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1、塔式起重機畢業(yè)論文中英文資料對照外文翻譯文獻綜述塔式起重機中英文資料對照外文翻譯文獻綜述塔式起重機動臂裝在高聳塔身上部的旋轉(zhuǎn)起重機。作業(yè)空間大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平輸送及建筑構(gòu)件的安裝。由金屬結(jié)構(gòu)、工作機構(gòu)和電氣系統(tǒng)三部分組成。金屬結(jié)構(gòu)包括塔身、動臂和底座等。工作機構(gòu)有起升、變幅、回轉(zhuǎn)和行走四部分。電氣系統(tǒng)包括電動機、控制器、配電柜、連接線路、信號及照明裝置等。塔式起重機簡稱塔機，亦稱塔吊，起源于西歐。據(jù)記載，第一項有關(guān)建筑用塔機專利頒發(fā)于1900 年。1905 年出現(xiàn)了塔身固定的裝有臂架的起重機，1923 年制成了近代塔機的原型樣機，同年出現(xiàn)第一臺比較完整的近代塔機。193
2、0 年當時德國已開始批量生產(chǎn)塔機，并用于建筑施工。1941 年，有關(guān)塔機的德國工業(yè)標準DIN8770 公布。該標準規(guī)定以吊載(t)和幅度(m)的乘積(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔機的起重能力。我國的塔機行業(yè)于20 世紀50 年代開始起步,相對于中西歐國家由于建筑業(yè)疲軟造成的塔機業(yè)的不景氣, 上海波赫驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)有限公司我國的塔機業(yè)正處于一個迅速的發(fā)展時期。從塔機的技術(shù)發(fā)展方面來看，雖然新的產(chǎn)品層出不窮，新產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)效能、操作簡便、保養(yǎng)容易和運行可靠方面均有提高，但是塔機的技術(shù)并無根本性的改變。塔機的研究正向著組合式發(fā)展。所謂的組合式，就是以塔身結(jié)構(gòu)為核心，按結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點，將塔身分解成若干部分，并依據(jù)
3、系列化和通用化要求，遵循模數(shù)制原理再將各部分劃分成若干模塊。根據(jù)參數(shù)要求，選用適當模塊分別組成具有不同技術(shù)性能特征的塔機，以滿足施工的具體需求。推行組合式的塔機有助于加快塔機產(chǎn)呂開發(fā)進度，節(jié)省產(chǎn)品開發(fā)費用，并能更好的為客戶服務。塔機分為上回轉(zhuǎn)塔機和下回轉(zhuǎn)塔機兩大類。其中前者的承載力要高于后者，在許多的施工現(xiàn)場我們所見到的就是上回轉(zhuǎn)式上頂升加節(jié)接高的塔機。按能否移動又分為：走行式和固定式。固定式塔機塔身固定不轉(zhuǎn)，安裝在整塊混凝土基礎(chǔ)上，或裝設(shè)在條形式X 形混凝土基礎(chǔ)上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。設(shè)備特點和安全裝置塔式起重機的動臂形式分水平式和壓桿式兩種。動臂為水平式時，載重小車沿水平動
4、臂運行變幅，變幅運動平衡，其動臂較長，但動臂自重較大。動臂為壓桿式時，變幅機構(gòu)曳引動臂仰俯變幅，變幅運動不如水平式平穩(wěn)，但其自重較小。為了確保安全，塔式起重機具有良好的安全裝置，如起重量、幅度、高度和載荷力矩等限制裝置，以及行程限位開關(guān)、塔頂信號燈、測風儀、防風夾軌器、爬梯護身圈、走道護欄等。司機室要求舒適、操作方便、視野好和有完善的通訊設(shè)備。塔式起重機的檢驗產(chǎn)要點1) 檢查金屬結(jié)構(gòu)情況特別是高強度的螺栓，它的連接表面應清除灰塵、油漆、沒跡和銹蝕，并且使用力矩手或?qū)Ｓ冒馐郑囱b配技術(shù)要求擰緊。2) 檢查各機構(gòu)傳動系統(tǒng)，包括各工作傳動機構(gòu)的軸承間隙是否合適，齒輪嚙合是不是良好及制動器是否靈敏。3
5、) 檢查鋼絲繩及滑輪的磨損情況，固定是否可靠。4) 檢查電氣元件是否良好，名接觸點的閉合程度，接續(xù)是否正確和可靠。5) 檢查行走輪與軌道接觸是否良好，夾軌鉗是否可靠。裝設(shè)附著裝置、內(nèi)爬裝置時，各連接螺栓及夾塊是否牢固可靠。常用塔機以下分幾個方面來具體介紹房建中常用的塔機。(一)、塔機的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)塔機的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)由起重臂、塔身、轉(zhuǎn)臺、承座、平衡臂、底架、塔尖等組成。起重臂構(gòu)造型式為小車變幅水平臂架，再往下分又有單吊點、雙吊點和起重臂與平衡臂連成一體的錘頭式小車變幅水平臂架。單吊點是靜定結(jié)構(gòu)，雙吊點是超靜定結(jié)構(gòu)。錘頭式小車變幅水平臂架，裝設(shè)于塔身頂部，狀若錘頭，塔身如錘柄，不設(shè)塔尖，故又叫平頭式。平頭
6、式的使結(jié)構(gòu)形式更簡單，更有利于受力，減輕自重，簡化構(gòu)造等優(yōu)點。小車變幅臂架大都采用正三角形的截面。塔身結(jié)構(gòu)也稱塔架，是塔機結(jié)構(gòu)的主體?，F(xiàn)今塔機均采用方形斷面，斷面尺寸應用較廣的有：1.2m1.2m、1.4m1.4m、1.6m1.6m、2.0m2.0m;塔身標準節(jié)常用尺寸是 2.5m 和3m。塔身標準節(jié)采用的聯(lián)接方式，應用最廣的是蓋板螺栓聯(lián)接和套柱螺栓聯(lián)接，其次是承插銷軸聯(lián)接和插板銷軸聯(lián)接。標準節(jié)有整體式塔身標準節(jié)和拼裝式塔身標準節(jié)，后者加工精度高，制作難，但是堆放占地小，運費少。塔身節(jié)內(nèi)必須設(shè)置爬梯，以便司機及機工上下。爬梯寬度不宜小于500mm，梯步間距不大于300mm，每500mm 設(shè)一護
7、圈。當爬梯高度超過10m 時，梯子應分段轉(zhuǎn)接，在轉(zhuǎn)接處加設(shè)一道休息平臺。塔尖的功能是承受臂架拉繩及平衡臂拉繩傳來的上部荷載，并通過回轉(zhuǎn)塔架、轉(zhuǎn)臺、承座等的結(jié)構(gòu)部件式直接通過轉(zhuǎn)臺傳遞給塔身結(jié)構(gòu)。自升塔頂有截錐柱式、前傾或后傾截錐柱式、人字架式及斜撐架式。凡是上回轉(zhuǎn)塔機均需設(shè)平衡重，其功能是支承平衡重，用以構(gòu)成設(shè)計上所要求的作用方面與起重力矩方向相反的平衡力矩。除平衡重外，還常在其尾部裝設(shè)起升機構(gòu)。起升機構(gòu)之所以同平衡重一起安放在平衡臂尾端，一則可發(fā)揮部分配重作用，二則增大繩卷筒與塔尖導輪間的距離，以利鋼絲繩的排繞并避免發(fā)生亂繩現(xiàn)象。平衡重的用量與平衡臂的長度成反比關(guān)系，而平衡臂長度與起重臂長度之
