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1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars,知識(shí)清單,1. _ n. 系統(tǒng); 體系; 制度 2. _ n. 學(xué)說(shuō); 理論 3. _ n. 大氣層; 氣氛 4. _ prep. 不同; 不像 5. _ n. 鏈子; 連鎖; 鎖鏈,system,theory,atmosphere,unlike,chain,(一) 基本單詞,單詞,6. _ n. 氣候 7. _ vi. (使)漂浮 n. 漂浮物,climate,crash,pull,float,10. _ adj. 猛烈的; 激烈的; 強(qiáng)暴的 _ n. 暴力 11. _ adj. 有害的 _ n. 傷害;
2、害處 12. _ vi. 存在; 生存 _ n. 存在; 生存,violent,violence,(二) 派生單詞,harmful,harm,exist,existence,13. _ n. 謎; 難題 vt. (使)為難 _ adj. 令人迷惑的 _ adj. 迷惑的,puzzle,puzzling,puzzled,1. 及時(shí); 終于 2. 下蛋 3. 產(chǎn)生; 分娩 4. 輪到某人; 接著 5. 阻止; 制止,in time,lay eggs,give birth to,in ones turn,prevent from,短語(yǔ),6. 感到高興; 感到振奮 7. 既然 8. 突發(fā); 爆發(fā) 9.
3、 密切注視; 當(dāng)心; 提防 10. 擋住(光線(xiàn)),cheer up,now that,break out,watch out for,block out,1. No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. 沒(méi)有人確切知道地球是怎樣開(kāi)始形成的, 因?yàn)樵诤茉缫郧八托纬闪恕?as引導(dǎo)的從句表示原因。,句式,2. What it was to bee was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled
4、 into a solid globe. 隨后它會(huì)變成什么沒(méi)人能知道, 直到38-45億年前, 這團(tuán)塵埃才慢慢地形成一個(gè)固體的球狀物。 what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。,3. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. 這就產(chǎn)生了一系列的反應(yīng), 使得生命就有可能開(kāi)始發(fā)展了。 make it adj./n. for sb./sth. to do sth.,4. ., I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. ,
5、 我發(fā)覺(jué)我被送出去很遠(yuǎn), 步子的跨度竟是在地球上的兩倍, 因而我摔倒了。 times as.as. 是的幾倍,核心要點(diǎn),1. violent adj. 猛烈的; 激烈的; 強(qiáng)暴的 (課文原句) The earth became so violent that is was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 翻譯：地球(開(kāi)始)變得激烈動(dòng)蕩，不知道這個(gè)固體形狀是否會(huì)繼續(xù)存在下去。,單詞,【歸納】 violent crime 暴力犯罪 【拓展】 violently adv. 猛烈地; 激烈地 violence n. 暴力; 暴行,2. ha
6、rmful adj. 有害的 harm n. 傷害, 損害 (課文原句) What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. 翻譯：很多科學(xué)家相信，由于地球上長(zhǎng)期有水存在，使地球得以把有害氣體和酸性特質(zhì)溶解在海洋里。,【歸納】 be harmful to 對(duì)有害 do harm to 損害 There is no harm in doing sth./
7、 It does no harm to do sth. 做某事沒(méi)有什么壞處。,3. exist vi. 存在; 生存 (課文原句) They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. 翻譯：它們也生蛋，在地球上生存了一億四千多萬(wàn)年。,【歸納】 exist on 靠為生 exist by 以方式為生 exist in 存在于之中 There exists/existed. 某地有; 存在 【拓展】 existing adj. 現(xiàn)有的，現(xiàn)存的 existence n. 存在; 生存 e into
8、existence 產(chǎn)生; 成立; 開(kāi)始存在 in existence 存在,4. puzzle vt. 使迷惑; 使為難; 使窘困; 感到 迷惑 n. (游戲的)猜謎; 難題; 謎 (課文原句) How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve. (P27) 翻譯：地球上的生命是如何開(kāi)始的，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)很難解釋這個(gè)最大的難題。,【歸納】 puzzle over/about sth. 苦苦思索; 仔細(xì)琢磨 puzzle sth. out 琢磨出的答案 【拓展】 puz
9、zled adj. 迷惑不解的(常用來(lái)修飾人) puzzling adj. 令人迷惑不解的(常用來(lái)修飾 事物),5. crash vt. 拆散 pull away (車(chē)輛等) 開(kāi)走 pull down 拆毀; 摧毀 (建筑物) pull in (車(chē)輛) 進(jìn)站; ?？?pull out 駛出; 退出 pull through 康復(fù), 痊愈 pull up 停車(chē),1. in time 及時(shí); 終于; 總有一天 (課文原句) They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, whi
10、ch were to make the earths atmosphere. 翻譯：它(地球)猛烈的爆炸噴出了烈火與巖石，最終產(chǎn)生了二氧化碳、氮?dú)?、水蒸氣和其他多種氣體，從而形成了地球的大氣層。,短語(yǔ),【拓展】 in no time 立刻; 馬上 ahead of time 提前 at a time 每次; 逐一 at times 有時(shí); 間或 all the time 一直, 始終 from time to time 有時(shí); 偶爾 many a time 多次; 常常 time after time 一次又一次; 總是, Thank God youre safe! I stepped bac
11、k, just _ to avoid the racing car. A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain,2. in ones turn 輪到某人; 接著 (課文原句) Thus they have, in their turn, bee the most important animals on the planet. 翻譯：于是，他們接著成為了這個(gè)行星上最重要的動(dòng)物。,【拓展】 in turn 輪流; 依次; 逐個(gè) take ones turn 依次; 輪流 take turns to do sth. 輪流做某事 Its ones tur
