切管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙】
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南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書I、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目: 切管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)II、畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)使用的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))及設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)要求:設(shè)計(jì)一切管機(jī),已知該切管機(jī)滾子的轉(zhuǎn)速為r/min,圓盤刀片的直徑徑,加工管件的直徑范圍為,電機(jī)的額定功率,滿載轉(zhuǎn)速,每天工作10小時(shí),載荷變動(dòng)小。III、畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作內(nèi)容及完成時(shí)間:1. 收集資料、外文資料翻譯,開題報(bào)告 第1周第2周 2. 傳動(dòng)方案的確定 第3周第4周 3. 參數(shù)確定及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 第5周第7周 4. 切管機(jī)裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)及零部件圖設(shè)計(jì) 第8周第15周 5. 撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文 第16周第17周 、主 要參考資料:1 璞良貴,紀(jì)名剛主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).第七版.北京:高等教育出版社,20012 孫桓,陳作模主編.機(jī)械原理.第六版.北京:高等教育出版社,20023 成大先主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,20044 趙學(xué)田主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)自學(xué)入門.北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,19825 Ye Zhonghe, Lan Zhaohui. Mechanisms and Machine Theory. Higher Education Press, 2001.7 航空與機(jī)械工程 系 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)類 0781052 班學(xué)生:填寫日期: 2011 年 01 月 03 日指導(dǎo)教師:助理指導(dǎo)教師(并指出所負(fù)責(zé)的部分):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 系主任(簽名):附注:任務(wù)書應(yīng)該附在已完成的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書首頁(yè)。學(xué)士學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明本人聲明,所呈交的論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立完成的研究成果。除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注引用的內(nèi)容外,本論文不包含法律意義上已屬于他人的任何形式的研究成果,也不包含本人已用于其他學(xué)位申請(qǐng)的論文或成果。對(duì)本文的研究作出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體,均已在文中以明確方式表明。本人完全意識(shí)到本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。作者簽名: 日期:2011.5.24學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定,同意學(xué)校保留并向國(guó)家有關(guān)部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版,允許論文被查閱和借閱。本人授權(quán)南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院可以將本論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索,可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存和匯編本學(xué)位論文。 作者簽名: 日期:2011.5.24導(dǎo)師簽名: 日期:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告題目 切管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)專 業(yè) 名 稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化班 級(jí) 學(xué) 號(hào) 078105204學(xué) 生 姓 名 陳陽(yáng)指 導(dǎo) 教 師 吳暉填 表 日 期 2011 年 3月 16 日一、 選題的依據(jù)及意義:中國(guó)是一個(gè)上下有五千年歷史的文明古國(guó),從原始的石器時(shí)代到金屬時(shí)代,我們偉大的祖先就進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械加工,但是在當(dāng)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)條件下,其生產(chǎn)的效率和精度都是非常的低下。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展,人們?cè)谙敕皆O(shè)法改善自己的生存條件和生活水平,正是由于這點(diǎn),促進(jìn)了機(jī)械制造生產(chǎn)的飛速發(fā)展,人們?cè)诔粋€(gè)精度更高、效率更高、成本更低、更加人性化的方向發(fā)展。中國(guó)雖然是一個(gè)文明古國(guó),其擁有幾千年的歷史背景和文化積淀,但是其在工業(yè)制造方面和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是存在較大的差異,其機(jī)械制造技術(shù)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比不上西方等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,眾所周知,機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的先進(jìn)與否直接與加工的精度,生產(chǎn)的效率,以及生產(chǎn)的成本產(chǎn)生直接關(guān)系。隨著機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的速度發(fā)展,人們對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的要求也越來(lái)越高,其主要表現(xiàn)在實(shí)用和經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面。本次設(shè)計(jì)的目的和要求就是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)有的切管機(jī),其目的在于能夠高效而廉價(jià)的加工出生產(chǎn)所需要的產(chǎn)品,并且要求其生產(chǎn)效率較高,適合大多數(shù)不是批量加工管件或者對(duì)管件加工要求不高的工廠使用。 在當(dāng)今這個(gè)各項(xiàng)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的時(shí)代,尤其的隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展,機(jī)械制造行業(yè)也得到了飛速的發(fā)展,其主要表現(xiàn)在數(shù)控加工等方面,生產(chǎn)效率也隨著其得到了飛速的發(fā)展。數(shù)控技術(shù)加工的精度高,得到了無(wú)數(shù)人的喜愛(ài),但是對(duì)于一些小型的工廠和對(duì)管件加工并不頻繁的企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),應(yīng)用數(shù)控等方法來(lái)加工這些管件就有點(diǎn)大材小用,而且嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)了資源。為此,在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,特根據(jù)工廠生產(chǎn)加工的實(shí)際情況,對(duì)現(xiàn)有的切管技術(shù)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。