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1、*第三八篇 Life Form Found on Saturns TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturns moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based for
2、m of life on Saturns biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings arebreathing inTitans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they s
3、ay,points to the existence of somebugs5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,says NASA scientist Chris McKay.If t
4、hese signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that gro
5、w well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titans surface a
6、nd much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Suns interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titans surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titans surface can very well
7、have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,Allen said. We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possibl
8、e non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results.詞匯：Saturn /stn/ n土星 methane/mi:ein/ n甲烷，沼氣Titan/taitn/ n土衛(wèi)六 acetylene/setili:n/ n乙炔alien/eiljn/ n外星人；adj外星球的；相異的 conservatism/kns:vtizm/ n保守主義,守舊注釋：1.hints of alien life：外星生命跡象。2.the Sa
9、turns moon：指土衛(wèi)六（Titan) 。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。3.NASA：美國國家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學(xué)家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、衛(wèi)星和磁場進行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號星際探測器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀(jì)發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船?！翱ㄎ髂帷碧栍昧藢⒔吣陼r間，在2004 年7月1日飛達土星軌道。5.b
10、ugs：微生物。非正式口語表達，所以使用了引號。6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對溫度”。Kelvin Scale ，絕對溫標(biāo)，開氏溫標(biāo)，是由Kelvin 勛爵于19世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當(dāng)于攝氏一273. 15 C ，被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為科學(xué)家使用。7.principal investigator：研究項目負(fù)責(zé)人8.rule out：排除的可能性練習(xí)：1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have foun
11、d methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturns moon.2. What do scientists say about Titan?A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain li
12、fe formls.3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What doesthis formof life refer to?A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A Scientists have different arguments over
13、 whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5. Which of the following can replace the title of this pas
14、sage?A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案與題解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學(xué)家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive
15、alien beings arebreathing in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，說明土衛(wèi)六（Titan）有生命跡象。因此A是答案。3. B this form of life 指的是土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。4.A科學(xué)家至今對土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點和解釋。Allen 說要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對Titan 上沒有生物的觀點做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。5.D該短文的主題是，科學(xué)家在土衛(wèi)六（ Titan
16、 ）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學(xué)家還未能最后驗證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching AnxietyIn a new study a
17、bout the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at theUniversity of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her f
18、emale students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teache
19、rs4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have ifthey were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to bedifficult to lea
20、rn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word anxiety to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influencehow her female students feel about math.
21、 The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- andsecond-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether
22、 the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got
23、nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing w
24、hether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in needof replicat
25、ion with a larger sample6, said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.詞匯：snowball /snub:l/雪球；滾雪球式增長的事 replication/replikein/ n 重復(fù)，復(fù)現(xiàn)superstar/sju:psta:/ n超級明星練習(xí)：1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大學(xué)。位于美國伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1891 年。2. keep getting math-anxious female teach
26、ers：一直由對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)。此處getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對數(shù)學(xué)沒有自信的心理狀態(tài)。另見第三段最后一句對anxiety的解釋。3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在數(shù)學(xué)成就上的雪球效應(yīng)。其含義是：在數(shù)學(xué)上越來越?jīng)]有信心。4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。End up doing something：最終會做某事5. sales receipt：銷售清單6. in ne
27、ed of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進行重復(fù)驗證。replication在量化實證研究中的意思是“重復(fù)（實驗）”。7. the University of Missouri：密蘇里大學(xué)。位于密蘇里州，是美國一所公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1839年。練習(xí)：1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?A Girls comfortable with their own math skil
28、ls are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills.D Female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills.2. What is implied in the thi
29、rd paragraph?A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers lik
30、e to teach it.3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they feltA nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales
31、 report.4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findingsA prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students mathachievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than femalestudents.C provide strong evidence that ma
32、th superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements.5. David Geary thinks thatA the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a
33、 larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.答案與題解：1.D 該段告訴我們女教師的想法（what female teachers think）和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)（what femalestudents learn）之間有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)度，也就是說，女教師如果對自己的數(shù)學(xué)技能沒有自信，她的女學(xué)生很可能相信男孩子會在數(shù)學(xué)方面超過女孩子。2.B 第三段的大意是，數(shù)學(xué)對任何人來
34、說都可能有難度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同學(xué)生，教師也會覺得數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的焦慮。所以，可以推斷，作者是要告訴我們，教師會因為數(shù)學(xué)這門學(xué)科的難度而對教授該課程不自信。其他選項都不是該段所要表達的內(nèi)容。3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers askedthe teachers how they felt at times when they came acr
35、oss math,such as when reading a salesreceipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意為“記住數(shù)字”；saving the numbers意為“保存數(shù)字”；filling in the numbers意為“陸續(xù)編入數(shù)字”，而且文中沒有提到a sales report；它們均不是答案。4.A 短文的第六段是對前一段所述調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果的討論，即，男學(xué)生較少受對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師影響，而那些數(shù)學(xué)成績較低的女生都有對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師（girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the e
36、nd-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有認(rèn)為男生數(shù)學(xué)肯定比女生強的女生，其數(shù)學(xué)教師都是有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮感的女教師（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。D所以不是正確的選擇，因為只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。5.B 根據(jù)David Geary的說法，實驗結(jié)果還是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的樣本對其進行重復(fù)驗證（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他沒有認(rèn)為該實驗的過程不可靠，所以A不是正確選項；他認(rèn)為實驗樣本不夠大，所以D也不是正確選項。
職稱英語 理工類B級 閱讀理解 押題 小抄版【必考】