12、n to do sth. 輪到某人做某事,3. cheer up 感到高興; 感到振奮 (課文原句) I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth bee smaller and the moon larger. 翻譯：我立刻感到很高興，由于失重我在太空艙里飄來(lái)飄去，我望著(身后的)地球越來(lái)越小，而(前方的)月球越來(lái)越大。,【拓展】 cheer sb. on (賽跑/比賽等中)以喝彩聲 鼓勵(lì), 為(某人)加油 cheer for. 為歡呼 Ch
13、eers! (用于祝酒)干杯!,4. block out 擋?。ü饩€(xiàn)） (課文原句) As a result of this event, a great dust cloud formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight. 翻譯：這個(gè)事件的結(jié)果就是，天空形成了一團(tuán)團(tuán)的灰塵，遮蔽了陽(yáng)光。,【歸納】block out意為：擋住，遮?。ü饩€(xiàn)或聲音）；忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事）；草擬（大綱等）。如： That tree in the neighbors yard blocks out a lot of our light. She accuses me of
14、having blocked out the past. Just block out the main points for now and well sort the details out later.,5. break out (戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/火災(zāi)/疾病等)突發(fā); 爆發(fā) (課文原句) We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased. 翻譯：隨著地球引力的增加，宇宙飛船的外層燃燒起火。,【拓展】 break away from 突然掙脫; 逃脫
15、 break down 出故障; 垮掉 break in 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入; 打斷 break into sth. 突然開(kāi)始 break off 斷開(kāi); 中斷 break through 取得突破 break up 結(jié)束，解散，分手,1. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. it是形式賓語(yǔ), 真正的賓語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)to develop。it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常用在find/ make/ think/ considerit adj./n.to do結(jié)構(gòu)中。,句式,1. 這么壞的天氣, 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)爬
16、到山頂是不可能的。 We find it impossible to climb to the top of the hill in such bad weather. 2. 他認(rèn)為學(xué)好英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是重要的。 He considered it important for him to learn spoken English well.,【仿寫(xiě)】,it作形式賓語(yǔ), 除指代不定式結(jié)構(gòu)外, 還可指代that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如： They made it clear to the public that they did an important and necessary job. 他們向公眾
17、表明: 他們所做的工作重要且必不可少。,2. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.” now that引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句, “既然, 由于”, 相當(dāng)于since, 而且that可省略。,下列介詞短語(yǔ)也可以用來(lái)表示原因: due to 由于, 歸功于 because of 因?yàn)?on account of 由于, 因?yàn)?owning to 由于, 因?yàn)?thanks to 由于, 多虧(多作表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)) as a result of 由于,_ he once fe
18、lt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going. (2015安徽卷) A. Where B. As C. In case D. Now that 考點(diǎn)：考查狀語(yǔ)從句 句意：曾經(jīng)讓他感到想放棄的地方，現(xiàn)在他決心繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。where表示地點(diǎn)，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝，即tired as he has; in case表目的；now that表原因。這里指讓他感到想放棄的地方。故選A。,A,語(yǔ)法,復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。 【要點(diǎn)精講】 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的
19、詞有連詞that, whether；連接代詞who, what, which；連接副詞when, where, how, why等。如： Whether you can do it by yourself mainly depends on your ability, not your age. What I need most now is more time and more patience. When you can finish the work is of great importance.,主語(yǔ)從句,that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在句中無(wú)實(shí)際意義，只起連接作用，不作句子成分。當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的