8、間又存在一定比例關(guān)系。平衡重的用量相當可觀，輕型塔機一般至少要34t，重型的要近30t。平衡重可用鑄鐵或鋼筋混凝土制成：前者加工費用高但迎風面積小;后者體積大迎風面大對穩(wěn)定性不利，但簡單經(jīng)濟，故一般均采用這種。通常的做法是將平衡重預制區(qū)分成23 種規(guī)格，寬度、厚度一致，但高度加以調(diào)整，以便與不同長度臂架匹配使用。(二)、塔機的零部件每臺塔機都要用許多種起重零部件，其中數(shù)量最大，技術(shù)要求嚴而規(guī)格繁雜的是鋼絲繩。塔機用的鋼絲繩按功能不同有：起升鋼絲繩，變幅鋼絲繩，臂架拉繩，平衡臂拉繩，小車牽引繩等。鋼絲繩的特點是：整根的強度高，而且整根斷面一樣大小，強度一致，自重輕，能承受震動荷載，彈性大，能卷繞
9、成盤，能在高速下平衡運動，并且無噪聲，磨損后其外皮會產(chǎn)生許多毛刺，易于發(fā)現(xiàn)并便于及時處置。鋼絲繩通常由一股股直徑為0.30.4mm 細鋼絲搓成繩股，再由股捻成繩。塔機用的是交互捻，特點是不易松散和扭轉(zhuǎn)。就繩股截面形狀而言，高層建筑施工用塔機以采用多股不扭轉(zhuǎn)鋼絲繩最為適宜，此種鋼絲繩由兩層繩股組成同，兩層繩股捻制方向相反，采用旋轉(zhuǎn)力矩平衡的原理捻制而成，受力時自由端不發(fā)生扭轉(zhuǎn)。塔機起升鋼絲繩及變幅鋼絲繩的安全系數(shù)一般取為56,小車牽引繩和臂架拉繩的安全系數(shù)取為3,塔機電梯升降繩安全系數(shù)不得小于10。鋼絲繩的安全系數(shù)是不可缺少的安全儲備系數(shù)，絕不可憑借這種安全儲備面擅自提高鋼絲繩的最大允許安全荷載
10、。由于鋼絲繩的重要性，必須加強對鋼絲繩的定期全面檢查，貯存于干燥面封閉的、有木地板或瀝青混凝土地面的倉庫內(nèi)，以免腐蝕，裝卸時不要損壞表面，堆放時要豎立安置。對鋼絲繩進行系統(tǒng)潤滑可以提高使用壽命。變幅小車是水平臂架塔機必備的部件。整套變幅小車由車架結(jié)構(gòu)、鋼絲繩、滑輪、行輪、導向輪、鋼絲繩承托輪、鋼絲繩防脫輥、小車牽引繩張緊器及斷繩保險器等組成。對于特長水平臂架(長度在50m 以上)，在變幅小車一側(cè)隨掛一個檢修吊籃，可載維修有員往各檢修點進行維修和保養(yǎng)。作業(yè)完后，小車駛回臂架根部，使吊籃與變幅小車脫鉤，固定在臂架結(jié)構(gòu)上的專設(shè)支座處。其它的零部件還有滑輪，回轉(zhuǎn)支承，吊鉤和制動器等。(三)、塔機的工作
11、機構(gòu)塔機的工作機構(gòu)有五種：起升機構(gòu)、變幅機構(gòu)、小車牽引機構(gòu)、回轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)和大車走行機構(gòu)(行走式的塔機)。(四)、塔機的電氣設(shè)備塔機的主要電氣設(shè)備包括：電纜卷筒-.集電環(huán);電動機;操作電動機用的電器，如：控制器、主令控制器、接觸器和繼電器。保護電器，如：自動熔斷器，過電流繼電器和限位開關(guān)等。主副回路中的控制、切換電器，如：按鈕、開關(guān)和儀表等。屬于輔助電氣設(shè)備的有：照明燈、信號燈、電鈴等。(五)、塔機的液壓系統(tǒng)塔機液壓系統(tǒng)中的主要元器件是液壓泵、液壓油缸、控制元件、油管和管接頭、油箱和液壓油濾清器等。液壓泵和液壓馬達是液壓系統(tǒng)中最為復雜的部分，液壓泵把油吸入并通過管道輸送給液壓缸或液壓馬達，從而使液壓
12、缸或馬達得以進行正常運作。液壓泵可以看成是液壓和心臟，是液壓的能量來源。我國的塔機液壓頂升系統(tǒng)采用的液壓泵大都是CB-G 型齒輪泵，CB 不齒輪的代號，赫格隆G 為固定的軸向間隙，工作壓力為12。516MPa。液壓缸是液壓系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行元件。從功能上來看，液壓缸與液壓馬達同是所工作油流的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C械能的轉(zhuǎn)換裝置。不同的是液壓馬達是用于旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，而液壓是用于直線運動。一個液壓頂升接高的全過程是：移動平衡重，使塔身不受不平衡力矩，起重臂就位，朝向與引進軌道方位相同并加以鎖定，吊運一個塔身標準節(jié)安放在擺渡小車上;頂升;定位銷就位并鎖定，提起活塞桿，在套架中形成引進空間;引進標準節(jié);提起標準節(jié)，推出擺
13、渡小車;使標準節(jié)就位，安裝聯(lián)接螺栓;微微向上頂升，拔出定位鎖使過渡節(jié)與已接高的塔身聯(lián)固成一體。(六)、塔機的安全裝置安全裝置是塔機必不可少的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備之一，可以分為：限位開關(guān)(限位器);超負荷保險器(超載斷電裝置);緩沖止擋裝置;鋼絲繩防脫裝置;風速計;緊急安全開關(guān);安全保護音響信號。限位開關(guān)按功能有：吊鉤行程限位開關(guān)，回轉(zhuǎn)限位開關(guān)，小車行程限位開關(guān)，大車行程限位開關(guān)。(七)、塔機的防傾翻規(guī)定嚴禁超載運行;不得斜牽重物;不許猛然急制動;禁止在大風中運行吊運作業(yè);工作班后，必須把夾軌器夾緊，以防大風將塔機吹動溜出軌道。(八)、自升式塔機的附著錨固當自升式塔機在達到其自由高度繼續(xù)向上頂升接高時，為了
14、增強其穩(wěn)定系數(shù)保持起重能力，必須通過錨固附著于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)上。附著層次與施工層建筑總高度、塔機和塔身結(jié)構(gòu)、塔身自由高度有關(guān)。一般來說，設(shè)置 2 道錨固著墨已可滿足需要。在建筑物上的附著點的選擇要注意：兩附著加固定點之間的距離適當;固定點應設(shè)置在丁字墻和外墻轉(zhuǎn)角處;對框架結(jié)構(gòu)，附著點宜布在靠近柱的根部;布置在靠近樓板處以利傳力和安裝。要保證塔機的安全使用和取得比較長的使用壽命，必須對它進行潤滑、故障排除、定期保養(yǎng)與零部件的檢修。我國塔式起重機行業(yè)的發(fā)展50 年代初，我國塔機由仿制開始起步，1954 年仿制東德建筑師型塔機；60 年代自行設(shè)計制造了25tm、40tm、60tm 幾種機型，多以動臂式為主
