第9堂 并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)

LECTURE 9 并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)本堂目標(biāo)：熟悉平行結(jié)構(gòu)的基本原則及可用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的語法單位，掌握常用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的連詞、并列句中表句際關(guān)系的副詞，以及并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的一致問題。基礎(chǔ)預(yù)習(xí)一、平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)的基本原則平行結(jié)構(gòu)是延長英文句子的重要因素之一，是理解英文長難句的必備知識。并列連詞所連接的并列成分應(yīng)當(dāng)在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上保持一致，這就是通常所說的并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中運用并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的基本原則是：以同類語法形式來表達同類概念，以達到明晰句意、節(jié)省用詞、加強語氣、增加韻律的修辭效果。【例1】Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.【點睛】crowding和pushing兩個動名詞是并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，由and連接；均作介詞of的賓語?！咀g文】當(dāng)火災(zāi)發(fā)生時，保持冷靜，不要向安全出口亂擠亂擁，這樣就會使生與死的機會截然不同?！纠?】In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing; at whatever table, they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.【點睛】本句由兩個并列的分句組成，結(jié)構(gòu)工整，含多個平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，如：介詞短語In whatever company與at whatever table為一組平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，在兩個句子中均作狀語； persons和conversations平行并列，作第一個分句的賓語；在第二個分句中meat與drink平行并列，也作賓語?！咀g文】無論和什么人交往，他們會發(fā)現(xiàn)有些人、有些談話討人喜歡，而有些則不然；同樣，無論吃什么飯，酒和肉總有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹調(diào)亦總有優(yōu)劣之分。二、可用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的語法單位語法單位例示名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.讀書能帶來愉悅，使人高雅、聰慧。形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Jack was honest, industrious and talented.杰克誠實、勤奮又聰明。分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子們一邊跑著，一邊喊著、笑著。動名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Jane prefers singing to dancing.珍妮喜歡唱歌勝過跳舞。動詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.知道什么是好的和實際做得好不是一回事。副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The work is handsomely and skillfully done.這項工作做得漂亮，有水平。介詞短語平行結(jié)構(gòu)The room is fifteen feet in length and thirteen feet in width.這個房間長15英尺，寬13英尺。謂語動詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The man walked up to the garden gate, hesitated and then rang the bell.那位男士走進大門，猶豫了一下，之后按響了門鈴。句子平行結(jié)構(gòu)A man who is able and has the will to do things should be given an important task.一個有能力而又樂于干工作的人應(yīng)當(dāng)委以重任?！纠?】(06-Text 2)Stratford-on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry William Shakespeare but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.【點睛】句中的distinctly separate和increasingly hostile為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)，均作定語修飾branches?！咀g文】眾所周知，埃文鎮(zhèn)的斯特拉特德福只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)威廉·莎士比亞但它有兩個涇渭分明且日趨仇視的分支?！纠?】(08-Text 1)The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. 【點睛】介詞結(jié)構(gòu)by parents or other family members為介詞短語平行結(jié)構(gòu)，or后省略by?！咀g文】女性所遭受的人際間的暴力更多地來自于家庭，不幸的是，施暴者通常是父母或其他家庭成員，而且這些壓力不是一次性的。重點講解一、常用于并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的連詞1表示同等關(guān)系由以and為代表的表示語義引申的并列連接詞和以besides為代表的副詞連接詞連接起來的并列句，前后兩個句子在語法地位上是平等一致的。具體的連接詞有and, not onlybut also, neithernor，besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, whats more等?！纠?05-Text 4)Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 【點睛】這是由nor連接起來的并列句。