使本次設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī)具備了操作簡(jiǎn)單、生產(chǎn)成本低、維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單、生產(chǎn)效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 此次的設(shè)計(jì)主要是針對(duì)車輛用金屬管材進(jìn)行加工的切管機(jī),完成的工作主要是切管機(jī)中滾子,機(jī)體和減速箱部分的設(shè)計(jì)。包括傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算,其中有電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇,傳動(dòng)方案的擬訂,各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速,功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩的計(jì)算??傮w結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),其中有各軸尺寸的設(shè)計(jì),各主要傳動(dòng)件的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的設(shè)計(jì)。并且針對(duì)以上的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的校核。最后通過(guò)得到的數(shù)據(jù),繪制了總體裝配圖,減速機(jī)和滾子部分的裝配圖。然后又針對(duì)各主要基本件,繪制了多張零件圖。 此次設(shè)計(jì)所完成的產(chǎn)品主要用于車用通風(fēng),通水管。本產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用可以提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。 二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)(含文獻(xiàn)綜述):大千世界,物態(tài)萬(wàn)千,任何事物的存在都不是一成不變的,我國(guó)的切管機(jī)行業(yè)也無(wú)不例外,要么進(jìn)步,要么落后,那么如何提高這個(gè)行業(yè)的發(fā)展呢?這成為切管機(jī)廠商們普遍關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。 現(xiàn)如今,紙管機(jī)、卷筒紙分切機(jī)、切管機(jī)、紙管機(jī)設(shè)備的更新?lián)Q代遙遙領(lǐng)先的首推日本,在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域賺取了大量美元。東南亞四小龍也步日本后塵,在包裝機(jī)械裝備和生產(chǎn)線的制造方面有不小表現(xiàn);在歐共體中,意大利的包裝機(jī)械裝備和生產(chǎn)線更新?lián)Q代的步伐遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比其它成員國(guó)來(lái)得快。 那么他們進(jìn)步在哪里呢?更新是關(guān)鍵! 更新?lián)Q代的方式是采取更換局部零、部件或關(guān)鍵性部件和關(guān)鍵性技術(shù),從而達(dá)到更換一臺(tái)機(jī)組的目的,使原包裝機(jī)械裝備或生產(chǎn)線的生產(chǎn)能力、性能、效率、機(jī)型和組裝方式等得到更新。這樣對(duì)大部分部件、機(jī)組零件獲得重復(fù)利用,既達(dá)到提高裝備價(jià)值,且又節(jié)省了原材料和大量勞動(dòng)力,降低了成本。 這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)表明,紙筒包裝設(shè)備、紙管機(jī)、卷筒紙分切機(jī)、切管機(jī)、紙管機(jī)設(shè)備、螺旋紙管機(jī)愈來(lái)愈向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化、綜合化、組裝化、聯(lián)機(jī)化的模式發(fā)展。民用、軍用高技術(shù)也將愈來(lái)愈廣泛地進(jìn)入整個(gè)包裝機(jī)械裝備領(lǐng)域。激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),無(wú)疑將加速紙筒包裝設(shè)備在各行各業(yè)中的更新?lián)Q代和技術(shù)改造步伐。三、研究?jī)?nèi)容及實(shí)驗(yàn)方案:研究?jī)?nèi)容:切管機(jī)的工作原理及工藝流程實(shí)驗(yàn)方案:1.確定傳動(dòng)方案,具體實(shí)施2.確實(shí)參數(shù)及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算3.切管機(jī)裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)及零部件設(shè)計(jì)四、目標(biāo)、主要特色及工作進(jìn)度目標(biāo):設(shè)計(jì)出的切管機(jī)額定功率1.5Kw滿載轉(zhuǎn)速1410r/min每天工作10小時(shí)能簡(jiǎn)單操作主要特色:操作集中簡(jiǎn)易,靈敏,維修簡(jiǎn)便。自動(dòng)送料,夾料、切料系統(tǒng),送料精確,快速,每分鐘可切10-20次切料,不傷工件表面。計(jì)數(shù)器可設(shè)置切料的次數(shù),切料完畢后自動(dòng)停機(jī)。工作進(jìn)度:1. 收集資料、外文資料翻譯,開題報(bào)告 第1周第2周 2. 傳動(dòng)方案的確定 第3周第4周 3. 參數(shù)確定及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 第5周第7周4. 切管機(jī)裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)及零部件圖設(shè)計(jì) 第8周第15周5. 撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文 第16周第17周五、參考文獻(xiàn)1 良貴,紀(jì)名剛主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).第七版.北京:高等教育出版社,20012 孫桓,陳作模主編.機(jī)械原理.第六版.北京:高等教育出版社,20023 成大先主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,20044 趙學(xué)田主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)自學(xué)入門.北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,19825 紀(jì)名剛編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).高等教育出版社,20016 廖念釗等.互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量.北京:中國(guó)計(jì)量出版社,20017 濮良貴等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,20018 劉鴻文.材料力學(xué).北京:高等教育出版社,20049 吳宗澤.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)使用手冊(cè).北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,200010 王昆等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,200511 陳宏鈞.實(shí)用金屬切削手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200512 于惠力等.機(jī)械零部件設(shè)計(jì)禁忌.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200613 艾云龍等.工程材料及成型技術(shù).南昌:南昌航空工業(yè)學(xué)院出版社,200414 阮忠唐.聯(lián)軸器、離合器設(shè)計(jì)與選用指南.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,200515 周四新.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 綜合培訓(xùn)教程.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200416 劉慶國(guó)等.計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖.北京:高等教育出版社,200417 菜春源.新編機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).沈陽(yáng):遼寧科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,199318 Ye Zhonghe, Lan Zhaohui. Mechanisms and Machine Theory. Higher Education Press, 2001.7南昌航空大學(xué)學(xué)士論文切管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名:陳陽(yáng)班級(jí):078105204 指導(dǎo)老師:吳暉摘要:切管機(jī)主要用于加工各種用途的管件,主要包括各種材料的金屬管件,本次設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī)所加工的管件主要是直徑在3/84之間。