單片機畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯1

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1、英文文獻(xiàn)Single-chipSCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control.Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on

2、a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTELsZ80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit micro

3、controller early or4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial co

4、ntrol field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely

5、used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 30

6、0MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end model only 10 dollars.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operatin

7、g system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the appl

8、ication. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip.Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a m

9、ouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing th

10、e sum, or even more than the number of human beingsSingle chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip.Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. Gen

11、eral talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice.SCM and the computer functions internal

12、ly with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it . some contr

13、ol for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! It is primarily as a control section of the core componentsIt is an online real-time control computer, control-line is th

14、at the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is anot

15、her device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if

16、the 70s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest le

17、vel assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as h

18、ard as a mass storage device.A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PCs hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for

19、the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electric

20、ity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kind

21、s of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the hu

22、man brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can se

23、rve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too compli

24、cated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.The six important part of studying MCU: First, Bus:We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog c

25、ircuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device m

26、ust be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Zhong Each device Gongton

27、g access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is n

28、ot allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Devices data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or

29、 external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lin

30、es is called the address bus.Second, data, address, command.The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of 0 and 1 form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer

31、provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip

32、designer is good, can not be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must. Third, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use: Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second

33、 function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I / O

34、port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port used, so long as a A microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use of commands. In fact not as a general-purpose I / O port use is also

35、 not a no but (user) not as a general-purpose I / O port to use. You can arrange the order of a SETB P3.7s instructions, and when the MCU execution to the instruction, the also make P3.7 into a high, but users will not do so because this is usually will cause the system to collapse.Fourth, the progr

36、ams implementation:Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 , the process is always from the 0000 units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 this unit , and in 0000 unit must be stored in a single instruction. Five, the sta

37、ck: Stack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called advanced post out backward first out , and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that PUSH and POP ,

38、 has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution, SP on (in the Based on the original value) automatically add 1, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP will (on the basis of the original value) automatically by 1. As t

39、he SP values can be changed with the instructions, so long as the beginning of the process to change the value of the SP, you can set the stack memory unit required, such as the program begins, with an MOV SP, # 5FH instructions When set on the stack starting from the memory unit 60H unit. There is

40、always the beginning of the general procedure with such a directive to set the stack pointer, because boot, SP initial value of 07H, 08H This unit from the beginning to stack next, and 08H to 1FH 8031 is the second in the region, three or four working register area, often used, this will lead to con

41、fusion of data. Different authors when writing programs, initialize the stack is not exactly the same directive, which is the authors habit. When set up the stack zone, does not mean that the region become a special memory, it can still use the same memory region as normal, but generally the program

42、mer does not regard it as an ordinary memory used.中文翻譯單片機單片機也被稱為微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的縮寫MCU表示單片機，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。最早的設(shè)計理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個芯片中，使計算機系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計出的處理器，從此以后，單片機和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚鑣。 早期的單片機都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因為簡單可靠而

43、性能不錯獲得了很大的好評。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機，但因為性價比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機迅速取代16位單片機的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號出廠價格跌落至1美元，最高端的

44、型號也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機核心處理的高端單片機甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。 單片機比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實上單片機是世界上數(shù)量最多的計算機?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機械產(chǎn)品中都會集成有單片機。手機、電話、計算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機。而個人電腦中也會有為數(shù)不少的單片機在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺單片機在同時

45、工作！單片機的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過PC機和其他計算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。 單片機又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個計算機系統(tǒng)集成到一個芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個微型的計算機，和計算機相比，單片機只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺計算機。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機是了解計算機原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。 單片機內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比如CPU，內(nèi)存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過價錢也是低的，一般不超過10元即可.用它來做一些控制電器一

46、類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動滾筒洗衣機、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影！它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。 它是一種在線式實時控制計算機，在線式就是現(xiàn)場控制，需要的是有較強的抗干擾能力，較低的成本，這也是和離線式計算機的（比如家用PC）的主要區(qū)別。 單片機是靠程序運行的，并且可以修改。通過不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨特的一些功能，這是別的器件需要費很大力氣才能做到的，有些則是花大力氣也很難做到的。一個不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國50年代開發(fā)的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列這些純硬件來搞定的話，電路一定是一塊大PCB板！但是如果要是用美國70年代

47、成功投放市場的系列單片機，結(jié)果就會有天壤之別！只因為單片機的通過你編寫的程序可以實現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！ 由于單片機對成本是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級匯編語言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機器碼以上最低級的語言了，既然這么低級為什么還要用呢？很多高級的語言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？原因很簡單，就是單片機沒有家用計算機那樣的CPU，也沒有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲設(shè)備。一個可視化高級語言編寫的小程序里面即使只有一個按鈕，也會達(dá)到幾十K的尺寸！對于家用PC的硬盤來講沒什么，可是對于單片機來講是不能接受的。 單片機在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使

48、用。一樣的道理，如果把巨型計算機上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用PC上來運行，家用PC的也是承受不了的。 可以說，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個“電”的時代，即電氣時代、電子時代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時代。不過，這種電腦，通常是指個人計算機，簡稱PC機。它由主機、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計算機，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計算機就是把智能賦予各種機械的單片機（亦稱微控制器）。顧名思義，這種計算機的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路，即可進(jìn)行簡單運算和控制。因為它體積小，通常都藏在被控機械的“肚子”里。它在整個裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個裝置就癱瘓了。現(xiàn)在，這種單片機的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、

