《職稱英語(yǔ) 理工A 閱讀理解、完型填空、新增文章 內(nèi)部講義 沖刺點(diǎn)睛資料【點(diǎn)睛】》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《職稱英語(yǔ) 理工A 閱讀理解、完型填空、新增文章 內(nèi)部講義 沖刺點(diǎn)睛資料【點(diǎn)睛】（58頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
1、王霞王霞 2015 職稱英語(yǔ) 理工 A 閱讀理解、完型填空、新增文章 沖刺資料2015 年職稱英語(yǔ) 理工類 A 級(jí) 點(diǎn)睛資料 內(nèi)部講義 目 錄閱讀理解+第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses +第三十五篇 Putting Plants to Work （2013 理工 B 真題）+第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning +第三十七篇 Dont Drink Alone Gets New Meaning +第三十八篇 Life Form Found on Saturns Titan（2012 真題）+
2、第三十九篇 Clone Farm+第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012 新增文章）+ 第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming + 第四十二篇 Renewable Energy Sources + 第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods（2013 理工 A 真題）+ 第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed + 第四十五篇 Small But Wise （2012 年真題）+ 第四十六篇 Ants have Big Impact o
3、n Environment as Ecosystem Engineers（2012 新增文章）+ 第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong + 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013 教材新增）+ 第四十九篇 U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars + 第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇 （2012 新增）Liquefaction Key to Much
4、of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇 （2012 新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇 （2012 新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters2015 年教材新增文章年教材新增文章20152015 年職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類的變動(dòng)比較小，一共只有年職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類的變動(dòng)比較小，一共只有 5 5 篇新增文章。篇
5、新增文章。20152015 年職稱英語(yǔ)年職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類新增的教材理工類新增的 5 5 篇文章，分布在閱讀理解和補(bǔ)全短文：閱讀理解理工篇文章，分布在閱讀理解和補(bǔ)全短文：閱讀理解理工 C C 和理工和理工 B B各新增一篇文章；補(bǔ)全短文理工各新增一篇文章；補(bǔ)全短文理工 A A、B B 和和 C C 各新增一篇文章。各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工類整體都沒(méi)完形填空理工類整體都沒(méi)有新增文章。有新增文章。20152015 年職稱英語(yǔ)教材新增文章的對(duì)比目錄如下年職稱英語(yǔ)教材新增文章的對(duì)比目錄如下：舊文章舊文章新增文章新增文章閱讀理解第九篇：EgyptFelled by Famine第九篇：第九篇：AnE
6、ssentialAnEssential ScientificScientific ProcessProcess理工C補(bǔ)全短文第五篇：TheMagic of Sound第五篇：第五篇：ARecord-BreakingARecord-Breaking RoverRover閱讀理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：第二十二篇：Real-WorldRobotsReal-WorldRobots理工B補(bǔ)全短文第九篇：Heat Is Killer第九篇：第九篇：LighteningStrikesLighteningStrikes理工A補(bǔ)全短文第十三篇：Sleeping Giant第十三篇：第十三篇
7、：AffectionateAndroidsAffectionateAndroids理工理工 A 復(fù)習(xí)說(shuō)明：復(fù)習(xí)說(shuō)明：2015 閱讀理解帶加號(hào)，重點(diǎn)要求閱讀理解帶加號(hào)，重點(diǎn)要求 17 篇，第篇，第 34-50 篇。這里注意下，第篇。這里注意下，第 35 篇篇 Putting Plants to Work（非（非 2013 新增文章）是新增文章）是 2013 年理工年理工 B 的真題，的真題，2014 年應(yīng)該不會(huì)考到。第年應(yīng)該不會(huì)考到。第 43 篇篇 Forecasting Methods（非（非 2013 新增文章）是新增文章）是 2013 年理工年理工 A 的真題，的真題，2014 應(yīng)該不會(huì)考
8、到。第應(yīng)該不會(huì)考到。第 40，,4 篇為篇為 2012新增未考，需要重點(diǎn)注意。重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)帶加號(hào)文章新增未考，需要重點(diǎn)注意。重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)帶加號(hào)文章 15 篇。篇。+第三十四篇第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses （病毒電池）（病毒電池）What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. Its no w