本論文設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī),完成的工作主要是切管機(jī)中減速箱、滾子、機(jī)體等的設(shè)計(jì)。其中包括確定工藝方案、傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算(包括電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇、擬定傳動(dòng)方案、各軸轉(zhuǎn)速、功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩的計(jì)算、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算等)。在對(duì)上述各項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的強(qiáng)度校核之后,根據(jù)已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,確定了各個(gè)零件之間的相互尺寸。在最后繪制出了裝配圖、部件圖以及部分零件圖本文設(shè)計(jì)所完成的切管機(jī)主要用于車間中對(duì)管件的切屑加工,對(duì)于提高生產(chǎn)效率,減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度有著積極的意義。 關(guān)鍵詞:切管機(jī) 傳動(dòng)件 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算指導(dǎo)老師簽名:2The design of tube cutting machineStudents name: Chen Yang Class :078105204Guide a teacher: Wu HuiAbstraction: Tube cutting machine mainly being used in processing various functional tube parts ,primarily includes varieties materials metals tube parts . This time the designedTube cutting machine essentially process the tube parts which diameter between 3/84. The task of this time designed Tube cutting machine is chiefly comprises the design and of deceleration case , roller ,organism, and so on. Besides, the task also includes the others several steps,such as :settle the technology craft program;the design and calculation of transmission installation ; (includes the selection of electric motor ; formulate the transmission program; the rotational speed of each axle; power and the calculation of Torque ; the design and calculaton of the transmission mechanism etc). After detailed intensity proofread for all kinds the above-methioned , according to the already experienced-formula, the mutual dimension among each components being fixed . Finally , draw the assemble chart; components chart as well as portion spare parts chart. The designed Tube cutting machine mainly used on cutting and processing for tube part in the work shop . To some extent, the design has positive significance in improving productivity and lightening the workers labor intensity. Key words: tube cutting machine transmission parts design calculation Guide teachers signature:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目 切管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)專 業(yè) 名 稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化班 級(jí) 學(xué) 號(hào) 078105204學(xué) 生 姓 名 陳陽(yáng)指 導(dǎo) 教 師 吳暉填 表 日 期 2011 年 5月 10 日目 錄引 言11. 確定工藝方案22. 傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算42.1 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇42.1.1 類型的選擇42.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)速的選擇42.1.3 功率的選擇42.2 擬訂傳動(dòng)方案52.3 計(jì)算各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速、功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩82.4 進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算102.4.1 帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)102.4.2 齒輪模數(shù)的確定112.4.3 蝸輪蝸桿模數(shù)的確定122.4.4 齒數(shù)的確定122.5 進(jìn)行總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),畫出總體方案圖133. 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)153.1 初算各軸的最小直徑153.2 計(jì)算各主要傳動(dòng)件的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸163.3 繪制部件的裝配草圖203.4 繪制設(shè)計(jì)裝配圖243.5 繪制零件工作圖284. 結(jié)論295. 致謝306. 參考文獻(xiàn)31 31引 言中國(guó)是一個(gè)上下有五千年歷史的文明古國(guó),從原始的石器時(shí)代到金屬時(shí)代,我們偉大的祖先就進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械加工,但是在當(dāng)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)條件下,其生產(chǎn)的效率和精度都是非常的低下。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展,人們?cè)谙敕皆O(shè)法改善自己的生存條件和生活水平,正是由于這點(diǎn),促進(jìn)了機(jī)械制造生產(chǎn)的飛速發(fā)展,人們?cè)诔粋€(gè)精度更高、效率更高、成本更低、更加人性化的方向發(fā)展。中國(guó)雖然是一個(gè)文明古國(guó),其擁有幾千年的歷史背景和文化積淀,但是其在工業(yè)制造方面和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是存在較大的差異,其機(jī)械制造技術(shù)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比不上西方等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,眾所周知,機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的先進(jìn)與否直接與加工的精度,生產(chǎn)的效率,以及生產(chǎn)的成本產(chǎn)生直接關(guān)系。隨著機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的速度發(fā)展,人們對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的要求也越來(lái)越高,其主要表現(xiàn)在實(shí)用和經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面。本次設(shè)計(jì)的目的和要求就是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)有的切管機(jī),其目的在于能夠高效而廉價(jià)的加工出生產(chǎn)所需要的產(chǎn)品,并且要求其生產(chǎn)效率較高,適合大多數(shù)不是批量加工管件或者對(duì)管件加工要求不高的工廠使用。 