第9堂 并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)

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1、LECTURE 9 并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)本堂目標(biāo)：熟悉平行結(jié)構(gòu)的基本原則及可用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法單位，掌握常用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的連詞、并列句中表句際關(guān)系的副詞，以及并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的一致問(wèn)題?；A(chǔ)預(yù)習(xí)一、平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)的基本原則平行結(jié)構(gòu)是延長(zhǎng)英文句子的重要因素之一，是理解英文長(zhǎng)難句的必備知識(shí)。并列連詞所連接的并列成分應(yīng)當(dāng)在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上保持一致，這就是通常所說(shuō)的并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)。英語(yǔ)中運(yùn)用并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的基本原則是：以同類(lèi)語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)表達(dá)同類(lèi)概念，以達(dá)到明晰句意、節(jié)省用詞、加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣、增加韻律的修辭效果?！纠?】Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to

2、get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.【點(diǎn)睛】crowding和pushing兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞是并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，由and連接；均作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)?！咀g文】當(dāng)火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，保持冷靜，不要向安全出口亂擠亂擁，這樣就會(huì)使生與死的機(jī)會(huì)截然不同?！纠?】In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing; at whatever table, they may find me

3、at and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.【點(diǎn)睛】本句由兩個(gè)并列的分句組成，結(jié)構(gòu)工整，含多個(gè)平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，如：介詞短語(yǔ)In whatever company與at whatever table為一組平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，在兩個(gè)句子中均作狀語(yǔ)； persons和conversations平行并列，作第一個(gè)分句的賓語(yǔ)；在第二個(gè)分句中meat與drink平行并列，也作賓語(yǔ)。【譯文】無(wú)論和什么人交往，他們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有些人、有些談話討人喜歡，而有些則不然；同樣，無(wú)論吃什么飯，酒和肉總有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹調(diào)亦總

4、有優(yōu)劣之分。二、可用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法單位語(yǔ)法單位例示名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.讀書(shū)能帶來(lái)愉悅，使人高雅、聰慧。形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Jack was honest, industrious and talented.杰克誠(chéng)實(shí)、勤奮又聰明。分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子們一邊跑著，一邊喊著、笑著。動(dòng)名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Jane prefers singing to dancing.珍妮喜歡唱歌勝過(guò)跳舞。動(dòng)詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)To kno

5、w what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.知道什么是好的和實(shí)際做得好不是一回事。副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The work is handsomely and skillfully done.這項(xiàng)工作做得漂亮，有水平。介詞短語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)The room is fifteen feet in length and thirteen feet in width.這個(gè)房間長(zhǎng)15英尺，寬13英尺。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The man walked up to the garden gate, hesitated and then rang th

6、e bell.那位男士走進(jìn)大門(mén)，猶豫了一下，之后按響了門(mén)鈴。句子平行結(jié)構(gòu)A man who is able and has the will to do things should be given an important task.一個(gè)有能力而又樂(lè)于干工作的人應(yīng)當(dāng)委以重任?！纠?】(06-Text 2)Stratford-on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry William Shakespeare but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branch

7、es.【點(diǎn)睛】句中的distinctly separate和increasingly hostile為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，均作定語(yǔ)修飾branches?！咀g文】眾所周知，埃文鎮(zhèn)的斯特拉特德福只有一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)威廉莎士比亞但它有兩個(gè)涇渭分明且日趨仇視的分支?！纠?】(08-Text 1)The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend

8、not to be one-shot deals. 【點(diǎn)睛】介詞結(jié)構(gòu)by parents or other family members為介詞短語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)，or后省略by?！咀g文】女性所遭受的人際間的暴力更多地來(lái)自于家庭，不幸的是，施暴者通常是父母或其他家庭成員，而且這些壓力不是一次性的。重點(diǎn)講解一、常用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的連詞1表示同等關(guān)系由以and為代表的表示語(yǔ)義引申的并列連接詞和以besides為代表的副詞連接詞連接起來(lái)的并列句，前后兩個(gè)句子在語(yǔ)法地位上是平等一致的。具體的連接詞有and, not onlybut also, neithernor，besides, moreover, fur

9、thermore, in addition, whats more等?！纠?05-Text 4)Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 【點(diǎn)睛】這是由nor連接起來(lái)的并列句。第一個(gè)分句的主干為Americans .expect public figures . to command t

10、he English language with skill and gift.【譯文】無(wú)論是在演講中還是在寫(xiě)作中，美國(guó)人都不再期望公眾人物英語(yǔ)技巧熟練、有良好的語(yǔ)言天分。他們對(duì)自己也沒(méi)有這樣的渴求。2表示選擇關(guān)系由or, eitheror “不是就是”，otherwise“否則”，or else“否則”等表示選擇的連接副詞連接的句子?！纠浚?0-Part B）For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; the