9、onder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is whats on peoples minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之處呢？這些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能夠在人與人之間傳染的微生物。難怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge，Massachusetts4, scientists have d
10、iscovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries. 然而，并不是每個(gè)人都躲避這些病毒攜帶者。在馬薩諸塞州劍橋市，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些病毒能起到非同尋常的作用。他們使病毒開始工作，使病毒構(gòu)成世界上最小的充電電池。Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, b
11、ut theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries，the scientists combine wha
12、t they know about biology，technology and production techniques.病毒和電池的搭檔似乎并不常見，但這對(duì)于工程師安吉拉貝爾徹來(lái)說(shuō)卻并不陌生。安吉拉貝爾徹最早產(chǎn)生了這一想法。在位于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。在由病毒構(gòu)成的電池里，科學(xué)家融合了他們?cè)谏?、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)工藝方面的知識(shí)。Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries，and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on
13、how to store energy in the form of a battery. Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature, says Hammond. 貝爾徹的團(tuán)隊(duì)包括幫助組裝微型電池的寶拉哈蒙德和以電池形式存儲(chǔ)能量的專家蔣業(yè)明。哈蒙德說(shuō)， “我們現(xiàn)在從事的行業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)中不會(huì)想到的。 ”Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A，C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like ba
14、tteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However，every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink，ordinary bakeries wont be small enough to fit inside. 許多電池已經(jīng)很小了。A 型、C 型和 D 型電池都可以握在手里。硬幣形狀的手表電池通常比
15、分幣還小。然而，個(gè)人音樂(lè)播放器和手機(jī)等新型電子設(shè)備變得越來(lái)越小。這些設(shè)備變小了，普通電池就無(wú)法安裝進(jìn)去了。The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now，Belchers model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery. But inside，its components are very small-so tiny you can only see the
16、m with a powerful microscope. 理想的電池應(yīng)當(dāng)體積小、儲(chǔ)能多?，F(xiàn)在，貝爾徹的電池模型是完全由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤，看起來(lái)就像普通手表電池。但里面的部件卻非常小小到用高倍望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能看到。How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin，right? Al
17、though the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7. 這些電池部件到底有多小呢？從頭上拔一根頭發(fā)，把它放到白紙上，看看頭發(fā)的寬度是不是很細(xì)呢？盡管每個(gè)人的頭發(fā)寬度不同，每個(gè)頭發(fā)上可以并列排放大約 10 個(gè)病毒電池部件。這些為
18、電池能會(huì)改變我們對(duì)病毒的看法。詞匯： chicken pox 水痘 collaborator n.合作者，協(xié)作者 microorganism n.微生物 pluck v.拔，摘，采 metallic adj.金屬的 注釋：注釋： 1.no wonder：不足為奇的，難怪 2.steer clear of：避開，繞開 3.though：意思為“然而，可是”。在句中使用時(shí)通常放在句末。4.Cambridge，Massachusetts：馬薩諸塞州的劍橋市。本文第三段提到的 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge 即指坐落
19、于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院。麻省理工學(xué)院于 1861年由著名自然科學(xué)家威廉巴羅吉杰斯創(chuàng)立。這是美國(guó)的一所私立研究型大學(xué)，培養(yǎng)高級(jí)科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科為主的、世界一流的綜合性大學(xué)。5.came up with：提出6.A，C and D batteries：A、C、D 均為電池型號(hào)。 7.These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：這些微型電池可能會(huì)改變我們看待病毒的方式。作者想表達(dá)的意思是：人們一直認(rèn)為病毒有害無(wú)益，現(xiàn)在病毒可用來(lái)制作電池，人們對(duì)病毒的看法可能會(huì)因此而發(fā)生變化。 練習(xí)：練習(xí)： 1.According