在當(dāng)今這個(gè)各項(xiàng)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的時(shí)代,尤其的隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展,機(jī)械制造行業(yè)也得到了飛速的發(fā)展,其主要表現(xiàn)在數(shù)控加工等方面,生產(chǎn)效率也隨著其得到了飛速的發(fā)展。數(shù)控技術(shù)加工的精度高,得到了無(wú)數(shù)人的喜愛(ài),但是對(duì)于一些小型的工廠和對(duì)管件加工并不頻繁的企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),應(yīng)用數(shù)控等方法來(lái)加工這些管件就有點(diǎn)大材小用,而且嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)了資源。為此,在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,特根據(jù)工廠生產(chǎn)加工的實(shí)際情況,對(duì)現(xiàn)有的切管技術(shù)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。使本次設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī)具備了操作簡(jiǎn)單、生產(chǎn)成本低、維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單、生產(chǎn)效率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 本次設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī)主要是針對(duì)各種用途金屬管材進(jìn)行加工。本次設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)主要是對(duì)切管機(jī)中減速箱及有關(guān)零件進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)。其中包括傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算。總體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)以及對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算進(jìn)行校核。并且通過(guò)得到的數(shù)據(jù),繪制總體裝配圖,減速機(jī)裝配圖,減速箱焊接圖等。然后又針對(duì)各主要基本件,繪制了多張零件圖 本次設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī)為減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高生產(chǎn)效率有著積極的意義。1. 確定工藝方案此次的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)為設(shè)計(jì)一簡(jiǎn)單高效的切管機(jī),為此,對(duì)如下幾種設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行比較:方案一:用鋸弓鋸斷金屬管:需要鋸弓往復(fù)的切削運(yùn)動(dòng)和滑枕擺動(dòng)的進(jìn)給與讓刀運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)器的結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,鋸切運(yùn)動(dòng)也不是連續(xù)的。當(dāng)金屬直徑相差較大時(shí),鋸片還要調(diào)換,生產(chǎn)效率低。方案二:用切斷刀切斷金屬管:如在車床上切斷,但是一般車床主軸不過(guò)幾十毫米,通不過(guò)直徑較大的金屬管,并且占有一臺(tái)普通機(jī)床,不太經(jīng)濟(jì)?;蛘哂脤S玫那泄軝C(jī),其工作原理是工件夾緊不動(dòng),裝在旋轉(zhuǎn)刀架上的兩把切斷刀,既有主切削的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),又有進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng),工作效率高,但是機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜。方案三:用砂輪切斷金屬管:需要砂輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的切削運(yùn)動(dòng)和搖臂向下的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。此機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,生產(chǎn)效率高,但是砂輪磨損較快費(fèi)用很高。方案四:用碾壓的方法切斷金屬管:其需要金屬管旋轉(zhuǎn)的切削運(yùn)動(dòng)和圓盤向下的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。這種方法是連續(xù)切削的,生產(chǎn)效率高,機(jī)器的結(jié)構(gòu)也不太復(fù)雜。但是會(huì)使管子的切口內(nèi)徑縮小,一般用于管子要求不高的場(chǎng)合。本次設(shè)計(jì)的要求為滾子轉(zhuǎn)速n=70r/min,圓盤刀片直徑a=80mm,加工管件的直徑為3/84,電機(jī)額定功率i為P=1.5Kw滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為N=1410r/min,每天工作10小時(shí),載荷變動(dòng)小。根據(jù)畢設(shè)要求和結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中選用方案四。工藝方案確定后,并根據(jù)有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),加上其它一些必要的尺寸,得出工藝方案的原理圖如圖1-1圖圖1-1工藝方案原理圖方案四管機(jī)的工作原理:動(dòng)力由電動(dòng)機(jī)帶輪蝸桿蝸輪直齒輪中間惰輪滾子軸上小齒輪。由于滾子的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),從而帶動(dòng)工件的旋轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)切削時(shí)的主運(yùn)動(dòng)。與此同時(shí),操作手輪,通過(guò)螺旋傳動(dòng),將圓盤刀片向下進(jìn)給移動(dòng),并在不斷增加刀片對(duì)管子的壓力過(guò)程中,實(shí)現(xiàn)管子的切割工作。2. 傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算2.1 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇要選擇電動(dòng)機(jī),必須了解電動(dòng)機(jī),出廠的每臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)都有銘牌,上面標(biāo)有電動(dòng)機(jī)的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)。因此,要合理地選擇電動(dòng)機(jī),就要比較電動(dòng)機(jī)的這些特性。在進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇好電動(dòng)機(jī)的類型,轉(zhuǎn)速和功率。2.1.1 類型的選擇工業(yè)上一般用三相交流電源,所以選用三相交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)。三相交流異步電機(jī)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,工作可靠,價(jià)格便宜,維護(hù)方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),所以應(yīng)用廣泛。在選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)的類型時(shí),主要考慮的是:靜載荷或慣性載荷的大小,工作機(jī)械長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)工作還是重復(fù)短時(shí)工作,工作環(huán)境是否多灰塵或水土飛濺等方面。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中由于其載荷變動(dòng)較小,有灰塵故選擇籠式三相交流異步電機(jī)。2.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)速的選擇 異步電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速主要有3000r/min、1500r/min、1000r/min、750r/min幾種。當(dāng)工作機(jī)械的轉(zhuǎn)速較高時(shí),選用同步轉(zhuǎn)速為3000r/min的電機(jī)比較合適。如果工作機(jī)械的轉(zhuǎn)速太低(即傳動(dòng)裝置的總傳動(dòng)比太大)將導(dǎo)致傳動(dòng)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,價(jià)格較高。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中可選的轉(zhuǎn)速有1500r/min和750r/min。