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1、第8講 非謂語動詞與with復合結構 1. The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itself. (2011湖南卷21) A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed 【解析】選C。主語the ability 為“能力”,抽象名詞。通常使用動詞不定式作定語。句意:表達思想的能力與思想本身同等重要。我們也可以聯(lián)想到be able to do “能夠干”而得出答案。 2. The players _ from the whole country are expec
2、ted to bring us honor in this summer game. (2011湖南卷23) A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected 【解析】選C。select 與the players 間有動賓關系。因此select用過去分詞形式表被動完成。句意:從整個國家挑選出來的運動員有望在今年的夏季運動會給我們帶來榮譽。 考點1.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語_ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (2011遼寧卷30) A. Gather
3、 B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering 【解析】選C。 句子主語是the tourists, gather和tourists存有邏輯上的主謂關系,因此用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。非謂語動詞 1. Its adj. for / of sb. to do sth.句型中的不定式的邏輯主語為“sb.”。 2. 非謂語動詞作狀語時,他們的邏輯主語一般就是句子的主語。當非謂語動詞的動作由句子主語發(fā)出時,非謂語動詞用主動形式;當非謂語動詞的動作是句子主語所承受時,用過去分詞或不定式、動詞的ing形式的被動形式。 3. “代詞主格或名詞的普通格 非謂語動詞”構成獨立
4、主格結構。非謂語動詞邏輯主語為代詞或名詞。 4動名詞復合結構由“物主代詞或名詞所有格動名詞”構成獨立主格結構。這種結構既可用作主語,也可用作賓語,但作賓語時,還可用代詞賓格或名詞普通格動名詞結構。 5不定式的復合結構:for sb. to do sth.。 考點2.獨立成分作狀語_you the truth, I feel like _ to bed now.A. Telling; going B. To tell; going C. Telling; to go D. To tell; to go 【解析】選B。to tell you the truth作獨立成分;like是介詞,其后跟動名
5、詞作賓語。 非謂語動詞作獨立成分的有: judging by/ from, provided/ providing, given, to be true, to tell you the truth等。考點3.非謂語動詞的時態(tài)例1:Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left. (2011陜西卷14) A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked 【解析】選D。Claire在飛機起飛之前的一小時讓人把行李檢查了。have sth. done讓某人做某事??键c3.非謂語動詞的時態(tài)例2:The
6、 next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. (2011新課標卷27) A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen 【解析】選B。句意:他接下來看見的事是從房子后面正冒著煙?,F(xiàn)在分詞rising表動作正在進行,和修飾詞smoke間有主謂關系。rising from behind the house現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語。 動詞不定式一般表示在謂語動作之后的事情,要表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前的事情,須用不定式的完成式;動詞的ing形式一般表示與謂語動詞動作同時進行的動作,若要表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞所
7、表示的動作之前的事情,須用動詞的ing形式的完成式。 考點4.非謂語動詞的句法功能 1. 作主語、表語: 動名詞表示一般性、經(jīng)常性的動作。不定式表示一次性的動作。動名詞、不定式作主語常用it作其形式主語,但no use, no good作表語時,真正主語常用動名詞。 2. 作賓語: (1)有些動詞只跟動名詞作賓語 常用的這類動詞有: mind, finish, enjoy, excuse, imagine, keep, practice, suggest, miss, consider, prevent, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, admit, del
8、ay, escape, permit, forbid等。 (2)有些動詞只跟不定式作賓語 常用的這類動詞有: want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, beg, demand, manage, offer, prepare, claim, struggle等。 (3)remember, forget, regret后接動名詞和不定式的區(qū)別:后接動名詞表示先于謂語動詞的動作;后接不定式表示后于謂語動詞的動作。 (4)want, need, require和deserve
9、后接動名詞和不定式的用法:當它們后面所接的動詞與句子的主語是動賓關系時,用動名詞的主動式或不定式的被動式。 (5)在try, stop, mean, go on, cant help后,用動名詞和不定式所表達的含義不同,要注意: try doing sth. 試著做某事try to do sth. 盡力做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下來做另一件不同的事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做剛做的事go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事cant h
10、elp doing sth. 情不自禁做某事cant help (to) do sth. 不能幫助做某事3. 作賓語補足語: 例1: Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams. (2011重慶卷33) A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind 【解析】選C。keep himself reminded of his own dreams(姚明的圖片)使他想起自己的夢想。過去分詞 reminded作賓補。 例2:
11、 Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. (2011浙江卷14) A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost 【解析】選B??梢詮膌ost for words. (欲言又止;迷失語言)這一習語來理解。動詞lose的基本義是“使迷路”,引申義是“使沉溺于”(使動用法容易被考生忽略),與邏輯主語themselves的關系是被動,只有選項B滿足。 熟悉并掌握哪些動詞或短語如advise, allow, like, wish, want, help等須接不定式作賓語補足語;哪些動詞
12、或短語如find, suggest, lead to等可接動詞的ing形式作賓語補足語;哪些動詞或短語如feel, see, watch, hear, have 等既可接動詞的ing形式又可接過去分詞作賓語補足語;何時用主動形式作賓語補足語,何時用被動形式或過去分詞作賓語補足語,一般由非謂語動詞與賓語的關系確定。4. 作定語: 例1:On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.(2011江西卷32) A. says B.