20、 to the first paragraph，people try to A.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc. B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible. C.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases. D.cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines. 2.Wha
21、t is Belchers team doing at present? A.It is finding ways to get rid of viruses. B.It is mass-producing microbatteries. C.It is making batteries with viruses. D.It is analyzing virus genes. 3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word shrink appearing in paragraph 5 ? A.Broaden. B.Spre
22、ad. C.Extend. D.Expand. 4.Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6? A.It is made of metal. B.It is a kind of watch battery. C.It can only be seen with a microscope. D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it. 5.How tiny is one battery part? A.Its width is one t
23、enth of a hair. B.It equals the width of a hair. C.It is as thin as a piece of paper. D.Its width is too tiny to measure. 答案與題解：答案與題解：1.C 短文第一段的大致意思是，許多疾病都由病毒引起，諸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人們想盡辦法躲避病毒。這是 C 所表達(dá)的意思。A 不是正確選擇，因?yàn)槲恼虏](méi)有說(shuō)人們想方設(shè)法去殺死病毒。B 的后半句的內(nèi)容(病毒肉眼看不見)和 D 的內(nèi)容(吃藥治療病毒引起的疾病)文中沒(méi)有提到。 2.C 短文的第二段明確提供了答案。3.D 根據(jù)上下文
24、，shrink 在此的意思是“收縮，即“縮小。所以，它的反義詞是 expand(增大，擴(kuò)張)。C 不是正確選擇，因?yàn)?extend 的意思是 become longer，即“延伸”或“加長(zhǎng)。A 的意思是“加寬”，也不是答案。B 的意思是“伸展，展開，在一定的上下文里也可以做 shrink 的反義詞，但在第五段這個(gè)語(yǔ)境里，B 不是最佳選擇。4.D 第六段第二句中提到的 metallic disk 是指“金屬圓盤”，它是微型電池的外形，其內(nèi)部是由病毒構(gòu)成的電池部件。微型電池不是由金屬組成的，所以 A 不是答案。本段提到，這種電池 looks like a regular watch battery
25、，與手表里電池外形相似，但并不等同手表電池，所以 B 也不是正確選擇。文章只是說(shuō)電池的部件(但并沒(méi)有說(shuō)整個(gè)電池)小到只能用顯微鏡才能看到，所以 C 也不是正確的選擇。D 才是第六段所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，因此是答案。 5.A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本題的答案。返回+第三十五篇第三十五篇 Putting Plants to Work （植物效能植物效能 2013 理工理工 B 真題）真題）Using
26、the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts : Theyve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.太陽(yáng)能的使用已經(jīng)不足為奇。幾十年前，人們就開始使用太陽(yáng)能計(jì)算器，制造太陽(yáng)能電熱板鑲嵌的建筑。但是植物當(dāng)屬應(yīng)用太陽(yáng)能的專家：十億年來(lái)，植物一直把陽(yáng)光
27、作為能源資源。Ceils in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into1 sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult and expensive to c
28、onvert sunlight into storable energy. Thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.綠葉植物細(xì)胞的工作就像微型加工廠一樣，將陽(yáng)光，二氧化碳和水轉(zhuǎn)化為糖和淀粉，并且同時(shí)儲(chǔ)存植物本身所需的能量。這種轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程叫做光合作用?？上悴皇且恢曛参?，必須困難的并且花上大價(jià)錢將陽(yáng)光轉(zhuǎn)換為穩(wěn)定的能源。因此，科學(xué)家們正在對(duì)植株進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確細(xì)致的研究。Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that
29、 act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Mafia Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo. 2, is working with green algae3. Shes trying to trick them into producing hydrogen4 instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once
30、the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel Cells in cars or to generate electricity.一些科學(xué)家正試圖像植物的作用過(guò)程一樣，將植物，或生物的細(xì)胞活動(dòng)看做微型光合發(fā)電站。例如，瑪麗亞奇若蒂在美國(guó)科羅拉多州的國(guó)家可再生能源實(shí)驗(yàn)室里對(duì)綠藻進(jìn)行研究。她正想方設(shè)法的通過(guò)植物的產(chǎn)生氫來(lái)取代光合作用產(chǎn)生的糖。一旦研究人員了解藻類如何有效率的進(jìn)行工作，由此產(chǎn)生的氫氣可用于燃料電池動(dòng)力汽車和