49、實時工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機，就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級換代的功效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞“智能型”，如智能型洗衣機等。現(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余電子開發(fā)者搞出來的某些產(chǎn)品，不是電路太復(fù)雜，就是功能太簡單且極易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機或其它可編程邏輯器件上。 單片機學(xué)習(xí)的六大重要部分：一、總線：我們知道，一個電路總是由元器件通過電線連接而成的，在模擬電路中，連線并不成為一個問題，因為各器件間一般是串行關(guān)系，各器件之間的連線并不很多，但計算機電路卻不一樣，它是以微處理器為核心，各器件都要與微處理器相連，各器件之間的工作必須相互協(xié)調(diào)，所以需

50、要的連線就很多了，如果仍如同模擬電路一樣，在各微處理器和各器件間單獨連線，則線的數(shù)量將多得驚人，所以在微處理機中引入了總線的概念，各個器件共同享用連線，所有器件的8根數(shù)據(jù)線全部接到8根公用的線上，即相當(dāng)于各個器件并聯(lián)起來，但僅這樣還不行，如果有兩個器件同時送出數(shù)據(jù)，一個為0，一個為1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？這種情況是不允許的，所以要通過控制線進(jìn)行控制，使器件分時工作，任何時候只能有一個器件發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)（可以有多個器件同時接收）。器件的數(shù)據(jù)線也就被稱為數(shù)據(jù)總線，器件所有的控制線被稱為控制總線。在單片機內(nèi)部或者外部存儲器及其它器件中有存儲單元，這些存儲單元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址當(dāng)

51、然也是以電信號的形式給出的，由于存儲單元比較多，所以，用于地址分配的線也較多，這些線被稱為地址總線。 二、數(shù)據(jù)、地址、指令：之所以將這三者放在一起，是因為這三者的本質(zhì)都是一樣的數(shù)字，或者說都是一串0和1組成的序列。換言之，地址、指令也都是數(shù)據(jù)。指令：由單片機芯片的設(shè)計者規(guī)定的一種數(shù)字，它與我們常用的指令助記符有著嚴(yán)格的一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系，不可以由單片機的開發(fā)者更改。地址：是尋找單片機內(nèi)部、外部的存儲單元、輸入輸出口的依據(jù)，內(nèi)部單元的地址值已由芯片設(shè)計者規(guī)定好，不可更改，外部的單元可以由單片機開發(fā)者自行決定，但有一些地址單元是一定要有的。 三、P0口、P2口和P3的第二功能用法：初學(xué)時往往對P0口、P

52、2口和P3口的第二功能用法迷惑不解，認(rèn)為第二功能和原功能之間要有一個切換的過程，或者說要有一條指令，事實上，各端口的第二功能完全是自動的，不需要用指令來轉(zhuǎn)換。如P3.6、P3.7分別是WR、RD信號，當(dāng)微片理機外接RAM或有外部I/O口時，它們被用作第二功能，不能作為通用I/O口使用，只要一微處理機一執(zhí)行到MOVX指令，就會有相應(yīng)的信號從P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令說明。事實上不能作為通用I/O口使用也并不是不能而是（使用者）不會將其作為通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一條SETB P3.7的指令，并且當(dāng)單片機執(zhí)行到這條指令時，也會使P3.7變?yōu)楦唠娖剑褂谜卟粫@么去做

53、，因為這通常會導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)的崩潰。四、程序的執(zhí)行過程：單片機在通電復(fù)位后8051內(nèi)的程序計數(shù)器（PC）中的值為0000，所以程序總是從0000單元開始執(zhí)行，也就是說：在系統(tǒng)的ROM中一定要存在0000這個單元，并且在0000單元中存放的一定是一條指令。 五、堆棧：堆棧是一個區(qū)域，是用來存放數(shù)據(jù)的，這個區(qū)域本身沒有任何特殊之處，就是內(nèi)部RAM的一部份，特殊的是它存放和取用數(shù)據(jù)的方式，即所謂的先進(jìn)后出，后進(jìn)先出，并且堆棧有特殊的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸指令，即PUSH和POP，有一個特殊的專為其服務(wù)的單元，即堆棧指針SP，每當(dāng)執(zhí)一次PUSH指令時，SP就（在原來值的基礎(chǔ)上）自動加1，每當(dāng)執(zhí)行一次POP指令，SP就（在

54、原來值的基礎(chǔ)上）自動減1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改變，所以只要在程序開始階段更改了SP的值，就可以把堆棧設(shè)置在規(guī)定的內(nèi)存單元中，如在程序開始時，用一條MOV SP，#5FH指令，就時把堆棧設(shè)置在從內(nèi)存單元60H開始的單元中。一般程序的開頭總有這么一條設(shè)置堆棧指針的指令，因為開機時，SP的初始值為07H，這樣就使堆棧從08H單元開始往后，而08H到1FH這個區(qū)域正是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器區(qū)，經(jīng)常要被使用，這會造成數(shù)據(jù)的混亂。不同作者編寫程序時，初始化堆棧指令也不完全相同，這是作者的習(xí)慣問題。當(dāng)設(shè)置好堆棧區(qū)后，并不意味著該區(qū)域成為一種專用內(nèi)存，它還是可以象普通內(nèi)存區(qū)域一樣使用，只是一般情況下編程者不會把它當(dāng)成普通內(nèi)存用了。