20、主語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí)，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句放在句末時(shí)，從屬連詞that可以省略。如： That the teacher will e is certain. It is a pity (that) you made such a careless mistake.,常見(jiàn)由it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型如下： It+ be+ n.+從句。常見(jiàn)名詞有：fact, rule, pleasure, truth, pity等。如： It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. Its
21、 a rule that new members must sing a song. It+ be+ adj.+從句。常見(jiàn)形容詞有：true, important, necessary, clear, certain等。如： Its true that the earth is round. It was important that you rest., It+v.+從句。常用動(dòng)詞：seem, appear, happen, follow等。如： It seems that Ive made a mistake. It appeared to scientists on earth that
22、 the stars had moved. It+be+v-ed+主語(yǔ)從句。常用過(guò)去分詞：known, said, proven, asked, suggested等。如： Its well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. Its said that he was a spy during the war.,如果主語(yǔ)從句置于句首，則不能用if引導(dǎo)，而用whether；但如果用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句放在句末時(shí)，也可以用if引導(dǎo)。如： Whether Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful
23、. It was doubtful whether / if Tom really saw Sharon.,1. _ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. (2015北京卷) A. Where B. How C. Why D. When 句意：我們?nèi)绾卫斫馐虑榕c我們所感受的有很大關(guān)系。根據(jù)句意可知，主語(yǔ)從句缺少方式狀語(yǔ)，因此選擇how。故選B。,高考鏈接,B,2. Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probab
24、ly around 1565. (2014大綱卷) A. whether B. why C. when D. how 句義：土豆確切是在何時(shí)被引進(jìn)到歐洲還不確定，但是大約是在1565年左右。Whether表示“是否”，why表示“原因”；how表示“方式”。根據(jù)后半句it was probably around 1565.可知本句談?wù)摰氖菚r(shí)間。故C正確。,C,3. (2016北京卷) 24. Your support is important to our work. _ you can do helps. A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherev
25、er 試題分析：題目考查主語(yǔ)從句。helps是 謂語(yǔ)，“_ you can do” 是主語(yǔ)部 分，do后缺少賓語(yǔ)，表示“任何事情”，因 此用whatever引導(dǎo)，故選C。,C,4. (2016江蘇卷) 21. It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. A. why B. what C. as D. that 試題分析：本句中it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ) 是連接詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，連接詞that在 本句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞而 已，不能省略。鏈接副詞why要在居中做狀 語(yǔ)，連
26、接代詞what通常在居中做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或 表語(yǔ)等；as通常不引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。句意：對(duì) 于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事實(shí)。,D,用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空。 It is known 1. _ homework is an important part of school life in most countries around the world. However, 2. _ homework has a great educational value is still a debate among teachers. Some think 3. _ homework takes too much t
27、ime away from other more useful activities. Others see homework as reinforcing (加強(qiáng)) school lessons so that 4. _ students have learned will not be forgotten.,that,that,whether,what,5. _ is often ignored in this debate is the role of parental involvement (參與) and 6. _ or not the childs home provides s
28、upport for effective (有效的) homework. It was not clear to some people 7. _ parental involvement can influence the effectiveness of homework. It is true 8. _ parents in low-ine families dont have the time to make homework more important than other things or arent able to afford a puter or additional b
29、ooks.,how,What,whether,that,However, 9. _ only middle-class parents support their childrens education is quite obviously wrong. Not all rich parents give the support they should, and some parents living in the poorest conditions find time and energy to involve themselves in their childrens homework.