11、y may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural recourses or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. 【點(diǎn)睛】本句包含三個(gè)or連接的并列選擇句，各個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間是并列選

12、擇關(guān)系。后兩個(gè)or后省略了they may。【譯文】例如，政府可以用各種方法來(lái)鼓勵(lì)研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改革教育機(jī)構(gòu)，或以政府干預(yù)來(lái)減少自然資源的消費(fèi)量、開(kāi)發(fā)迄今未被利用的資源；或者政府可以在日益增加的與科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和工業(yè)有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目中直接進(jìn)行協(xié)作。3表示轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系以but為代表的連詞連接詞或以however為代表的副詞連接詞連接的句子。but為代表的連詞連接詞有：but, notbut, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等；however為代表的連接副詞有：however, nevertheless“但是，然而”，still“然而

13、”，on the contrary“相反地”，on the other hand“另一方面”等?！纠浚?5-Passage 2）The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.【點(diǎn)睛】句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)就是not.but連接的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句。注意but后的成分較復(fù)雜，有四個(gè)并列成分。【譯文】成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程不

14、是道路本身，而是當(dāng)人碰到新的情況或未曾遇到的障礙時(shí)所持的態(tài)度和情感，是慎重行事還是勇往直前。4表示因果關(guān)系以so為代表的連詞或以therefore為代表的副詞連接的表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞連接的句子?！纠浚?2-Passage 1）Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted

15、 remark. 【點(diǎn)睛】?jī)蓚€(gè)句子由so連接，它們之間是因果關(guān)系?！咀g文】使聽(tīng)眾發(fā)笑的往往是講話的方式；因此說(shuō)慢一些，并且記住揚(yáng)揚(yáng)眉毛或者做出一種不相信的表情，這有助于表現(xiàn)出你正在輕松愉快地做一番評(píng)論。二、并列句中表句際關(guān)系副詞一覽表關(guān)系副詞例示表轉(zhuǎn)折however, nevertheless, still, yet, rather, contrarilyHe is charming; nevertheless, I dont trust him.表因果therefore, thus, hence, then, so, accordingly, consequentlyShe felt ver

16、y tired, and therefore she went to bed early.= She felt very tired; therefore she went表選擇ratherthanShes rather die than give a speech.表列舉first(ly), second(ly)finallyHe studies hard; finally he gained high marks.表概括generally, overall, altogether等Shes not really ill; generally she is run-down.表補(bǔ)充furth

17、ermore, besides, moreover, likewise, againThe house isnt big enough for us; furthermore, it is too far away from the town.說(shuō)明：以上所列詞是副詞，在連接句子時(shí)，要么需借助分號(hào)，要么需借助連詞and。同學(xué)們?cè)趯?xiě)作中一定注意，千萬(wàn)別誤用為連詞而直接連接兩個(gè)句子?！纠浚?3-Passage 3）But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as

18、coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.【點(diǎn)睛】此處連接前后兩個(gè)分句的therefore因是副詞，且其前沒(méi)有分號(hào)，故與and連用。and與therefore被該分句的主語(yǔ)the railroads分開(kāi)，需注意理解?！咀g文】但許多發(fā)貨商則抱怨說(shuō)，像煤炭、化肥和糧食這樣的大宗貨物通過(guò)公路長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸成本太高，而鐵路部門(mén)會(huì)因此掐住他們的脖子。三、并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的一致問(wèn)題1使句子前后保持平衡，句中的并列成分應(yīng)該在結(jié)構(gòu)上保持一致?！纠縏he i

19、nstrument has been welcomed by user because of its stability in serviceability, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.【點(diǎn)睛】句中的并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)stability in serviceability，reliability in operation和simplicity in maintenance在結(jié)構(gòu)上保持了一致?！咀g文】該儀器性能穩(wěn)定，操作可靠，維修方便，因而受到用戶歡迎。2.在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，被比較的事物應(yīng)該是同等成分?！纠?01-Pas

20、sage 1)A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.【點(diǎn)睛】本句是由whereas連接的并列句，表示對(duì)比關(guān)系，比

21、較的對(duì)象是professional geologists和the amateurs (geologists)。后一分句的賓語(yǔ)是并列的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)either to.or to?！咀g文】地質(zhì)科研人員中也發(fā)生著相似的分化現(xiàn)象，這使得全國(guó)專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)人員逐漸形成了一個(gè)特定的科研協(xié)會(huì)，而業(yè)余科研人員往往要么呆在地方協(xié)會(huì)中，要么組成一個(gè)不同的全國(guó)性協(xié)會(huì)。課后練習(xí)難句分析1. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn

22、 up alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them. (04-Text 2)2. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (04-Text 3)3. Employment became

23、 widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.4. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological ma

24、tter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (06-Text 3)5. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (02-Text 2)6.