在一般機(jī)械中這兩種轉(zhuǎn)速的電機(jī)適應(yīng)性大,應(yīng)用比較普遍。2.1.3 功率的選擇選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)的容量就是合理確定電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定功率,電動(dòng)機(jī)功率的選擇與電動(dòng)機(jī)本身發(fā)熱、載荷大小、工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短有關(guān),但一般情況下電動(dòng)機(jī)容量主要由運(yùn)行發(fā)熱條件決定。故根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定功率大于所需功率10%來(lái)選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)。綜上所述,本次設(shè)計(jì)的切管機(jī)電機(jī)額定功率為P=1.5Kw滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為N=1410r/min,每天工作10小時(shí),載荷變動(dòng)小用于多塵場(chǎng)合。選用Y90L-4型電動(dòng)機(jī),其額定功率P電=1.5Kw,滿載轉(zhuǎn)速n電=1400r/min,同步轉(zhuǎn)速1500r/min(4極),最大轉(zhuǎn)矩為2.3Nm。電動(dòng)機(jī)確定后,計(jì)算出切管機(jī)的傳動(dòng)比為:i總=20 (2-1)2.2 擬訂傳動(dòng)方案?jìng)鲃?dòng)方案的擬定,通常是指?jìng)鲃?dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇及其布置。這是彼此相聯(lián)系的兩個(gè)方面。其運(yùn)動(dòng)形式大致分為;(1)傳遞回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的有:帶傳動(dòng),鏈傳動(dòng),齒輪傳動(dòng),蝸輪傳動(dòng)等;(2)實(shí)現(xiàn)往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)或擺動(dòng)的有:螺旋傳動(dòng),齒輪齒條傳動(dòng),凸輪機(jī)構(gòu),曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)等;(3)實(shí)現(xiàn)間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)的有棘輪機(jī)構(gòu)和槽輪機(jī)構(gòu)等;(4)實(shí)現(xiàn)特定運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律的有凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)和平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)等。 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇就是根據(jù)機(jī)器工作機(jī)構(gòu)所要求的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律,載荷的性質(zhì)以及機(jī)器的工作循環(huán)進(jìn)行的。然后在全面分析和比較各種傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)特性的基礎(chǔ)上確定一種較好的傳動(dòng)方案。機(jī)器通常由原動(dòng)機(jī)、傳動(dòng)裝置和工作機(jī)等三部分組成。傳動(dòng)裝置位于原動(dòng)機(jī)和工作機(jī)之間,用來(lái)傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力,并可以改變轉(zhuǎn)速、轉(zhuǎn)矩的大小或改變運(yùn)動(dòng)形式,以適應(yīng)工作機(jī)功能要求。傳動(dòng)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)整臺(tái)車的性能、尺寸、重量和成本都有很大影響,因此需要合理的擬定傳動(dòng)方案。在本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,已知切管機(jī)的i總=20,若用蝸桿,一次降速原本可以達(dá)到,其方案如圖2-1。但是由于切割的管子最大直徑為4,如圖1-1故兩個(gè)滾筒的中心距不能小于108mm,因此帶動(dòng)兩個(gè)滾筒的齒輪外徑不能大于滾筒的直徑(100mm)。若取蝸桿z1=2,蝸輪z2=40,m=4,則蝸輪分度圓直徑d2=160mm,比同一軸上的齒輪大,按圖2-2-1的布置,蝸輪將要和滾筒相撞,為此,應(yīng)該加大兩軸之間的中心距。這樣就要加上一個(gè)惰輪,才可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,如圖2-2-2。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,取蝸輪齒數(shù)為z2=50,模數(shù)m=4。由于帶傳動(dòng)具有緩沖和過(guò)載打滑的特性,故可將最為在電機(jī)之后的第一級(jí)傳動(dòng),此外開式齒輪傳動(dòng)不宜放在高速級(jí),因?yàn)樵谶@種條件下工作容易產(chǎn)生沖擊和噪音,故應(yīng)將齒輪傳動(dòng)放在底速級(jí)。一個(gè)好的傳動(dòng)方案,除了首先應(yīng)滿足機(jī)器的功能要求外,還應(yīng)當(dāng)工作可靠、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、尺寸緊湊、成本低廉以及使用維護(hù)方便。經(jīng)比較各種傳動(dòng)方案,在本次設(shè)計(jì)中確定采用帶傳動(dòng)、蝸桿傳動(dòng)、齒輪傳動(dòng)等機(jī)構(gòu)組成的傳動(dòng)方案。并初步畫出其傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖,如圖2-2-3。 圖2-2-1蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)方案圖圖2-2-2蝸輪蝸桿加中間惰輪傳動(dòng)方案圖在傳動(dòng)方案確定后,根據(jù)i總=i1i2的關(guān)系分配傳動(dòng)比.下面對(duì)個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的主要特性進(jìn)行比較,如表2-2-1:圖2-2-3帶傳動(dòng)、蝸輪蝸桿、中間惰輪、齒輪方案圖表2-2-1幾種主要傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的特性比較特 性類 型帶傳動(dòng)齒輪傳動(dòng)蝸桿傳動(dòng)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)中心距變化范圍較大,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),能緩沖,起過(guò)載安全保護(hù)作用外廓尺寸小,傳動(dòng)比準(zhǔn)確,效率高,壽命長(zhǎng),適用的功率和速度范圍大外廓尺寸小,傳動(dòng)比大而準(zhǔn)確,工作平穩(wěn),可制成自鎖的傳動(dòng)單級(jí)傳動(dòng)比,i開口平型帶:24,最大值6,三角帶型: 24, 最大值7有張緊輪平型帶:35最大值8開式圓柱齒輪: 46,最大值15. 開式圓柱正齒輪: 34,最大值10. 閉式圓柱齒輪: 23,最大值6閉式: 1040,最大值100開式: 1560,最大值100外廓尺寸大中,小小成本低中高效率平型帶0.920.98三角帶0.90.96開式加工齒0.920.96閉式0.950.99開式0.50.7閉式0.70.94自鎖0.400.45 考慮到傳動(dòng)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu),尺寸,重量,工作條件和制造安裝等因素,必須對(duì)傳動(dòng)比進(jìn)行合理的分配.根據(jù)公式T=9550(Nm)可知:當(dāng)傳動(dòng)的功率P(Kw)一定時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)速n(r/min)越高,轉(zhuǎn)矩T就越小.為此,在進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)比的分配時(shí)遵循”降速要先少后多”.V帶傳動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)比不能過(guò)大,否則會(huì)使大帶輪半徑超過(guò)減速器的中心高,造成尺寸不協(xié)調(diào),并給機(jī)座設(shè)計(jì)和安裝帶來(lái)困難,又因?yàn)辇X輪在降速傳動(dòng)中,如果降速比較大,就會(huì)使被動(dòng)齒輪直徑過(guò)大,而增加徑向尺寸,或者因小齒輪的齒數(shù)太少而產(chǎn)生根切現(xiàn)象.而其在升速傳動(dòng)中,如果升速比過(guò)大,則容易引起強(qiáng)烈的震動(dòng)和噪音,造成傳動(dòng)不平穩(wěn),影響機(jī)器的工作性能.