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編號(hào)
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
相關(guān)資料
題目: S195G柴油機(jī)機(jī)體專用清洗機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào): 0923005
學(xué)生姓名: 李 輝
指導(dǎo)教師: 劉新佳(職稱:副教授)
(職稱: )
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文(論文)計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
開題報(bào)告
題目: S195G柴油機(jī)機(jī)體專用清洗機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào): 0923005
學(xué)生姓名: 李 輝
指導(dǎo)教師: 劉新佳 (職稱:副教授)
(職稱: )
2012年11月20日
課題來源
某廠生產(chǎn)的S195G柴油機(jī)是為出口拖拉機(jī)配套的主要產(chǎn)品,其整機(jī)清潔度要求較高,在生產(chǎn)過程中機(jī)體的清洗工序—直受到生產(chǎn)廠家的重視。
科學(xué)依據(jù)
清洗是使物體清潔的重要手段之一。部件所能達(dá)到的清潔度對(duì)該產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量好壞有著關(guān)鍵性的影響。所以清洗技術(shù)在各個(gè)行業(yè)中得到了廣泛性地應(yīng)用。
清洗技術(shù)在機(jī)械行業(yè)也不例外,零件的清潔度對(duì)該機(jī)械制造產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量也有著直接關(guān)鍵的影響。在拖拉機(jī)箱體的清洗上,清潔度的好壞會(huì)直接影響到下一道工序和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的裝配,干燥度也直接影響到下一道工序和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作性能。所以在拖拉機(jī)的箱體機(jī)械加工完成后,又在入庫(kù)前必須對(duì)拖拉機(jī)的箱體進(jìn)行清洗和干燥的工序。S195G柴油機(jī)是用途廣泛的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),某廠生產(chǎn)的S195G柴油機(jī)是為出口拖拉機(jī)配套的主要產(chǎn)品,其整機(jī)清潔度要求較高。所以在生產(chǎn)過程中機(jī)體的清洗工序一直都受到生產(chǎn)廠家的高度重視。但長(zhǎng)期以來都是采用手工清洗的方法,效率低,清洗質(zhì)量差且不穩(wěn)定,不能滿足企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的需要,迫切需要開發(fā)一種適合流水線生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)專用清洗機(jī)床。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
(1)學(xué)習(xí)獨(dú)立查閱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)資料及參考文獻(xiàn)的能力;
(2)完成S195G柴油機(jī)機(jī)體專用清洗機(jī)總體結(jié)構(gòu)和主要部件設(shè)計(jì),最后,將它們轉(zhuǎn)化為能供指導(dǎo)制造、裝配、安裝、調(diào)試和維修用的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙及各類說明書等技術(shù)文件,本設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容分為機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)三部分;
(3)學(xué)習(xí)撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文,完成畢業(yè)論文規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
(1)機(jī)床總方案
對(duì)那些清洗難度較大的鑄造小孔、盲孔、小螺紋孔、油道、通水道、凹槽及復(fù)雜的機(jī)體內(nèi)腔等部位全部采用定點(diǎn)對(duì)位高壓沖洗的方法才有可能獲得高的清洗效果。所以本S195G柴油機(jī)機(jī)體專用清洗機(jī)床決定采用高壓噴射清洗方式。
(2)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案確定
輸送機(jī)構(gòu):由于滾動(dòng)摩擦阻力系數(shù)比滑動(dòng)阻力系數(shù)小,把輸送機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)成為一個(gè)滾道的輸送機(jī)構(gòu)。
密集形噴嘴結(jié)構(gòu)盒式清洗及吹干系統(tǒng):設(shè)計(jì)采用分離與被清洗面相對(duì)應(yīng)的六個(gè)框板式密集形噴嘴結(jié)構(gòu)組成的噴水清洗系統(tǒng)。
排渣機(jī):在機(jī)床內(nèi)部,輸送滾道下設(shè)置一個(gè)擋水板件,使其能擋住洗滌流下的水,油垢,鐵屑等,有一個(gè)小角度的傾斜,讓水匯聚到一起并流向水箱。鐵屑,雜物則落到排渣機(jī)上。
(3)液壓系統(tǒng)方案確定
考慮到要實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)體的定點(diǎn)對(duì)位沖洗,必須有高的輸送精度來保證機(jī)體準(zhǔn)確定點(diǎn)。為此,設(shè)計(jì)采用液壓步進(jìn)式輸送機(jī)構(gòu)。
(4)控制系統(tǒng)方案確定
為達(dá)到遠(yuǎn)距離,主動(dòng)控制清洗機(jī)全部動(dòng)作的目的,全部傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由PLC程序控制系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)控制。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃:
2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日:按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料,填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書。
2012年12月3日-2013年1月20日:專業(yè)實(shí)訓(xùn)。
2013年1月21日-2013年3月1日:畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)。
2013年3月4日-2013年3月8日:專機(jī)總體方案設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年3月11日-2013年3月15日:專機(jī)總體方案設(shè)計(jì)。