25、Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (01-Text 1)7. When a

26、 new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00-Passage 3)8. The trouble is that a cable-te

27、levision system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do.9. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members

28、of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it.10. He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description.課堂講評(píng)1. 【分析】and連接的兩個(gè)表示同等關(guān)系的并列句，第一個(gè)分句中的all是對(duì)冒號(hào)前的三個(gè)并列名詞短語(yǔ)的總稱(chēng)；第二個(gè)分句

29、包含一個(gè)由as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。【譯文】求職面試的名單、選票、會(huì)議發(fā)言和出席名單：所有這些往往都是按字母表順序排列的，而人們?cè)诜催@些東西的時(shí)候漸漸就失去了興趣。2. 【分析】本句是由and連接的同等關(guān)系并列句，第二個(gè)分句中say后為賓語(yǔ)從句，其中還含有一個(gè)even as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句?！咀g文】消費(fèi)者們似乎只是稍有憂慮，并不驚慌，許多人說(shuō)他們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展還是很樂(lè)觀的，雖然他們已經(jīng)勒起了褲腰帶。3. 【分析】復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，從句主干為the enclosures made many people dependent on paid work；by作方式狀語(yǔ)；and連接兩個(gè)

30、并列的介詞短語(yǔ)of the use和of the means。【妙譯】17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)剝奪了許多人的土地使用權(quán)，使他們失去了為自己謀生的途徑。因此，他們不得不依賴(lài)付費(fèi)工作。這樣，雇傭就變得廣為流行了。4. 【分析】該句是由notbut連接的表示轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系的并列句。句子的主干是Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomassbut rather changes。其中介詞結(jié)構(gòu)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over t

31、ime都作定語(yǔ)?！咀g文】他們的研究方法并非是要試圖估計(jì)出某個(gè)特定海域中魚(yú)類(lèi)生物的實(shí)際單位面積數(shù)量（目前存活的生物數(shù)量），而是找出該單位面積生物數(shù)量隨時(shí)間的變化程度。5. 【分析】本句的主干是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，but連接兩個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的并列定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句修飾gizmos。【譯文】結(jié)果，當(dāng)今世界智能化的小裝置日益增多，我們幾乎不注意它們的存在，但它們的廣泛存在已經(jīng)減輕了不少人類(lèi)的工作。6. 【分析】該句由分號(hào)連接的并列句組成。studies representedresearch

32、是第一部分的主干，in the nineteenth century作狀語(yǔ)，local geological和in their own right作定語(yǔ)，分別修飾studies和research；第二部分的but表示前后兩部分形成對(duì)比，其中if引導(dǎo)一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句?！咀g文】因此，在19世紀(jì)，這種局部性的地質(zhì)學(xué)研究本身代表了有價(jià)值的科研活動(dòng)；但是，到了20世紀(jì)，這種地質(zhì)學(xué)研究只有在包含并反映范圍更廣的問(wèn)題(地質(zhì)面貌)時(shí)，才越來(lái)越被專(zhuān)業(yè)人員所接受。7. 【分析】for連接的表示因果關(guān)系的并列句。for前分句中，主干為it is advisable to,不定式短語(yǔ)為真正主語(yǔ)。for后分句中，how

33、ever farfetched引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，主干是it is possible，其中it是形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句that in years as normal為真正的主語(yǔ)?！咀g文】當(dāng)一場(chǎng)新的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)形成了某種時(shí)尚時(shí)，弄清其倡導(dǎo)者的目的和追求是明智的，他們的準(zhǔn)則今天看來(lái)不管怎么牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)、荒唐無(wú)理，在未來(lái)的歲月都有可能被視作正常。8. 【分析】復(fù)合句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，從句主干為a cabletelevision system involvesand passes；其中as well as連接兩個(gè)并列的homes，均作passes的賓語(yǔ)?！久钭g】麻煩的是，有線電視系統(tǒng)，與電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣，需

34、要很高的安裝費(fèi)，它要經(jīng)過(guò)那些需要它的用戶家庭，同時(shí)還有那些不需要它的家庭。9. 【分析】復(fù)合句。even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其中a department，a faculty ，an institution為三個(gè)并列的名詞短語(yǔ)，均作of的賓語(yǔ)， who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾members。主句由三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相似的并列分句構(gòu)成，第三個(gè)分句shared前省略了must be?！久钭g】我們所知道的東西顯然有限；必須要了解研究的手段和機(jī)會(huì)，必須分享研究的價(jià)值。即使只是一個(gè)系、一個(gè)學(xué)院、或一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)中僅有一部分人真正從事研究工作，也是如此。10. 【分析】簡(jiǎn)單句。句子主干為He will master the art。句中四個(gè)of短語(yǔ)of logical explanation，of exact letterwriting，of formal speeches和 of vivid impressionistic description均作the art的定語(yǔ)?！久钭g】他將掌握邏輯分析的藝術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書(shū)信的寫(xiě)作訣竅、正式演講及日常談話的技巧，還有生動(dòng)描述事物的方法。