, g 鉀，克2.52.52.52.52.5Magnesium, g 鎂，克0.40.40.40.40.4Iron, mg 鐵，毫克8080808080Copper, mg 銅，毫克66666Manganese, mg 錳，毫克4040404040Zinc, mg 鋅，毫克100100100100100Iodine, mg 碘，毫克0.20.20.20.20.2Selenium, mg(1) 硒，毫克0.20.20.20.20.2According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, mixes must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet as a maximum. Depending on the composition of the feed, this means that one can add from 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium per FUp.按照丹麥飼料法律，混和飼料硒的含量不能超過0.5毫克/公斤全價飼料。根據(jù)日糧的組成，硒的添加量為0.2-0.35毫克/飼料單位Table 8. Guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in complete diets to which phytase has been added, g per feed unit (when using traditional grain mixes and aphosphorus source with a 67% digestibility).The prerequisite is addition of the following amounts of phytase: 300 FTU (Natufos) or 375 FTU (Ronozyme) to home-mixed feed and 500 FTU (Natufos) or 625 FTU (Ronozyme) to heat-treated, ready-mixed feed.表8、添加了植酸酶的全價飼料中的總磷的最低含量，克/飼料單位（為使用傳統(tǒng)谷物且含消化率為67的磷）。先決條件是按照下列要求添加植酸酶：家庭混合飼料添加300 FTU (Natufos)或者375 FTU (Ronozyme)，混合好的要制粒的飼料添加500 FTU (Natufos) 或者625 FTU (Ronozyme)。Complete diet with phytase添加了植酸酶的全價料Weaners, 6-30 kg 斷奶仔豬，630公斤5.5 g per FUpGrowers and finishers, 30-100 kg 生長育肥豬，30100公斤4.1 g per FUpGestant sows 妊娠母豬4.0 g per FUpLactating sows 哺乳母豬4.8 g per FUpVitamins維生素The standards were revised in 1990. Besides the pigs minimum requirements, a safety margin is incorporated in the standards. This means that regard has been made to the production conditions applying in practice.維生素的營養(yǎng)標準是在1990年修訂的。另外，綜合了豬的維生素最少需要量和安全量。這就考慮了應(yīng)用于實踐的生產(chǎn)條件。Contrary to the standards for minerals, the standards for vitamins are denoted in added amounts without regard to the content of vitamins of the basis feed (cf. table 9). This is due to the fact that the feedstuffs natural content of vitamins varies greatly simultaneously with a generally low accessibility. It cannot be recommended to add vitamins beyond the standard.與礦物質(zhì)營養(yǎng)標準相反，維生素的營養(yǎng)標準為沒有考慮基礎(chǔ)飼料中的維生素的含量的添加量（見表9）。主要是因為飼料中的天然維生素變化很大并且通常可利用性低。建議維生素的添加量不要超過營養(yǎng)標準。Vitamin E維生素EThe standard for vitamin E may deviate from the established standard. If adding more than 4% fat and/or fat with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, 55 mg vitamin E should be added per feed unit. This is due to the fact that in the organism vitamin E helps protecting fat against oxidation whereby the vitamin itself is decomposed. When feeding stress-sensitive pigs, it is recommended to have up to 100 mg vitamin E per feed unit.維生素E的營養(yǎng)標準可以偏離已確定的營養(yǎng)標準。如果飼料中添加多于4%的脂肪或者不飽和脂肪酸含量高的脂肪，每飼料單位應(yīng)添加55毫克維生素E。主要原因是在生物體內(nèi)維生素E可以防止脂肪氧化，因此分解了維生素。當(dāng)飼養(yǎng)應(yīng)激敏感的豬，建議每飼料單位添加100毫克的維生素E。Table 9. Vitamin standards for pigs, added amount per FUp and per FEdr/FEsv. The standards are identical in both the new and the old feed evaluation systems.表9、維生素營養(yǎng)標準，添加量為每Fup和每Fedr/FEsv Breeding stockWeaners3-5 weeksApprox. 6-9 kg Weaners 5-10 weeksApprox. 9-30 kg Finishers 25-100 kgA-vit., i.e.8000800050004000D3-vit., i.e.800800500400E-vit., mg*36363636K3-vit., mg2222Thiamine (B1), mg2222Riboflavin (B2), mg5442Pyridoxine (B6), mg3333Niacin, mg20202020Biotin, mg0.20.20.20.05D-Pantothensyre, mg15101010Folic acid, mg1,5000Vit. B12, mcg20202020