2013年3月18日-2013年3月22日:繪制清洗機(jī)裝配總圖。
2013年3月25日-2013年3月29日:繪制清洗機(jī)裝配總圖。
2013年4月1日-2013年4月5日:繪制機(jī)架圖。
2013年4月8日-2013年4月12日:繪制水箱總圖。
2013年4月15日-2013年4月19日:繪制噴水吹風(fēng)系統(tǒng)圖。
2013年4月22日-2013年4月29日:繪制卷渣機(jī)圖。
2013年4月29日-2013年5月3日:繪制輸送機(jī)構(gòu)圖。
2013年5月6日-2013年5月10日:繪制輸送機(jī)構(gòu)圖。
2013年5月13日-2013年5月17日:檢查、修改、完善、撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
2013年5月20日-2013年5月25日:資料整理、裝訂、準(zhǔn)備答辯。
預(yù)期成果:
完成S195G柴油機(jī)機(jī)體專用清洗機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)圖紙一套,設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
本設(shè)計(jì)由于采用流水線清洗,清洗效率高;由于采用定點(diǎn),對(duì)位清洗清洗效果特別好,清洗質(zhì)量高;控制系統(tǒng)采用PC控制,操作完全實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化。因此,清洗任務(wù)能安全高效的完成,并且操作、維護(hù)十分方便。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
已具備的條件:包括專業(yè)課程設(shè)計(jì)等的訓(xùn)練,經(jīng)過畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),前期調(diào)研,相關(guān)資料的搜集,做好技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)準(zhǔn)備工作,設(shè)計(jì)思路及方案已基本明確。
尚需解決的問題:CAD制圖的效率,成本材料的進(jìn)一步控制。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
年 月 日
教研室(學(xué)科組、研究所)意見
教研室主任簽名:
年 月 日
系意見
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名:
年 月 日
英文原文
Computer Numerical Control Unit
Today, computer numerical control (CNC) machines are found almost everywhere , from small job shops in rural communities to Fortune 500 companies in large urban areas. Truly , there is hardly a facet of manufacturing that is not in some way touched by what these innovative machine tools can do . Everyone involved in the manufacturing environment should be well aware of what is possible with these sophisticated machine tools.
In this chapter, we will explore the basics of the core of CNC machine tool-CNC unit, showing you much of what is involved with its function, working principles ,hardware configuration and software structure. With so many types of CNC machine tools and CNC units in existence, it is next to impossible for this chapter to be extremely specific about any one particular type .The key concepts allow us to view the main features of CNC unit in more general terms, stressing why things are handled the way they are even more than the specific techniques used with any one particular CNC machine tool. With this broad background , you should be able to easily zero in on any kind of CNC machine tool you will be working with.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Machine controls are divided into two types:numerical control(NC)and computer numerical control(CNC).NC controls have to read the program each time a part is run; they have no means of editing existing programs.CNC controls can store and allow editing of loaded programs.All machines built today are CNC machines.CNC unit is the heart of CNC machine. Nevertheless,in order to aid to understand the working principles of CNC unit,it is necessary that the principles of NC system be introduced firstly.
1.1.1 NC system
The NC machine can be divided into three basic areas. The first area is the control unit, which processes the commands from the input media. The second area is the drive mechanisms, and the last area is the machine itself.
The most basic function of any NC machine is automatic,precise,and consistent motion control.A11 forms of NC equipment have two or more directions of motion,called axes.These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel.The two most common axis types are linear(driven along a straight path)and rotary(driven along a circular path).