15、；70 年代，隨著高層建筑的增多，對施工機械提出了新的要求，于是，160tm 附著式、45tm 內(nèi)爬式、120tm 自升式等塔機相繼問世；自上世紀80 年代以來，我國塔機行業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展，尤其近幾年，塔機銷量持續(xù)攀高，2021 年行業(yè)統(tǒng)計銷量9738 臺，2021 年成為世界上首個塔機年產(chǎn)量突破10000 臺的國家。2021 年，由于宏觀調(diào)控作用以及起重機行業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，塔機的產(chǎn)銷量有所回落，2021、2021 年，在經(jīng)濟高速增長的強力拉動下，我國塔機的產(chǎn)銷恢復高速增長，2021 年銷量已超過2 萬臺。因為行業(yè)統(tǒng)計只統(tǒng)計了二三十家生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的銷量，全行業(yè)銷量肯定遠遠超過統(tǒng)計數(shù)字。勿庸置疑，我國已
16、成為世界民用塔機的生產(chǎn)大國，也是世界塔機主要需求市場之一。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計，目前我國取得生產(chǎn)許可證的塔機生產(chǎn)廠達400 余家，而80 年代還不足100 家。附件：外文原文Tower CraneBoom mounted on the upper part of the rotation of the tall tower crane. Operating a large space, mainly used for housing construction materials in the vertical and horizontal transportation and installation
17、of building components. From the metal structure, working bodies and the electrical system consists of three parts. Metal structure including the tower moving arms and base and so on. The work of organizations including lifting,luffing, slewing and walking four parts. Electrical systems including mo
18、tors, controllers, power distribution cabinets, connection lines, signals and lighting devices.Short tower crane tower crane, also known as tower crane, originated in Western Europe. According to records, the first tower crane used in construction related to the patent granted in 1900. Emerged in 19
19、05 with a fixed jib tower crane, and in 1923 produced the prototype of modern tower crane, in the same year the first relatively complete modern tower crane. 1930, when Germany began mass production of tower cranes, and used for building construction. In 1941, the tower crane industry standard DIN87
20、70 published in Germany. The standard provides for crane set (t) and amplitude (m) of the product (tm) together to re-torque, said thetower crane lifting capacity.China tower crane industry in the 20th century, 50 years started, as opposed to the Western European countries due to weakness in the con
21、struction industry caused by the tower crane industry in recession, Shanghai Poch Drive System Co., Ltd. tower crane industry in China is in a rapid period of development .From the tower crane in terms of technological development, while an endless stream of new products, new products in the product
22、ion efficiency, easy operation, and maintenance easier and more reliable operation in the increase in the tower crane, but there is no fundamental change in the technology. The tower crane research is towards modular development. The so-called modular, that is, to the tower structure as the core, ac
23、cording to structural and functional characteristics of the shaft broken down into several parts, and on the basis of seriation and general requirements, follow the modulus of the various parts of the system theory and then divided into a number of modules. According to parameters required, choose t