30、,that,寫(xiě)作,【寫(xiě)作任務(wù)】 根據(jù)目前對(duì)某市高中生心理狀況調(diào)查顯示，大部分學(xué)生普遍存在的最嚴(yán)重的心理問(wèn)題是自信心不足。主要原因有： 1. 學(xué)生交際范圍狹窄； 2. 家長(zhǎng)的期望過(guò)高； 3. 學(xué)校存在不恰當(dāng)?shù)谋容^和評(píng)價(jià)(evaluation) 方式。,說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作 如何解決問(wèn)題,假如你是該市某英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)報(bào)的兼職編輯，請(qǐng)根據(jù)以上提示信息，寫(xiě)一篇英文短文，點(diǎn)明問(wèn)題，并給出合理的解決方法。 注意：1. 詞數(shù)120左右。 2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 _ _ _ _,【寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)】 解決問(wèn)題類(lèi)說(shuō)明文，是針對(duì)某一問(wèn)題，向讀者提出具體的解決辦法。 該類(lèi)文章主要包含以下內(nèi)容：?jiǎn)栴}；產(chǎn)生的原因；如何解決；對(duì)解
31、決辦法的評(píng)價(jià)。 就本篇寫(xiě)作而言，可分為三個(gè)段落： 第一段：點(diǎn)明問(wèn)題，明確需要解決的問(wèn)題是學(xué)生的心理問(wèn)題。 第二段：分析學(xué)生的心理問(wèn)題存在的原因并提出解決問(wèn)題的辦法。 第三段：對(duì)所提出的解決方法進(jìn)行適當(dāng)論述。,【常用表達(dá)】 1. Problems: . is really a problem. One of the difficulties is. / The question is . It is difficult / hard to do. . is a problem that we have to face. It is of great importance for us to. I
32、t has bee the biggest concern of. Unless we take effective measures, it is likely that. According to a recent survey, there are more and more .,2. Reasons: There is no doubt that the reason why . is that . The reasons for . can be listed as follows. The following three factors contribute to . First
33、of all, . Secondly, . Thirdly, .,3. Solutions: It is high time that something were done to. We have figured out many ways to. Only in this way can we. To solve the mentioned problems, we must. Firstly,. Secondly, . Finally,. There might be two solutions. The first one is to. We can solve the problem
34、 by. In other words, the best way to solve the problem is.,4. Conclusions: In a word / To sum up . By doing . you will . With the help of . we can manage to overe / pull through these difficulties. We must find out new ways to cope with any problems that would arise.,【參考范文】 According to a recent sur
35、vey, most high school students in our city appear to lack self-confidence, which has been the most serious psychological problem. The reasons can be listed as follows. The narrow range of interpersonal munication is one of the main reasons. The high expectation from parents is often said to be anoth
36、er cause. Also, there still exist some improper parison and evaluation methods in many schools.,Its high time that something were done to solve the problem. First, students should municate more with others. Second, parents should pay more attention to their childrens thoughts. Finally, schools shoul
37、d change their parison and evaluation methods. In my opinion, all these changes will certainly help students build up their self-confidence as long as they are done properly.,鞏固練習(xí),I. 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。 1. Charles was very gentle _ his two kids. 2. Scientists have many theories about how the universe first ca
38、me _ existence. 3. It was a thrilling experience for her to be _ her first journey to the USA all alone. 4. Its reported that fruit juices can be harmful _ childrens teeth.,with,into,on,to,5. Some understanding of grammar is fundamental _ learning a language.,to,as well as, in time, in ones turn, br
39、eak out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,II. 選用方框內(nèi)合適的短語(yǔ)并用其正確形式填 空（每個(gè)短語(yǔ)限用一次）。,1. Im going to relax _ the school year is over. 2. Youd better _ those stairs. They are slippery. 3. We put on music to _ the sound of the traffic, but in vain.,now that,watch out for,block out,as well as,