Instead of causing motion by manually turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools,NC machines allow motions to be actuated by servomotors under control of the NC,and guided by the part program.Generally speaking,the motion type(rapid, linear,and circular),the axes to move,the amount of motion and the motion rate(feed rate)are programmable with almost all NC machine tools.Figure 1.1 shows the makeup of a linear axis of an NC machine.
Figure 1.1 The makeup of a linear axis of all NC machine
An NC command executed within the control (commonly through a program) tells the drive motor to rotate a precise amount of angle.The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ballscrew.And the ballscrew drives the linear axis.A feedback device at the opposite end of the ballscrew allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place.
All NC machine tools need numerical data for controlling the relative motion between cutting tool and piece part, the component dimensions normally emanating directly from engineering drawings--the geometric data.Other digitized numerical data define feed rates,spindle speeds,tool identification numbers,and miscellaneous functions to perform such operations as tool or work changing,or coolant control--the technological data.The combination of all this numerical information in a sequence understood by the machine tool’s controller is called a part program,and the process of creating the data in a correctly structured format is called programming.
Numerical controls use standard microelectronic modules that have been developed for computer hardware。Except for special modules needed in servocontrol circuits,no individual modules are necessary,in contrast to traditional controls,which employ only components tailored to suit one specific control function.In modern NC controllers extensive control and calculation tasks are performed by one or more integral microprocessors。These are termed computer numerical control system( CNCs ).
1.1.2 CNC system and functions of CNC unit
Control systems based on industrial PC(abbreviation for personal computer)are increasingly used in automation technology.Machine controls have changed greatly with the “age of the computer”.Controls today are“soft—wired”,which allows greater flexibility in changing and upgrading the computer control.In fact,many of machine’s operating characteristics can be changed by the operator,so that the machine operates the way he/she wants it to. Parameter tables in CNC machines today allow each machine to be personalized to the needs of the job to be run.The modern CNC machine tool is software driven.Simply speaking,computer controls are programmed instead of hard-wired.
Definition:According to Electronic Industries Association(EIA),CNC system is a special computer system that is equipped with certain interface circuits and servo drivers,and can do part or a11 the works an NC system do by running the software stored in its memories.
CNCs have expandable memories that can store large numbers of programs,plus subroutines and correction data。Sophisticated graphic displays and dynamic simulation have also now become available as a result of the extensive memory capacity being built into current CNCs.Within only few years,the capability and efficiency of machine controllers has increased to such an extent that the name“numerical control”is no longer appropriate;“computer numerical control”is more accurately descriptive.
Generally,CNCs comprises CNC unit,feed motion servo subsystem,spindle servo subsystem and some auxiliary control cells, as shown in Figure 1.2,CNC unit is the core of the whole CNC system.It is composed of hardware and software。The hardware comprising a CNC unit is made up of microprocessors,electronic memory modules,I/0 interfaces,and position control modules,etc.CNC software controls all functions of the machine and its efficiency of operation,and manages all local programming at the machine tool and graphic simulation of the cutting process if available.The hardware and the software work together to do all functions of CNC unit,which an ordinary NC system can never do,such as graphic display HMI(Human-Machine Interface),system diagnosis,implementing of various complex tool-path controlling and compensation algorithms,intelligent controlling,online programming,and Web communications,etc.The main functions and features of CNC unit are described as follows:
Figure 1.2 CNC machining system
(1)Controlling function (the number of control axes and synchronously control axes)
Controlling function indicates the maximum axis-number the CNC unit can control and the number of axes the CNC unit can control synchronously.It is also the mare features of CNC machine.Axes to be controlled by CNC unit have linear axes and rotate axes, basic axes and auxiliary axes.Generally,CNC machine needs only 2 axes to be controlled synchronously.In case of double tool—slides,four axes are needed.CNC milling machine,boring machine, and CNC machine center need 3 or more controlled axes.The more the number of Controlled axes, especially the number of axes being controlled synchronously, the more powerful functions of the CNC unit, and the more complex structure of the CNC unit,the more difficulty of programming.