31、發(fā)電。The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. Ghirardi says. For example
32、, algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment. Its the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，藻類生長(zhǎng)通過(guò)狹窄的頸玻璃瓶生產(chǎn)氫氣的環(huán)境下。在光合作用下，植物通常產(chǎn)生糖類或淀粉。奇若蒂說(shuō)：“但在一定條件下，有很多藻類能夠利用日光能源產(chǎn)生氫氣而不是儲(chǔ)存淀粉。 ”例如，藻類會(huì)在空氣存在環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生氫氣。這是因?yàn)榭諝庵械难鯕?，氧阻止綠藻制造氫。Working in an air free environm
33、ent, however, is difficult. Its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.藻類在空氣中雖然可以工作，但是充滿困難
34、。這種方式不能切實(shí)可行的生產(chǎn)廉價(jià)的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使在目前的空氣條件下，他們從藻類生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境中，除去所謂的硫酸化學(xué)品，能夠產(chǎn)生氫來(lái)代替糖。Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from alg
35、ae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.只可惜消除硫酸鹽不僅使藻類細(xì)胞的工作速度減慢，而且大大減少了氫的數(shù)量。盡管如此，研究人員認(rèn)為，對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)有效率的利用藻類產(chǎn)生氫這一目標(biāo)，他們已經(jīng)邁出了第一步。隨著工作量的加大，他們可以加速細(xì)胞的活動(dòng)，從而產(chǎn)生大量的氫氣。The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The orga
36、nisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. Theres a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. 研究人員們希望，總有一天藻類會(huì)成為很容易使用的燃料來(lái)源。藻類這種生物極易存活，他們可以在幾乎任何地方成長(zhǎng)。奇若蒂說(shuō)，：“你可以將它放在一反應(yīng)堆或是池塘
37、里，也可以在海洋中找到它們，人們可以靈活的使用藻類的用途廣泛。 ”詞匯:panel n. 嵌板，發(fā)熱板，儀器板 miniature adj. 口巧.微型的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 algae n. 水藻，海藻starch n. 淀粉 sulfate n. 硫酸鹽，硫酸酯photosynthesis n. 光合作用注釋:1. convert., into. : 將轉(zhuǎn)換為2. Colo. : Colorado，(美國(guó)科羅拉多州)的縮寫形式3. Green algae: 綠藻4.trick them into producing hydrogen: 想方設(shè)法使它們產(chǎn)生氫。trick 作
38、為動(dòng)詞，有“欺騙、哄騙”的意思，但是在這里的意思是“設(shè)法”或“采取措施”。練習(xí)：1. What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy?A) Plants are the real experts in producing solar energy.B) Plants have been used to produce solar energy.C) Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.D) Plants have been a source
39、 of solar energy.2. Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches?A) Because they want algae to produce sugars and starches.B) Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.C) Because they want to turn plant sugars to a
40、new form of energy.D) Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient.3. According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen?A) When there is a lot of oxygen in the air.B) When there is no oxygen in the air.C) When photosynthesis is tak
41、ing place.D) When enough starch is stored.4. Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty?A) It is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment.B) It is not possible to work in an airfree envir
42、onment to produce hydrogen.C) It is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen.D) It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5. What is NOT true of algae?A) They are easy to grow.B) They can be a very good fuel source.C) They are cheap to eat.D) They can be used in man