為此,各機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)比分配情況如下:i1=1.2;i2=50;i3=1.5;i4= (2-2)i總= i1i2 i3i4=1.2501.5=20 (2-3)注:傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)只大齒輪是個(gè)惰輪,它不改變傳動(dòng)比只起加大中心距,改變滾筒旋轉(zhuǎn)方向的作用.2.3 計(jì)算各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速、功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩由表一我們可知,取帶=0.96,蝸=0.72,齒=0.94,滾=0.99(一對(duì)滾動(dòng)軸承的效率),根據(jù)公式: (2-5)可知各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速為: (2-6) (2-7) (2-8) (2-9) 各軸的功率為: (2-10) (2-11) (2-12) (2-13)各軸傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩為: (2-14) (2-15) (2-16)第三軸,因?yàn)檠b的是過(guò)渡齒輪(惰輪),所以此軸不承受轉(zhuǎn)矩,只受彎矩,它是一根心軸。(2-17)將以上各數(shù)據(jù)制成如表2-3-1所示的表格:表2-3-1各軸計(jì)算結(jié)果軸號(hào)電機(jī)軸傳動(dòng)比i1.2501.51/4.5轉(zhuǎn)速n(r/min)1410116.723.315.570功率P(Kw)1.51.441.030.960.89轉(zhuǎn)矩T(Nm)10.2311.78420.02122.3在計(jì)算傳動(dòng)比的時(shí)候,當(dāng)帶輪直徑和齒輪模數(shù)確定后,實(shí)際傳動(dòng)比就等于兩帶輪直徑之比,或者兩齒輪齒數(shù)之比,其結(jié)果可能出現(xiàn)與上表數(shù)據(jù)不一致。當(dāng)i5時(shí),容許誤差不大于+ -2.5%;當(dāng)i5時(shí),則不容許大于+ -4%。2.4 進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算2.4.1 帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)帶傳動(dòng)適用的場(chǎng)合:中心距變化范圍較大,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),能緩沖,可起過(guò)載安全保險(xiǎn)的作用。缺點(diǎn)是外廓尺寸大,軸上受力較大,傳動(dòng)比不能嚴(yán)格保證,壽命低(約30005000小時(shí))在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,取帶的工作情況系數(shù)K=1.1,則計(jì)算功率為:P計(jì)= KP電=1.11.5=1.65(Kw) (2-18)由P計(jì)和n1=1400r/min,可查知,選用A型三角帶。初步選定小帶輪直徑d1=100mm,大帶輪直徑d2=i1d1=1.2100=120mm,取其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑d2=125mm驗(yàn)算帶輪: (2-19)小于25m/s,適合。初定中心距a0,按公式:0.7(d1+d2)a0160mm,可采用輻板式結(jié)構(gòu)的鍛造齒輪。輪緣內(nèi)徑d緣= d 頂2-10m=168-30=138mm輪轂外徑d轂=1.6d軸2=1.645=72mm(d軸2齒輪的孔徑,由表三可知d軸2=45mm)輻板厚度c=0.3B=0.330=9mm輻板孔圓周定位尺寸:d0=0.5(d緣+d轂) =0.5(138+72)=105mm (3-5)輻板孔直徑:d孔=0.25(d緣- d轂)=0.25(138-72)=16.5mm,取d孔=17mm。齒輪示意圖如圖3-2-1 圖3-2-1軸齒輪示意圖2)已知軸上齒輪z3=81,m=3,則:分度圓直徑d3=mz3=381=243mm齒頂圓直徑d頂3=m(z3+2)=3(81+2)=249mm齒根圓直徑d根3=m(z3-2.5)=3(81-2.5)=235.5mm齒寬B=30mm。由于d根3160mm,可采用輻板式結(jié)構(gòu)的鍛造齒輪。輪緣內(nèi)徑d緣= d頂3-10m=249-30=219mm輪轂外徑d轂=1.6d軸3=1.650=80mm(d軸3齒輪的孔徑,由表三可知d軸3=50mm)輻板厚度c=0.3B=0.330=9mm輻板孔圓周定位尺寸:d0=0.5(d緣+d轂) =0.5(219+80)=149.5mm (3-6)輻板孔直徑:d孔=0.25(d緣- d轂)=0.25(219-80)=34.75mm,取d孔=35mm。、軸的中心距: (3-7)軸上齒輪如圖3-2-2圖3-2-2軸齒輪示意圖3)已知軸上的齒輪z4=18,m=3則:分度圓直徑d4=mz4=318=54mm齒頂圓直徑d頂4=m(z4+2)=3(18+2)=60mm齒根圓直徑d根4=m(z4-2.5)=3(18-2.5)=46.5mm齒寬B=30mm。由于d根3 d1+2r r倒圓直徑,查閱手冊(cè)中非配合處的過(guò)度圓角半徑用凸肩定位時(shí)按此式計(jì)算,用套筒定位時(shí)另取帶輪的定位靠套筒,此處的d2是指套筒外徑d3安裝滾動(dòng)軸承處的直徑dd3 d2dd3 d1無(wú)套筒的;套筒的d3必須符合軸承的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由于采用205型軸承,d3=25mmd4裝在兩滾動(dòng)軸承之間齒輪(蝸輪)處的直徑dd4 d3+2rr倒圓角半徑,查閱手冊(cè)確定如如軸d5一般軸肩和軸環(huán)的直徑dd5d4+2a a軸肩或軸環(huán)的高度,a=(0.070.1) d4如如軸,d4=55mm,a=3.855.5mm,取a=5mm,則d5=55+2*5=65mm因此處d4相當(dāng)于d3=25,a=0.1 d4則d5=25+2*2.5=30mmd6滾動(dòng)軸承定位軸肩直徑查閱手冊(cè)軸承部分的D1值L7安裝旋轉(zhuǎn)零件的軸頭長(zhǎng)度LL7=(1.21.6)ddd-軸頭直徑一般要求L7要比旋轉(zhuǎn)零件的輪轂寬度要短一些L8軸環(huán)長(zhǎng)度L81.4a或L8(0.10.15)d如軸L81.4*5=7mm減速箱焊接圖如圖3-4-3圖3-4-3減速箱焊接圖3.5 繪制零件工作圖 機(jī)械零件有兩種:一類需要自行設(shè)計(jì)制作的,叫基本件;基本件必須根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)裝配圖,全部拆畫,并對(duì)細(xì)部結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中選取其中我滾筒工作圖和蝸桿工作圖作為零件圖拆畫: 滾筒零件圖如圖3-5-1圖3-5-1滾筒零件圖 蝸桿零件圖如圖3-5-2圖3-5-2蝸桿零件圖4. 結(jié)論通過(guò)對(duì)相關(guān)資料的查閱和對(duì)切管機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,并且對(duì)切管機(jī)進(jìn)行了初步的設(shè)計(jì)。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,主要的工作有如下幾點(diǎn):對(duì)傳動(dòng)方案的選擇和對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,其中包括選擇合適的傳動(dòng)方案和對(duì)減速箱部分各個(gè)零件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算以及校核。設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算結(jié)束后,在已有數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)之上,畫出了總體裝配圖的輪廓,通過(guò)對(duì)各個(gè)參數(shù)的進(jìn)一步確定,最后終于得到了總體裝配圖。對(duì)幾個(gè)主要的零部件進(jìn)行了繪制,其中包括滾子零件的工作圖,蝸桿的零件圖等。從這一設(shè)計(jì)題目的綜合運(yùn)用中,更是把所學(xué)的這些知識(shí)有了一個(gè)大的融會(huì)與應(yīng)用,從而所學(xué)的知識(shí)也不再是死的,有了一個(gè)比較全面的復(fù)習(xí)。在設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算的過(guò)程中,也遇到了許多的困難與問(wèn)題。通過(guò)查找資料,將這些問(wèn)題解決的這種獨(dú)立的解決問(wèn)題和思考的方法,是在這次設(shè)計(jì)中我得到的一個(gè)最大的收獲。當(dāng)然,從中也大致了解了一些產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的基本方法,這也將是一次寶貴的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。相信在以后的工作中,將會(huì)有很大幫助。5. 致謝在此,最要感謝的是指導(dǎo)我這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的老師。他不厭其煩的指導(dǎo)和幫助,以及其本人嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而認(rèn)真的工作研究態(tài)度,也給我留下了深刻的印象。最后,再次向在我的這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中幫助、指導(dǎo)我的各位老師與同學(xué),表達(dá)最真誠(chéng)的謝意。6.