(2)Preparatory function
Preparatory function,also called G function,describes the motion modes of CNC machine.The motion modes comprise instructions of basic motions,dwell,plane selections,coordinate system settings,tool compensations,reference point return,fixed operation circles,and metric/inch unit transfer,etc.According to ISO standard,there are 100 types of G—codes (from G00 to G99)used in CNC unit,which can be divided into two classes- nonmodal codes (which functions are valid only in the code segment including the codes themselves)and modal codes(which can keep effective before the coming of next G—code of the same group).For the exact function of each G code used in your machine tools,you must reference your control manufacturer’s manual to find the list of functions for your machine.
(3)Interpolation function
CNC unit does interpolation by using software real—time calculations.Linear interpolation,circular interpolation,helical interpolation,and polar coordinate interpolation will do their best to help CNC unit generate tool track as close to various paths as possible.
(4)Feed function
Feed function uses F (Feedrate designation)to designate the. feedrate to axis.The method by which feedrate is programmed varies from one machine type to the next.Generally speaking,machining centers only allow the feed rate to be specific in per-minute format(inches or millimeters per minute),such as,F(xiàn)15000 means the federate is 15000 millimeters per minute.Turning centers,which have position encoders in their spindles,also allow feed rate to be specified in per-revolution format(inches or millimeters per.revolution)that is named synchronous feedrate.
(5)Spindle function
An“S”word is used to specify the spindle speed(in RPM for machining centers).
An M03 is used to turn the spindle on in a clockwise(forward)D1a11ner.M04 turns the spindle on in a counter clockwise manner.M05 turns the spindle off.Note that turning centers also have a feature called constant surface speed,which allows spindle speed to be specified in surface feet per minute(or meters per minute).On operation panel,there is a button to turn the spindle on and off,as well as a rheostat to control spindle speed.All of these functions are activated manually,through the Manual or Jog mode.
(6)Miscellaneous function
Like preparatory functions,miscellaneous functions(M words,from M00 to M99)allow a variety of special functions.Miscellaneous functions are typically used as programmable switches(1ike spindle on/off,coolant on/off,and so on).
(7)Compensation function
All types of CNC machine tools require some form(s)of compensation.Though applied for different reasons on different machine types,all forms of compensation allow the CNC user to allow for unpredictable conditions related to tooling.
(8)Enhanced graphic display function
CNC unit has a CRT or an LCD displayer to show programs,parameters,various compensation data,coordinates,fault information,menus of conversation programming,part graphs.It also can monitor dynamic cutter tool paths while machining.
(9)Self-diagnosis function
In CNC unit,various diagnosis programs are designed to prevent faults occurring or going worse.With the aids of self-diagnosis programs,operators can find out the fault and its location in time,so that shorten the time of broken-down.
(10)Communication function
A1l current model CNC controls come with an RS-232-C communications (serial) port. All current model personal computers come with a serial communications port.By connecting a properly configured cable to the computer and CNC,the user can command that transmissions of CNC programs take place.
(11)Programming function
There are three methods of developing CNC programs--Manual programming,conversational(shop—floor)programming,and CAM system programming.
1.1.3 Functional interface between hardware and software in CNC unit
As being described above,CNC unit comprises hardware and software,which work together to perform all functions of CNC unit.Because that software is logically equivalent to hardware,just like in an ordinary computer system,hardware functions can also be implemented by software in CNC system.Hardware and software have different characters.Hardware can process in a higher speed than software,but it is more expensive;software is flexible when being designed,but it is a little slow on processing.Hence,in a CNC system,the proportion between hardware and software is determined by cost—performance of the CNC unit.In practice,the functional interfaces between hardware and software are not fixed。In the earlier NC equipments,all functions were implemented by hardware。As the developing of computer technology,computer was introduced into numerical control system,formed so-called CNC system. But the participation of computer are different in different CNC units and in different time. Figure 1.3 show four different kinds of functional interfaces between hardware and software in CNC systems.