40、 in time, in ones turn, break out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,4. Our cat _ four kittens last summer. They were really lovely. 5. Eva had not been friendly to Pete and he, _, was cold to her when she came to stay. 6. I was still sleeping when the fire _, and then it spread quic
41、kly.,give birth to,in his turn,broke out,as well as, in time, in ones turn, break out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,7. The Smiths arrived just _ to catch the last train out of town. 8. He is an excellent teacher _ being a fine musician.,in time,as well as,III. 選用方框內(nèi)合適的連接詞填空（每個(gè) 連
42、接詞限用一次）。,what, that, who, how, where, whether, why, when,1. Its surprising _ quickly the weather can change here. 2. It is uncertain _ side effect the medicine will bring about. 3. Has it been announced _ the plane is to take off ? Yes. Half past ten.,how,what,when,what, that, who, how, where, wheth
43、er, why, when,4. _ the temple once stood is now a large parking garage. 5. It never occurred to me _ you could succeed in persuading Jim to change his mind. 6. _ we qualify or not depends on how we play the next game. 7. It is still open to question _ is to head the group. 8. _ these Chinese statues
44、 are in a French museum is an important part of our story today.,Where,that,Whether,who,Why,IV. 根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語(yǔ)提示補(bǔ)全下面句子。 1. _ (與多數(shù)系統(tǒng)不同), this one is very easy to use. 2. As shots rang out, the crowd _ (跑向四面八方). 3. Heres some information that may help you sign in _ (首次). 4. _ (我們的問(wèn)題成倍增加) since last year.,Un
45、like most systems,ran in all directions,for the first time,Our problems have multiplied,5. Jenny was ill so I sent her some flowers to _ (使她高興起來(lái)). 6. Hans finally _ (掌握的要領(lǐng)) his job after three months of training last year. 7. The population of our village was _ (他們村人口的兩倍). 8. The top leaders of the
46、two countries are holding talks _ (在友好的氣氛中).,cheer her up,got the hang of,twice as large as that of theirs,in a friendly atmosphere,V. 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 Galaxies (星系) are made up of three main things: stars, clouds of gas and dark matter. Dark matter can not be seen and scientists
47、 only know that it exists because of the effects its gravity has on matter 1. _ can be seen.,that / which,On earth, 2. _ (physics) such as those at the European Nuclear Research Centre 3. _ (base) in Geneva, Switzerland, use particle (粒子) accelerators to find out 4. _ different tiny particles are ma
48、de up of by speeding them up until they crash into each other and looking at the pieces after theyve broken 5. _.,physicists,based,what,up,Similarly, by using data from NASAs Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, scientists are hoping to find out more 6. _ what dark matter is by look
49、ing at what happens when dark matter bumps into things in groups of galaxies. Each bump, however, 7. _ (take) hundreds of millions of years to take place, so they only have 8. _ chance to look at one brief stage in the whole event.,about,takes,a,Nevertheless, scientists are 9. _ (extreme) hopeful that by observing many of these bumps they can get enough pieces of the puzzle 10. _ (create) a more plete picture of what happens.,extremely,to create,
高中英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars課件 新人教版必修3.ppt