24、he appropriate modules were grouped with different performance characteristics of the tower crane technology to meet the specific needs of the construction. The implementation of modular tower crane tower crane production capacity will help to speed up the development progress of Lu, save product de
25、velopment costs, and better for customer service.Slewing tower crane be divided into upper and lower rotary tower crane tower crane two broad categories. In which the carrying capacity of the former than the latter, in many we have seen the construction site is on a rotary festival add up on top of
26、a high tower crane access. According to whether the move is further divided into: walking a line, and fixed. Fixed the fixed tower crane tower do not switch installed in the concrete block foundation, or installed in the form of X-shaped concrete foundation. In the housing construction generally use
27、 a fixed style.Device characteristics and safety devicesTower crane boom and struts form of sub-horizontal type two kinds. For the horizontal boom, the load car runs along the level luffing boom, luffing movement balance, its long boom, but the greater weight boom. Boom for the strut-type when the t
28、ractor boom luffing mechanism Pitch amplitude, amplitude motion than horizontal steady, but its relatively small weight.In order to ensure the safety of tower crane has a good safety device, such as starting weight, range, height and load torque constraints such devices, as well as the travel limit
29、switches, tower lights, wind instrument, wind clip-rail device, Ladders and athletic supporter circle, walkways and railings. Drivers cab demand for comfort, easy operation, good vision and good communications equipment.Production points of the inspection of tower cranes1) Check the structural condi
30、tion of metal, especially high-strength bolts, which connect the surface to be cleared of dust, paint, no trace, and rust, and the use of hand or special torque wrench, according to assembly requirements tightened.2) Check the transmission of various agencies, including the work of transmission suit
31、ability of the bearing clearance, the gear mesh is not good and the brake is sensitive.3) Check the wear of steel wire rope and pulleys, fixed is reliable.4) Check the electrical components are good contact points of the closure were the extent of follow-correct and reliable.5) Check whether the run
32、ning wheel and rail access to good, clip-rail clamp is reliable. The installation of attachment devices, within the climbing device, the connecting bolts and the clip block is solid and reliable.Used tower craneThe following specific description in several aspects of the tower crane used room Jianzh
33、ong. (A), the tower crane metal structureThe metal structure is composed of tower crane boom, tower, turret, bearings, balance arm, chassis, composed of apex.Construction boom level luffing jib type of car, and then have a single hanging point down the minutes, double-hanging point and the lifting a