第一個分句的主干為Americans .expect public figures . to command the English language with skill and gift.【譯文】無論是在演講中還是在寫作中，美國人都不再期望公眾人物英語技巧熟練、有良好的語言天分。他們對自己也沒有這樣的渴求。2表示選擇關(guān)系由or, eitheror “不是就是”，otherwise“否則”，or else“否則”等表示選擇的連接副詞連接的句子?！纠浚?0-Part B）For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural recourses or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. 【點睛】本句包含三個or連接的并列選擇句，各個謂語結(jié)構(gòu)之間是并列選擇關(guān)系。后兩個or后省略了they may?！咀g文】例如，政府可以用各種方法來鼓勵研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改革教育機構(gòu)，或以政府干預(yù)來減少自然資源的消費量、開發(fā)迄今未被利用的資源；或者政府可以在日益增加的與科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué)和工業(yè)有關(guān)的項目中直接進行協(xié)作。3表示轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系以but為代表的連詞連接詞或以however為代表的副詞連接詞連接的句子。but為代表的連詞連接詞有：but, notbut, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等；however為代表的連接副詞有：however, nevertheless“但是，然而”，still“然而”，on the contrary“相反地”，on the other hand“另一方面”等。【例】（95-Passage 2）The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.【點睛】句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)就是not.but連接的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句。注意but后的成分較復(fù)雜，有四個并列成分?！咀g文】成長過程不是道路本身，而是當(dāng)人碰到新的情況或未曾遇到的障礙時所持的態(tài)度和情感，是慎重行事還是勇往直前。4表示因果關(guān)系以so為代表的連詞或以therefore為代表的副詞連接的表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞連接的句子?！纠浚?2-Passage 1）Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. 【點睛】兩個句子由so連接，它們之間是因果關(guān)系?！咀g文】使聽眾發(fā)笑的往往是講話的方式；因此說慢一些，并且記住揚揚眉毛或者做出一種不相信的表情，這有助于表現(xiàn)出你正在輕松愉快地做一番評論。二、并列句中表句際關(guān)系副詞一覽表關(guān)系副詞例示表轉(zhuǎn)折however, nevertheless, still, yet, rather, contrarilyHe is charming; nevertheless, I dont trust him.表因果therefore, thus, hence, then, so, accordingly, consequentlyShe felt very tired, and therefore she went to bed early.= She felt very tired; therefore she went表選擇ratherthanShes rather die than give a speech.表列舉first(ly), second(ly)finallyHe studies hard; finally he gained high marks.表概括generally, overall, altogether等She's not really ill; generally she is run-down.表補充furthermore, besides, moreover, likewise, againThe house isnt big enough for us; furthermore, it is too far away from the town.說明：以上所列詞是副詞，在連接句子時，要么需借助分號，要么需借助連詞and。同學(xué)們在寫作中一定注意，千萬別誤用為連詞而直接連接兩個句子。【例】（03-Passage 3）But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.【點睛】此處連接前后兩個分句的therefore因是副詞，且其前沒有分號，故與and連用。and與therefore被該分句的主語the railroads分開，需注意理解?！咀g文】但許多發(fā)貨商則抱怨說，像煤炭、化肥和糧食這樣的大宗貨物通過公路長途運輸成本太高，而鐵路部門會因此掐住他們的脖子。三、并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)的一致問題1使句子前后保持平衡，句中的并列成分應(yīng)該在結(jié)構(gòu)上保持一致?！纠縏he instrument has been welcomed by user because of its stability in serviceability, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.【點睛】句中的并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)stability in serviceability，reliability in operation和simplicity in maintenance在結(jié)構(gòu)上保持了一致?！咀g文】該儀器性能穩(wěn)定，操作可靠，維修方便，因而受到用戶歡迎。2.在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，被比較的事物應(yīng)該是同等成分?！纠?01-Passage 1)A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.【點睛】本句是由whereas連接的并列句，表示對比關(guān)系，比較的對象是professional geologists和the amateurs (geologists)。后一分句的賓語是并列的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)either to.or to?！咀g文】地質(zhì)科研人員中也發(fā)生著相似的分化現(xiàn)象，這使得全國專業(yè)地質(zhì)人員逐漸形成了一個特定的科研協(xié)會，而業(yè)余科研人員往往要么呆在地方協(xié)會中，要么組成一個不同的全國性協(xié)會。