Figure1.3
中文譯文
電腦數(shù)值控制單元
今天,計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)值控制(CNC)機(jī)床幾乎隨處可見,從農(nóng)村社區(qū)小商店工作,財(cái)富500強(qiáng)企業(yè)在大城市地區(qū)。真的,幾乎沒有一個(gè)小的制造,是不是有點(diǎn)感動(dòng)這些創(chuàng)新機(jī)床能做的。人人參與的制造環(huán)境應(yīng)該很清楚什么是可能與這些精密的工具機(jī)。
在本章中,我們將探討數(shù)控機(jī)床的數(shù)控裝置的核心基礎(chǔ),告訴你什么是參與其功能,工作原理,硬件結(jié)構(gòu)和軟件結(jié)構(gòu)。有這么多種類型的數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控單元的存在,幾乎是不可能的這一章是關(guān)于任何一個(gè)特定類型的非常具體的關(guān)鍵概念。讓我們看數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的主要特點(diǎn)在更一般的條件的單位,強(qiáng)調(diào)為什么事情的處理他們比使用任何一個(gè)特定的數(shù)控機(jī)床的具體技術(shù)更加的方式。在這個(gè)背景之下,你可以很容易的在零上的任何類型的數(shù)控機(jī)床將要和你一起工作。
1.1引言
機(jī)器控制分為兩種類型:數(shù)控(NC)和計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)值控制(CNC)。數(shù)控控制讀取的程序每次一部分運(yùn)行;他們沒有編輯現(xiàn)有的programs.cnc控制手段可以存儲(chǔ)和允許加載程序編輯。所有的機(jī)器建立的今天是數(shù)控machines.cnc單元是數(shù)控機(jī)器的心臟。然而,為了幫助理解數(shù)控裝置的工作原理,它是必要的,數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原理是首先介紹了。
1.1.1數(shù)控系統(tǒng)
數(shù)控機(jī)床可分為三個(gè)基本環(huán)節(jié)。第一區(qū)的控制單元,處理命令的輸入媒體。第二個(gè)區(qū)域是驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制,和最后一個(gè)領(lǐng)域是機(jī)器本身。
任何數(shù)控機(jī)床最基本的功能是自動(dòng)的,精確的,和數(shù)控設(shè)備一致的運(yùn)動(dòng)control.a11形式有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的方向運(yùn)動(dòng),稱為軸。這些軸可以自動(dòng)準(zhǔn)確定位沿其長(zhǎng)度的旅行。最常見的兩種類型的線性(驅(qū)動(dòng)軸沿直線路徑)和旋轉(zhuǎn)(沿圓形路徑)。
而造成運(yùn)動(dòng)通過手動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲柄和手輪是普通機(jī)床,數(shù)控機(jī)床允許的運(yùn)動(dòng)是驅(qū)動(dòng)伺服電機(jī)的數(shù)控控制下,通過部分程序的引導(dǎo)。一般來說,運(yùn)動(dòng)型(快速,線性,和圓形),移動(dòng)軸,運(yùn)動(dòng)量與運(yùn)動(dòng)速度(進(jìn)給速度)都是可編程的幾乎所有的數(shù)控機(jī)床。
圖1.1顯示了一個(gè)數(shù)控機(jī)床直線軸的化妝。圖1.1組成的數(shù)控機(jī)床直線軸數(shù)控指令執(zhí)行的控制范圍內(nèi)(通常通過一個(gè)程序)告訴驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)角度的精確量。反過來驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)的滾珠絲杠和滾珠絲杠傳動(dòng)。線性軸。在滾珠絲杠的相對(duì)端的反饋裝置允許控制來確定所要求的數(shù)量的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)生。
所有的數(shù)控機(jī)床需要數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)控制刀具和零件之間的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),組件的尺寸通常直接從所產(chǎn)生的工程圖紙——幾何數(shù)據(jù)。其他數(shù)字化數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)定義的進(jìn)給率,主軸轉(zhuǎn)速,刀具識(shí)別號(hào)碼,和雜項(xiàng)功能執(zhí)行的工具或工作變換等操作,或冷卻控制——技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)。在一個(gè)序列中的機(jī)床控制器理解這一切的數(shù)值信息的組合稱為程序的一部分,并在正確的結(jié)構(gòu)化的格式創(chuàng)建的數(shù)據(jù)的過程稱為程序設(shè)計(jì)。