34、rmand balance arm fused hammerhead-type level luffing jib car. Single hanging point is statically determinate structure, twin-lift point is statically indeterminate structure. Hammerhead-type trolley level luffing jib installed at the tower top Zhuangruo hammer, shaft, such as hammer handle, no spir
35、e, it is also known as flat head style. Flat-style of making structure simpler and more conducive to the force, to reduce weight and simplify construction and so on. Most used car luffing jib equilateral triangle cross-section.Tower structure, also known as the tower is the main body of the tower cr
36、ane structure. Now adopt a square cross-section of tower crane, application of a broader cross-section dimensions are: 1.2m 1.2m, 1.4m 1.4m, 1.6m 1.6m, 2.0m 2.0m; tower section used the standard size is 2.5m and the 3m. Tower sections used in the standard connection method is to cover the most widel
37、y used set of stud bolt connection and connection, followed by the pin connection and flashboard pin socket connection. Standards Section has the overall standards of style tower-type tower sections and assembled the standard sections, the latter high precision machining, production difficult, but t
38、he stacking area is small, less freight. Ladder tower section must be set so that driver and mechanic from top to bottom. Ladder width of not less than 500mm, ladder step spacing of not more than 300mm, set up a guard ring for each 500mm. When the ladder height of more than 10m, the ladder should be
39、sub-switching, the switching office to install a closed platform.Spire function is to bear arm and balance arm Cord Cord coming from the upper load, and through rotating tower, turret, bearings and other structural components-style passing directly through the turret to the tower structure. Since l
40、have truncated conical tower column, forward or backward truncated cone column, Renzi Jia style and bracing Shelf.Any slewing tower cranes are required to set up a balance weight, its function is to balance the weight bearing, which constitute the design required by the role of torque in the opposit
41、e direction and lifting the balance of torque. In addition to balance the weight, but also often installed in its rear lifting mechanism. Lifting bodies are placed, together with the balance weight arm in balancing the tail end of a re-allocation of the Department can play a role, two rope reel and
42、the spire increase the distance between the guide wheel to facilitate the rope around and avoid the occurrence of emission the phenomenon of chaos rope. Balance the weight and balance amount is inversely proportional to the relationship between the length of the arm, while the balance of arm length
43、and boom there is a certain percentage of the length of the relationship in between. Balance the considerable amount of heavy, light tower crane usually at least 3 4t, heavy to almost 30t. Balance weight can be made of cast iron or reinforced concrete: the high cost of the former process, but the small size wind; the latter were large in size to the
2021塔式起重機畢業(yè)論文中英文資料對照外文翻譯文獻綜述