43、y ways.答案與題解：1.C 根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句的意思，c 是正確選擇：植物從來(lái)就利用陽(yáng)光作為能源。2.B 文章的第三段說(shuō)，科學(xué)家企圖將植物或植物類生物細(xì)胞作為微型光合能源供應(yīng)站來(lái)研究，并舉例說(shuō)，他們正在用綠藻進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，若成功，綠藻所產(chǎn)生的氫將可用來(lái)為汽車的燃料電池充電。所以答案是 B。3.B 文章第四段告訴我們：algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment.沒(méi)有空氣的情況肯定就沒(méi)有氧氣了。該段最后一句又說(shuō)，是氧阻止綠藻制造氫。4.D 選項(xiàng) A、B 都不是正確答案，因?yàn)槎涛牡牡诹胃嬖V我們，remove sulfate 和
44、 work in an air free environment 都是可能的，但問(wèn)題是兩者都有弊端，使氫的制造不那么容易。D 所述內(nèi)容就是困難之一：綠藻細(xì)胞因?yàn)闆](méi)有了 sulfate 而減緩工作速度，因此產(chǎn)生不了多少氫。5.C 根據(jù)短文最后一段的描述，綠藻可以在任何地方生長(zhǎng)，它們是很容易使用的燃料能源，而且用途廣泛，所以，A、B、C 都是正確的描述，不是答案。C 是答案，因?yàn)椤癟he organisms are cheap to get and to feed”中的 feed 是“養(yǎng)殖”的意思，不能解釋為“吃”。返回+第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landsl
45、ide Early Warning（聽覺(jué)儀器提供早期山崩預(yù)警）A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated, the scientists say. Such natural disasters are common
46、 in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion.英國(guó)研究者們正在測(cè)試一種儀器，它可以通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)土壤振動(dòng)提供早期山崩預(yù)告?？茖W(xué)家們說(shuō)，這種儀器通過(guò)警報(bào)某處有險(xiǎn)情需要撤離，每年可以拯救成千上萬(wàn)的生命。經(jīng)歷過(guò)驟降大雨，地震甚至土壤侵蝕的國(guó)家，山崩這樣的自然災(zāi)害是很常見的。Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start
47、 to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes, says Nell Dixon at Southborough University1, UK. He says a warning system that monitors this movement might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear
48、 a road, and save lives. 當(dāng)同一個(gè)山坡上的一些土壤或石塊開始移動(dòng)時(shí)，山崩就開始了，但早期很難發(fā)現(xiàn)。接著這個(gè)初始運(yùn)動(dòng)， “山坡在數(shù)分鐘或數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)變得不穩(wěn)定， ”英國(guó)拉夫堡大學(xué)尼爾迪克森說(shuō)。他說(shuō)，一個(gè)監(jiān)控這種運(yùn)動(dòng)的警報(bào)系統(tǒng)“足以疏散一個(gè)街區(qū)的人或清出一條馬路，拯救生命”。The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside d
49、irectly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can. however, change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. Now Dixons team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations cause
50、d when particles begin moving within a slope.監(jiān)視迫近的山崩，最常見的辦法就是觀察這座山形狀的變化。研究者們可以直接測(cè)量，也可以在鉆孔中或者地表面上探測(cè)山坡形狀的變化。可是，山坡改變形狀也未必就導(dǎo)致山崩。所以任何一種方法都可能導(dǎo)致誤警?，F(xiàn)在，迪克森的團(tuán)隊(duì)已發(fā)明了一種儀器，它在一個(gè)山坡內(nèi)的顆粒開始移動(dòng)時(shí)可以接收到振動(dòng)。The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled in with gravel aro
51、und the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent.這個(gè)儀器是鋼管形狀，探人山坡上的一個(gè)鉆孔中。鉆孔中儀器的四周填滿沙礫，
52、有助于傳導(dǎo)山坡內(nèi)顆粒產(chǎn)生的高頻振動(dòng)波。振動(dòng)波順著鋼管上傳，被地表傳感器接收。通過(guò)軟件分析振動(dòng)信號(hào)，判斷是否馬上要發(fā)生山崩。The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle2, UK. Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the
53、 device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous Slopes.目前這種儀器正在英國(guó)紐卡斯?fàn)栆蛔?6 米高人造石灰大壩中接受測(cè)試。先期結(jié)果顯示它比現(xiàn)有的儀器提供較少的判斷誤差。一旦這種儀器通過(guò)了認(rèn)真徹底的檢測(cè)，它將成為個(gè)完善的山崩早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)。 Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this, says Adam Poulter, an exp