數(shù)值控制使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)微電子已開發(fā)的模塊,對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)硬件。除特殊模塊,伺服控制電路所需,沒有單獨(dú)的模塊是必要的,在對(duì)比傳統(tǒng)的控制,只采用組件適合一個(gè)特定的控制功能。在現(xiàn)代數(shù)控控制器廣泛的控制和計(jì)算任務(wù)都由一個(gè)或多個(gè)微處理器進(jìn)行積分。這些被稱為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)(CNC)。
1.1.2數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和功能的數(shù)控單元
基于工業(yè)PC的控制系統(tǒng)(個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)的縮寫)越來越多地應(yīng)用于自動(dòng)化技術(shù)。機(jī)控制已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化,“計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代”。今天是“軟接線”控件,允許更大的靈活性在變化升級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)控制。事實(shí)上,許多機(jī)器的操作特性,可由操作員改變,使機(jī)器的方式,他/她想要工作。今天,在數(shù)控機(jī)床參數(shù)表允許每臺(tái)機(jī)器進(jìn)行個(gè)性化的工作需要運(yùn)行?,F(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床的軟件驅(qū)動(dòng)。簡(jiǎn)單地說,計(jì)算機(jī)控制程序代替硬接線。
定義:根據(jù)電子工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)(EIA),數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是一種特殊的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),配備一定的接口電路和伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)器,可以部分或全部作品的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行做存儲(chǔ)在其記憶軟件。
數(shù)控系統(tǒng),可以存儲(chǔ)大量的節(jié)目可膨脹的回憶,加子程序和校正數(shù)據(jù)。復(fù)雜的圖形顯示和動(dòng)態(tài)仿真也現(xiàn)在由于廣泛的內(nèi)存容量建成為當(dāng)前數(shù)控系統(tǒng)成為可能。在短短的幾年中,能力和機(jī)控制器的效率提高到這樣的程度,的名字“數(shù)控”不再是合適的;“數(shù)控”更準(zhǔn)確的描述。
一般來說,數(shù)控機(jī)床包括數(shù)控裝置,伺服系統(tǒng)進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng),主軸伺服系統(tǒng)和一些輔助的控制單元,如圖1.2所示,數(shù)控單元是整個(gè)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的核心。它是由硬件和軟件組成。硬件包括數(shù)控單元由微處理器,電子存儲(chǔ)模塊,我/0接口,和位置控制模塊,etc.cnc軟件控制機(jī)器及其運(yùn)行效率的所有功能,并管理所有本地編程時(shí)的機(jī)床和切削過程中如果可用圖形仿真。硬件和軟件一起做數(shù)控裝置的所有功能,一個(gè)普通的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)可以不做,如圖形顯示的HMI(人機(jī)界面),系統(tǒng)診斷,實(shí)現(xiàn)各種復(fù)雜的刀具路徑控制和補(bǔ)償算法,智能控制,在線編程,和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信,等主要功能和數(shù)控單元的特點(diǎn)如下:
圖1.2數(shù)控加工系統(tǒng)
(1)控制功能(控制軸數(shù)和同步控制軸)控制函數(shù)表示的最大軸數(shù)數(shù)控單元可控制軸的數(shù)控單元可控制同步的數(shù)量。這也是數(shù)控機(jī)床的母馬的特征。軸是由數(shù)控裝置控制有直線軸和旋轉(zhuǎn)軸,軸和輔助軸的基礎(chǔ)。一般來說,數(shù)控機(jī)床只需要2軸是同步控制。在雙工具的幻燈片,四軸needed.cnc銑床,鏜床,數(shù)控加工中心,需要3個(gè)或更多的軸控制??刂戚S數(shù)越多,特別是軸同步控制的數(shù)控單元的數(shù)量,更強(qiáng)大的功能,以及數(shù)控裝置的更多結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,設(shè)計(jì)難度。