課后練習(xí)難句分析1. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them. (04-Text 2)2. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (04-Text 3)3. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.4. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (06-Text 3)5. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (02-Text 2)6. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (01-Text 1)7. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00-Passage 3)8. The trouble is that a cable-television system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do.9. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it.10. He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description.課堂講評1. 【分析】and連接的兩個表示同等關(guān)系的并列句，第一個分句中的all是對冒號前的三個并列名詞短語的總稱；第二個分句包含一個由as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句?！咀g文】求職面試的名單、選票、會議發(fā)言和出席名單：所有這些往往都是按字母表順序排列的，而人們在翻看這些東西的時候漸漸就失去了興趣。2. 【分析】本句是由and連接的同等關(guān)系并列句，第二個分句中say后為賓語從句，其中還含有一個even as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句?！咀g文】消費者們似乎只是稍有憂慮，并不驚慌，許多人說他們對經(jīng)濟的長遠發(fā)展還是很樂觀的，雖然他們已經(jīng)勒起了褲腰帶。3. 【分析】復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)狀語從句，從句主干為the enclosures made many people dependent on paid work；by作方式狀語；and連接兩個并列的介詞短語of the use和of the means。【妙譯】17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的圈地運動剝奪了許多人的土地使用權(quán)，使他們失去了為自己謀生的途徑。因此，他們不得不依賴付費工作。這樣，雇傭就變得廣為流行了。4. 【分析】該句是由notbut連接的表示轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系的并列句。句子的主干是Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomassbut rather changes。其中介詞結(jié)構(gòu)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time都作定語?！咀g文】他們的研究方法并非是要試圖估計出某個特定海域中魚類生物的實際單位面積數(shù)量（目前存活的生物數(shù)量），而是找出該單位面積生物數(shù)量隨時間的變化程度。5. 【分析】本句的主干是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，but連接兩個whose引導(dǎo)的并列定語從句，定語從句修飾gizmos?！咀g文】結(jié)果，當(dāng)今世界智能化的小裝置日益增多，我們幾乎不注意它們的存在，但它們的廣泛存在已經(jīng)減輕了不少人類的工作。6. 【分析】該句由分號連接的并列句組成。studies representedresearch是第一部分的主干，in the nineteenth century作狀語，local geological和in their own right作定語，分別修飾studies和research；第二部分的but表示前后兩部分形成對比，其中if引導(dǎo)一個條件狀語從句。【譯文】因此，在19世紀(jì)，這種局部性的地質(zhì)學(xué)研究本身代表了有價值的科研活動；但是，到了20世紀(jì)，這種地質(zhì)學(xué)研究只有在包含并反映范圍更廣的問題(地質(zhì)面貌)時，才越來越被專業(yè)人員所接受。7. 【分析】for連接的表示因果關(guān)系的并列句。for前分句中，主干為it is advisable to,不定式短語為真正主語。for后分句中，however farfetched引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，主干是it is possible，其中it是形式主語，主語從句that in years as normal為真正的主語?！咀g文】當(dāng)一場新的藝術(shù)運動形成了某種時尚時，弄清其倡導(dǎo)者的目的和追求是明智的，他們的準(zhǔn)則今天看來不管怎么牽強附會、荒唐無理，在未來的歲月都有可能被視作正常。8. 【分析】復(fù)合句。第一個that引導(dǎo)表語從句，從句主干為a cabletelevision system involvesand passes；其中as well as連接兩個并列的homes，均作passes的賓語?！久钭g】麻煩的是，有線電視系統(tǒng)，與電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣，需要很高的安裝費，它要經(jīng)過那些需要它的用戶家庭，同時還有那些不需要它的家庭。9. 【分析】復(fù)合句。even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其中a department，a faculty ，an institution為三個并列的名詞短語，均作of的賓語， who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾members。主句由三個結(jié)構(gòu)相似的并列分句構(gòu)成，第三個分句shared前省略了must be?！久钭g】我們所知道的東西顯然有限；必須要了解研究的手段和機會，必須分享研究的價值。即使只是一個系、一個學(xué)院、或一個機構(gòu)中僅有一部分人真正從事研究工作，也是如此。10. 【分析】簡單句。句子主干為He will master the art。句中四個of短語of logical explanation，of exact letterwriting，of formal speeches和 of vivid impressionistic description均作the art的定語。【妙譯】他將掌握邏輯分析的藝術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書信的寫作訣竅、正式演講及日常談話的技巧，還有生動描述事物的方法。