54、ert at the British Red Cross. As long as it doesnt cost too much, But, Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own. You need to have the human communication, he says. Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. “受山崩嚴(yán)重威脅的地區(qū)一定會(huì)從這樣的儀器中得益， ”英國(guó)紅十字會(huì)
55、的專家艾登保特說(shuō)， “只要它不是太貴。 ”但是，保特又說(shuō)一個(gè)早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)本身并不足以防災(zāi)， “你需要建立人際交流， ”他說(shuō)，“使系統(tǒng)發(fā)射的預(yù)警送達(dá)到需要的人群是不容易的事。 ”41. What does Such natural disasters in the first paragraph refer to?A Sudden, heavy rainfall.B Earthquakes.C Water erosion.D Landslides.42. Which of the following statements is true of landslides?A The initial m
56、ovement is hard to spot.B They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.C They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.D All of the above.43. Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides?A Because the new device can measure the site directly.B Beca
57、use the new device can be sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground.C Because the common methods can cause false alarms.D Because the common methods are useless.44. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to Paragraph 4?A It is filled in with gravel.B It consists of a
58、steel pipe.C It is dropped into a borehole filled in with gravel.D It is connected to a sensor on the surface.45. According to the context, what does the word positives in the fifth paragraph mean?A Positive electric charges.B Evidences.C Warnings.D Predictions.答案與題解 :1. D 短文第一段的第一句告訴我們，英國(guó)研究人員正在測(cè)試一種
59、儀器，這種儀器可以通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)土攘的振動(dòng)來(lái)預(yù)警山崩。該段昀后一句說(shuō)，這種災(zāi)難經(jīng)常在一些遭受自然災(zāi)害的國(guó)家發(fā)生，這些自然災(zāi)害包括 sudden heavy rainfall 和 earthquakes 以及 water erosion。所以 D 是正確選擇。2. D A、B、C 的內(nèi)容都可在第二段中找到。所以 D 是正確答案。3. C 第三段的第一和第二句告訴我們，昀為普通的監(jiān)測(cè)山崩方法是對(duì)山披形狀變化的觀察，有兩種觀察方式：第三句說(shuō)，因?yàn)樯狡滦螤畹淖兓灰欢▽?dǎo)致山崩，所以兩種方法都會(huì)有虛假的預(yù)警。因此， C 是正確答案。4. A B、C、D 所述內(nèi)容都可在第四段中找到。 The borehole
60、is filled in with gravel around the pipe.在被鑿出的洞里填充沙礫，圍在鋼管四周。不是在鋼管里填充沙礫。所以 A 是錯(cuò)誤的說(shuō)法，是正確的選擇。5. B positives 在此用作名詞，意思是：被證實(shí)的因素或特點(diǎn)，可以理解為證據(jù)。返回+第三十七篇 Dont Drink Alone Gets New Meaning（不要在就餐時(shí)間以外飲酒有了新含義）In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcoh
61、ol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer. 一定程度上，這
62、對(duì)酒吧可能是一個(gè)壞消息，歐洲的一個(gè)研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)人們?cè)诰筒蜁r(shí)間以外飲酒會(huì)使患口腔和頸部癌癥的機(jī)率比就餐時(shí)飲酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso 和他的同事們研究了取自四項(xiàng)癌癥研究的 1,500 個(gè)病例的飲酒習(xí)慣模式和另外 3,500 個(gè)從沒(méi)患癌癥的成年人的飲酒習(xí)慣模式。After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals fac
63、ed at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites tra
64、ced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 在研究者分析了飲酒的總量后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)和只在就餐時(shí)飲酒的人相比，在就餐時(shí)間以外灌下大量烈酒的人面臨至少 50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危險(xiǎn)。在就餐時(shí)間外飲酒也會(huì)使患喉癌的可能性增加至少 20%?！氨谎芯空叩那闆r說(shuō)明大約 95%患以
65、上四種癌癥的原因就是抽煙或飲酒?！盌al Maso 說(shuō)。他的研究小組提供的報(bào)告令人沮喪的消息是就餐時(shí)飲酒不會(huì)消除患以上任何一種癌癥的危險(xiǎn)。For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a
66、week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of thos
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