(2)準(zhǔn)備功能準(zhǔn)備功能,也被稱為G函數(shù),介紹了數(shù)控機(jī)床的運(yùn)動(dòng)模式。運(yùn)動(dòng)模式包括基本運(yùn)動(dòng),說明選擇居住,平面,坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)設(shè)置,刀具補(bǔ)償,回參考點(diǎn)操作,固定圈,/英寸和度量單位轉(zhuǎn)移,根據(jù)ISO標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有100種類型的G(從G00到G99)應(yīng)用于數(shù)控裝置,可分為兩類模態(tài)代碼(在代碼段包括代碼本身的功能是有效的)和模態(tài)代碼(可以保持有效的前下的G代碼的同一組的到來)。對(duì)于每個(gè)G代碼的確切功能在你的機(jī)器工具,你必需參考制造商的控制手冊(cè)找到適合您的機(jī)器的功能列表。
(3)插值函數(shù)數(shù)控裝置采用軟件實(shí)時(shí)計(jì)算并插值。直線插補(bǔ),圓弧插補(bǔ),螺旋線插補(bǔ),和極坐標(biāo)插值將盡力幫助數(shù)控單元生成刀具軌跡的各種路徑盡可能接近。
(4)進(jìn)給功能進(jìn)給功能使用f(進(jìn)給率指定)指定。進(jìn)給軸的進(jìn)給速度的方法。程序從一臺(tái)機(jī)器類型下的不同而不同。一般來說,加工中心只允許進(jìn)給速度要具體格式(每分鐘英寸或毫米/分鐘),如,f15000意味著聯(lián)邦15000毫米/分鐘。車削中心,在主軸有位置編碼器,也允許進(jìn)給速度應(yīng)在每轉(zhuǎn)格式(英寸或毫米/。革命),稱為同步進(jìn)給速度。
(5)主軸功能“的”字是用來指定主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(RPM加工中心)。一個(gè)M03用來把主軸上沿順時(shí)針方向(向前)d1a11ner.m04轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)主軸在逆時(shí)針manner.m05轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)主軸關(guān)閉。注意,車削中心也有一個(gè)功能叫做恒表面速度,使主軸速度在每分鐘表面英尺指定(或米每分鐘)操作。板,有一個(gè)按鈕,使主軸和關(guān)閉,以及一個(gè)變阻器控制主軸轉(zhuǎn)速。所有這些功能被激活手動(dòng),通過手工或手動(dòng)模式。
(6)輔助功能喜歡的準(zhǔn)備功能,其他功能(從M00到M99 M的話,)允許多種特殊功能。多功能通常用作可編程開關(guān)(如主軸/關(guān)閉,冷卻液對(duì)/關(guān)閉,等等)。
(7)補(bǔ)償功能所有類型的數(shù)控機(jī)床需要某種形式(S)的補(bǔ)償。盡管在不同的機(jī)器類型不同的原因,所有形式的補(bǔ)償,允許用戶以不可預(yù)知的條件相關(guān)的工裝。
(8)增強(qiáng)的圖形顯示功能數(shù)控單元具有CRT或LCD顯示器顯示程序,參數(shù),各種補(bǔ)償數(shù)據(jù),坐標(biāo),故障信息,菜單會(huì)話編程,零件圖。它還可以監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)態(tài)刀具路徑加工。
(9)自診斷功能在數(shù)控裝置,各種診斷程序的目的是防止發(fā)生或惡化的故障自診斷程序。與艾滋病,運(yùn)營(yíng)商可以查找故障的時(shí)間,從而縮短中斷時(shí)間。
(10)通信功能所有的電流模型的CNC控制跟一個(gè)RS-232-C通信(串行)端口。目前所有的新型個(gè)人電腦有一個(gè)串行通信端口。通過正確配置的電纜連接到計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)控系統(tǒng),用戶可以命令,數(shù)控程序的傳輸發(fā)生。
(11)編程功能有三種方法——開發(fā)數(shù)控程序的手工編程,會(huì)話(車間)編程,和CAM系統(tǒng)編程
1.1.3功能接口的硬件和軟件之間的數(shù)控單元作為上述數(shù)控單元,包括硬件和軟件,并共同完成數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的所有功能。由于軟件是邏輯等價(jià)的硬件,就像一個(gè)普通的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),硬件的功能也可以通過軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件。硬件可以有不同的特點(diǎn)。除了軟件更高的速度的過程,但它是更昂貴;軟件是靈活的在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),但它是一個(gè)緩慢的處理。因此,在數(shù)控系統(tǒng),硬件和軟件之間的比例是由數(shù)控裝置的成本性能所決定的。在實(shí)踐中,硬件和軟件之間的功能接口是不固定的。在早期的數(shù)控設(shè)備,所有功能用硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)被引入數(shù)控系統(tǒng),形成所謂的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。而電腦的參與在不同的數(shù)控單元在不同時(shí)間不同。圖1.3顯示了四種不同的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件之間的功能接口。
圖1.3