參考文獻(xiàn)1 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Mechanisms and Machine Theory. Higher Education Press, 2001.7畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯題目 切管機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)專 業(yè) 名 稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化班 級(jí) 學(xué) 號(hào) 078105204學(xué) 生 姓 名 陳陽(yáng)指 導(dǎo) 教 師 吳暉填 表 日 期 2011 年 4月 1 日關(guān)于可機(jī)加工性的論述摘要:文章集中闡述了機(jī)加工的一些列概念和種類及方法。從實(shí)例的角度向讀者解釋了一些列機(jī)加工所需要的過(guò)程及定義,也簡(jiǎn)單介紹了各種機(jī)加工的材料。關(guān)鍵詞:機(jī)加工、材料、概念原文:20.9 可機(jī)加工性一種材料的可機(jī)加工性通常以四種因素的方式定義:1、 分的表面光潔性和表面完整性。2、刀具的壽命。3、切削力和功率的需求。4、切屑控制。以這種方式,好的可機(jī)加工性指的是好的表面光潔性和完整性,長(zhǎng)的刀具壽命,低的切削力和功率需求。關(guān)于切屑控制,細(xì)長(zhǎng)的卷曲切屑,如果沒(méi)有被切割成小片,以在切屑區(qū)變的混亂,纏在一起的方式能夠嚴(yán)重的介入剪切工序。因?yàn)榧羟泄ば虻膹?fù)雜屬性,所以很難建立定量地釋義材料的可機(jī)加工性的關(guān)系。在制造廠里,刀具壽命和表面粗糙度通常被認(rèn)為是可機(jī)加工性中最重要的因素。盡管已不再大量的被使用,近乎準(zhǔn)確的機(jī)加工率在以下的例子中能夠被看到。20.9.1 鋼的可機(jī)加工性因?yàn)殇撌亲钪匾墓こ滩牧现唬ㄕ绲?章所示),所以他們的可機(jī)加工性已經(jīng)被廣泛地研究過(guò)。通過(guò)宗教鉛和硫磺,鋼的可機(jī)加工性已經(jīng)大大地提高了。從而得到了所謂的易切削鋼。二次硫化鋼和二次磷化鋼 硫在鋼中形成硫化錳夾雜物(第二相粒子),這些夾雜物在第一剪切區(qū)引起應(yīng)力。其結(jié)果是使切屑容易斷開而變小,從而改善了可加工性。這些夾雜物的大小、形狀、分布和集中程度顯著的影響可加工性?;瘜W(xué)元素如碲和硒,其化學(xué)性質(zhì)與硫類似,在二次硫化鋼中起夾雜物改性作用。鋼中的磷有兩個(gè)主要的影響。它加強(qiáng)鐵素體,增加硬度。越硬的鋼,形成更好的切屑形成和表面光潔性。需要注意的是軟鋼不適合用于有積屑瘤形成和很差的表面光潔性的機(jī)器。第二個(gè)影響是增加的硬度引起短切屑而不是不斷的細(xì)長(zhǎng)的切屑的形成,因此提高可加工性。含鉛的鋼 鋼中高含量的鉛在硫化錳夾雜物尖端析出。在非二次硫化鋼中,鉛呈細(xì)小而分散的顆粒。鉛在鐵、銅、鋁和它們的合金中是不能溶解的。因?yàn)樗牡涂辜魪?qiáng)度。因此,鉛充當(dāng)固體潤(rùn)滑劑并且在切削時(shí),被涂在刀具和切屑的接口處。這一特性已經(jīng)被在機(jī)加工鉛鋼時(shí),在切屑的刀具面表面有高濃度的鉛的存在所證實(shí)。當(dāng)溫度足夠高時(shí)例如,在高的切削速度和進(jìn)刀速度下鉛在刀具前直接熔化,并且充當(dāng)液體潤(rùn)滑劑。除了這個(gè)作用,鉛降低第一剪切區(qū)中的剪應(yīng)力,減小切削力和功率消耗。鉛能用于各種鋼號(hào),例如10XX,11XX,12XX,41XX等等。鉛鋼被第二和第三數(shù)碼中的字母L所識(shí)別(例如,10L45)。(需要注意的是在不銹鋼中,字母L的相同用法指的是低碳,提高它們的耐蝕性的條件)。然而,因?yàn)殂U是有名的毒素和污染物,因此在鋼的使用中存在著嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境隱患(在鋼產(chǎn)品中每年大約有4500噸的鉛消耗)。結(jié)果,對(duì)于估算鋼中含鉛量的使用存在一個(gè)持續(xù)的趨勢(shì)。鉍和錫現(xiàn)正作為鋼中的鉛最可能的替代物而被人們所研究。脫氧鈣鋼 一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展是脫氧鈣鋼,在脫氧鈣鋼中矽酸鈣鹽中的氧化物片的形成。這些片狀,依次減小第二剪切區(qū)中的力量,降低刀具和切屑接口處的摩擦和磨損。溫度也相應(yīng)地降低。結(jié)果,這些鋼產(chǎn)生更小的月牙洼磨損,特別是在高切削速度時(shí)更是如此。不銹鋼 奧氏體鋼通常很難機(jī)加工。振動(dòng)能成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題,需要有高硬度的機(jī)床。然而,鐵素體不銹鋼有很好的可機(jī)加工性。馬氏體鋼易磨蝕,易于形成積屑瘤,并且要求刀具材料有高的熱硬度和耐月牙洼磨損性。經(jīng)沉淀硬化的不銹鋼強(qiáng)度高、磨蝕性強(qiáng),因此要求刀具材料硬而耐磨。鋼中其它元素在可機(jī)加工性方面的影響 鋼中鋁和矽的存在總是有害的,因?yàn)檫@些元素結(jié)合氧會(huì)生成氧化鋁和矽酸鹽,而氧化鋁和矽酸鹽硬且具有磨蝕性。這些化合物增加刀具磨損,降低可機(jī)加工性。因此生產(chǎn)和使用凈化鋼非常必要。根據(jù)它們的構(gòu)成,碳和錳鋼在鋼的可機(jī)加工性方面有不同的影響。低碳素鋼(少于0.15%的碳)通過(guò)形成一個(gè)積屑瘤能生成很差的表面光潔性。盡管鑄鋼的可機(jī)加工性和鍛鋼的大致相同,但鑄鋼具有更大的磨蝕性。刀具和模具鋼很難用于機(jī)加工,他們通常再煅燒后再機(jī)加工。大多數(shù)鋼的可機(jī)加工性在冷加工后都有所提高,冷加工能使材料變硬并且減少積屑瘤的形成。其它合金元素,例如鎳、鉻、鉗和釩,能提高鋼的特性,減小可機(jī)加工性。硼的影響可以忽視。氣態(tài)元素比如氫和氮在鋼的特性方面能有特別的有害影響。氧已經(jīng)被證明了在硫化錳夾雜物的縱橫比方面有很強(qiáng)的影響。越高的含氧量,就產(chǎn)生越低的縱橫比和越高的可機(jī)加工性。選擇各種元素以改善可加工性,我們應(yīng)該考慮到這些元素對(duì)已加工零件在使用中的性能和強(qiáng)度的不利影響。例如,當(dāng)溫度升高時(shí),鋁會(huì)使鋼變脆(液體金屬脆化,熱脆化,見(jiàn)1.4.3節(jié)),盡管其在室溫下對(duì)力學(xué)性能沒(méi)有影響。因?yàn)榱蚧F的構(gòu)成,硫能嚴(yán)重的減少鋼的熱加工性,除非有足夠的錳來(lái)防止這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形成。在室溫下,二次磷化鋼的機(jī)械性能依賴于變形的硫化錳夾雜物的定位(各向異性)。二次磷化鋼具有更小的延展性,被單獨(dú)生成來(lái)提高機(jī)加工性。20.9.2 其它不同金屬的機(jī)加工性盡管越軟的品種易于生成積屑瘤,但鋁通常很容易被機(jī)加工,導(dǎo)致了很差的表面光潔性。高的切削速度,高的前角和高的后角都被推薦了。有高含量的矽的鍛鋁合金鑄鋁合金也許具有磨蝕性,它們要求更硬的刀具材料。尺寸公差控制也許在機(jī)加工鋁時(shí)會(huì)成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題,因?yàn)樗信蛎浀母邔?dǎo)熱系數(shù)和相對(duì)低的彈性模數(shù)。鈹和鑄鐵相同。因?yàn)樗吣ノg性和毒性,盡管它要求在可控人工環(huán)境下進(jìn)行機(jī)加工?;诣T鐵普遍地可加工,但也有磨蝕性。鑄造無(wú)中的游離碳化物降低它們的可機(jī)加工性,引起刀具切屑或裂口。它需要具有強(qiáng)韌性的工具。具有堅(jiān)硬的刀具材料的球墨鑄鐵和韌性鐵是可加工的。鈷基合金有磨蝕性且高度加工硬化的。它們要求尖的且具有耐蝕性的刀具材料并且有低的走刀和速度。盡管鑄銅合金很容易機(jī)加工,但因?yàn)殄戙~的積屑瘤形成因而鍛銅很難機(jī)加工。黃銅很容易機(jī)加工,特別是有添加的鉛更容易。青銅比黃銅更難機(jī)加工。鎂很容易機(jī)加工,鎂既有很好的表面光潔性和長(zhǎng)久的刀具壽命。然而,因?yàn)楦叩难趸俣群突鸱N的危險(xiǎn)(這種元素易燃),因此我們應(yīng)該特別小心使用它。鉗易拉長(zhǎng)且加工硬化,因此它生成很差的表面光潔性。尖的刀具是很必要的。鎳基合金加工硬化,具有磨蝕性,且在高溫下非常堅(jiān)硬。它的可機(jī)加工性和不銹鋼相同。鉭非常的加工硬化,具有可延性且柔軟。它生成很差的表面光潔性且刀具磨損非常大。鈦和它的合金導(dǎo)熱性(的確,是所有金屬中最低的),因此引起明顯的溫度升高和積屑瘤。它們是難機(jī)加工的。鎢易脆,堅(jiān)硬,且具有磨蝕性,因此盡管它的性能在高溫下能大大提高,但它的機(jī)加工性仍很低。鋯有很好的機(jī)加工性。然而,因?yàn)橛斜ê突鸱N的危險(xiǎn)性,它要求有一個(gè)冷卻性質(zhì)好的切削液。20.9.3 各種材料的機(jī)加工性石墨具有磨蝕性。它要求硬的、尖的,具有耐蝕性的刀具。塑性塑料通常有低的導(dǎo)熱性,低的彈性模數(shù)和低的軟化溫度。因此,機(jī)加工熱塑性塑料要求有正前角的刀具(以此降低切削力),還要求有大的后角,小的切削和走刀深的,相對(duì)高的速度和工件的正確支承。刀具應(yīng)該很尖。切削區(qū)的外部冷卻也許很必要,以此來(lái)防止切屑變的有黏性且粘在刀具上。有了空氣流,汽霧或水溶性油,通常就能實(shí)現(xiàn)冷卻。在機(jī)加工時(shí),殘余應(yīng)力也許能生成并發(fā)展。為了解除這些力,已機(jī)加工的部分要在()的溫度范圍內(nèi)冷卻一段時(shí)間,然而慢慢地?zé)o變化地冷卻到室溫。熱固性塑料易脆,并且在切削時(shí)對(duì)熱梯度很敏感。它的機(jī)加工性和熱塑性塑料的相同。因?yàn)槔w維的存在,加強(qiáng)塑料具有磨蝕性,且很難機(jī)加工。纖維的撕裂、拉出和邊界分層是非常嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。