13、said C. saying D. to say 【解析】選C。saying作后置定語修飾a phone call from his wife來自他妻子的一個電話說。4. 作定語: 例2:Tsinghua University, _ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (2011福建卷23) A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded 【解析】選C。過去分詞founded(成立于)作非限制性定語修飾Tsinghua University(清華大學)。 (1)
14、注意非謂語動詞的形式,不定式作定語一般用主動式,只有當不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語或賓語時,才用被動式;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示主動意義,動作正在進行;過去分詞一般表示被動、完成含義。 (2) 非謂語動詞的位置:非謂語動詞短語作定語時,都要放在所修飾的詞之后;單個的動詞的ing形式或過去分詞作定語時,一般放在所修飾的詞之前。不及物動詞的不定式作定語,與修飾的名詞構成動賓關系時,不及物動詞后面的介詞不能丟。 5. 不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語的區(qū)別: 不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞都能表示結果,其區(qū)別是:不定式一般表示出乎意料的結果,不定式前常用only修飾;而動詞的ing形式表示自然或必然的結果。 More hi
15、ghways have been built in China, _ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (2011陜西卷20) A. making B. made C. to make D. having made 【解析】選A。句意:在中國更多的公路已被修建,這樣使得人們從一個地方到另一個地方更為容易。making分詞短語表意料之中的結果。若是only to make則表示意料之外的結果。 考點5.不定式to的省略 1. 動詞see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observ
16、e, look at, listen to, let, have, make 接不定式作賓補時,不定式的to須省略,但句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,不定式的to不能省略。 2. why, would rather, had better, may as well, cannot (help / choose) but等后須跟省to的不定式。 3. 介詞but, except等前若有行為動詞do, 其后常用省to的不定式作賓語;若沒有行為動詞do, 則用帶to的不定式。 4. 不定式作表語時,若主語中有行為動詞do 的某一形式時,不定式的to可有可無。例1: It was a pity that the
17、famous painter died _ his painting unfinished. A. of B. fromC. out D. with 【解析】選D。本題考查with復合結構充當狀語的用法,不是詞組die of, die from和die out。 with復合結構 例2:With his mother _ him, he is getting on well with his work. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped 【解析】選C。這是with的復合結構, his mother與help是邏輯上的主謂關系,所以排除D, 如選B則
18、有將來的意思,顯然不合語境,選C表示“他媽一直在幫他”, 正合句意。 with 復合結構在句中一般作狀語和定語,常見形式有:1“with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語”。The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm. 2. “with+名詞/代詞+形容詞”。He likes to sleep with the door open. 3. “with+名詞/代詞+副詞”。The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on. 4. “with+名詞/代詞+名詞”。He le
19、ft home, with his wife a hopeless soul. 5. “with+名詞/代詞+done”。在此結構中,過去分詞和賓語是被動關系,表示動作已經(jīng)完成。With the problem solved, he went out to play. 6. “with+名詞/代詞+ing分詞”。此結構強調(diào)名詞是ing分詞的動作的發(fā)出者或某動作、狀態(tài)正在進行。He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 7. “with+賓語+to do”。此結構中,不定式和賓語是被動關系,表示尚未發(fā)生的動作。 With nothing to do, Ill go out for a walk in the park.