它們能導(dǎo)致構(gòu)成要素的承載能力大大下降。而且,這些材料的機(jī)加工要求對(duì)加工殘片仔細(xì)切除,以此來(lái)避免接觸和吸進(jìn)纖維。隨著納米陶瓷(見(jiàn)8.2.5節(jié))的發(fā)展和適當(dāng)?shù)膮?shù)處理的選擇,例如塑性切削(見(jiàn)22.4.2節(jié)),陶瓷器的可機(jī)加工性已大大地提高了。金屬基復(fù)合材料和陶瓷基復(fù)合材料很能機(jī)加工,它們依賴于單獨(dú)的成分的特性,比如說(shuō)增強(qiáng)纖維或金屬須和基體材料。20.9.4 熱輔助加工在室溫下很難機(jī)加工的金屬和合金在高溫下能更容易地機(jī)加工。在熱輔助加工時(shí)(高溫切削),熱源一個(gè)火把,感應(yīng)線圈,高能束流(例如雷射或電子束),或等離子弧被集中在切削刀具前的一塊區(qū)域內(nèi)。好處是:(a)低的切削力。(b)增加的刀具壽命。(c)便宜的切削刀具材料的使用。(d)更高的材料切除率。(e)減少振動(dòng)。也許很難在工件內(nèi)加熱和保持一個(gè)不變的溫度分布。而且,工件的最初微觀結(jié)構(gòu)也許被高溫影響,且這種影響是相當(dāng)有害的。盡管實(shí)驗(yàn)在進(jìn)行中,以此來(lái)機(jī)加工陶瓷器如氮化矽,但高溫切削仍大多數(shù)應(yīng)用在高強(qiáng)度金屬和高溫度合金的車削中。小結(jié)通常,零件的可機(jī)加工性能是根據(jù)以下因素來(lái)定義的:表面粗糙度,刀具的壽命,切削力和功率的需求以及切屑的控制。材料的可機(jī)加工性能不僅取決于起內(nèi)在特性和微觀結(jié)構(gòu),而且也依賴于工藝參數(shù)的適當(dāng)選擇與控制。On the discussion of the machinabilityAbstract: The paper is about the concept of mamufacturing engineering and the ways of processing it.It explains the foundamental concept of manufacturing engineeing from the way of example and also offer us some konds of materials can be used in manifacturing engineering.Keywords: manufacturing engineering、mterial、concept譯文:20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、 Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、 Tool life obtained;3、 Force and power requirements;4、 Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “l(fā)ow carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Mental pipe cutting machine is the one mainly be used in the production of cars,industry and some work of putting materials.The work need to be finished is the design of body of the machine and the roll of it.It includes the design and calculate of the slowing speed box,.The choose of the electromotor,the design of the gearing,the rev,the measure design of the main deliver parts.Than do the emandation work.After all ,get the data and drawing the engineering picture.It includes one final assembling picture,two assembling pictures of each parts,some small pictures of the important accessary.The design work we do this time is to the purpose of be used at the place of fanning pipe and draining pipe.This product also can be used at the situation of enhancing the efficiency of production.Make the working effection upon and low down the labor force.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.The mechanical seal is depends on a pair of relative motion link end surface A (fixed, another revolves together with axis) the mutual fitting forms the small axial play plays the seal role, this kind of equipment is called the mechanical seal. The mechanical seal usually by moves the link, the static link, contracts the part and the seal part is composed. Moves the link and the static link end surface composes a pair to rub, moves the link to depend on in the sealed chamber the liquid pressure to cause its shoulder up on the static link end surface, and produces on two links end surfaces suitable compared to presses and maintains an extremely thin liquid membrane to achieve the seal the goal. Contracts the part pressurize, may cause to pump under the operating condition, also maintains the end surface fitting, guaranteed the seal medium nothing more than leaks, and prevented the impurity enters seals the end surface. Seals the part to play the seal to move the link and axis gap B, the static link and the gland gap C role, simultaneously to the vibration which pumps, attacks the cushioning effect. The mechanical seal in the actual movement is not an isolated part, it is with other spare parts which pumps combines the movement together, simultaneously may see through its basic principle, the mechanical seal normal operation has the condition, for instance: Otherwise fleeing measures a pump spindles being not able to very big, friction subsidiary end face can not form the ratio pressure demanding regularly; The pump spindle that machinery hermetic sealing gets along can not have boundary very big deflection , end face waits a minute otherwise than pressure will be uneven. Besides only when satisfying similar such external condition, fine machinery seals off oneself function, ability reaches ideal hermetic sealing effect. In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other Metals Aluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from to (to), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heata torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arcis forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride. SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables. 13
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