遙控器后蓋注塑模具設計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】

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CONCURRENTDESIGNOFPLASTICSINJECTIONMOULDSAbstractTheplasticproductmanufacturingindustryhasbeengrowingrapidlyinrecentyears.Oneofthemostpopularprocessesformakingplasticpartsisinjectionmoulding.Thedesignofinjectionmouldiscriticallyimportanttoproductqualityandefficientproductprocessing.Mould-makingcompanies,whowishtomaintainthecompetitiveedge,desiretoshortenbothdesignandmanufacturingleadingtimesofthebyapplyingasystematicmoulddesignprocess.Themouldindustryisanimportantsupportindustryduringtheproductdevelopmentprocess,servingasanimportantlinkbetweentheproductdesignerandmanufacturer.Productdevelopmenthaschangedfromthetraditionalserialprocessofdesign,followedbymanufacture,toamoreorganizedconcurrentprocesswheredesignandmanufactureareconsideredataveryearlystageofdesign.Theconceptofconcurrentengineering(CE)isnolongernewandyetitisstillapplicableandrelevantintodaysmanufacturingenvironment.Teamworkingspirit,managementinvolvement,totaldesignprocessandintegrationofITtoolsarestilltheessenceofCE.TheapplicationofTheCEprocesstothedesignofaninjectionprocessinvolvesthesimultaneousconsiderationofplasticpartdesign,moulddesignandinjectionmouldingmachineselection,productionschedulingandcostasearlyaspossibleinthedesignstage.Thispaperpresentsthebasicstructureofaninjectionmoulddesign.Thebasisofthissystemarisesfromananalysisoftheinjectionmoulddesignprocessformoulddesigncompanies.Thisinjectionmoulddesignsystemcoversboththemoulddesignprocessandmouldknowledgemanagement.Finallytheprincipleofconcurrentengineeringprocessisoutlinedandthenitsprincipleisappliedtothedesignofaplasticinjectionmould.Keywords:Plasticinjectionmoulddesign,Concurrentengineering,Computeraidedengineering,Mouldingconditions,Plasticinjectionmoulding,Flowsimulation1.IntroductionInjectionmouldsarealwaysexpensivetomake,unfortunatelywithoutamoulditcannotbepossiblehohaveamouldedproduct.Everymouldmakerhashis/herownapproachtodesignamouldandtherearemanydifferentwaysofdesigningandbuildingamould.Surelyoneofthemostcriticalparameterstobeconsideredinthedesignstageofthemouldisthenumberofcavities,methodsofinjection,typesofrunners,methodsofgating,methodsofejection,capacityandfeaturesoftheinjectionmouldingmachines.Mouldcost,mouldqualityandcostofmouldproductareinseparableIntodayscompletiveenvironment,computeraidedmouldfillingsimulationpackagescanaccuratelypredictthefillpatternsofanypart.Thisallowsforquicksimulationsofgateplacementsandhelpsfindingtheoptimallocation.Engineerscanperformmouldingtrialsonthecomputerbeforethepartdesigniscompleted.Processengineerscansystematicallypredictadesignandprocesswindow,andcanobtaininformationaboutthecumulativeeffectoftheprocessvariablesthatinfluencepartperformance,cost,andappearance.2.InjectionMouldingInjectionmouldingisoneofthemosteffectivewaystobringoutthebestinplastics.Itisuniversallyusedtomakecomplex,finishedparts,ofteninasinglestep,economically,preciselyandwithlittlewaste.Massproductionofplasticpartsmostlyutilizesmoulds.Themanufacturingprocessandinvolvingmouldsmustbedesignedafterpassingthroughtheappearanceevaluationandthestructureoptimizationoftheproductdesign.Designersfaceahugenumberofoptionswhentheycreateinjection-mouldedcomponents.Concurrentengineeringrequiresanengineertoconsiderthemanufacturingprocessofthedesignedproductinthedevelopmentphase.Agooddesignoftheproductisunabletogotothemarketifitsmanufacturingprocessisimpossibleortooexpensive.Integrationofprocesssimulation,rapidprototypingandmanufacturingcanreducetheriskassociatedwithmovingfromCADtoCAMandfurtherenhancethevalidityoftheproductdevelopment.3.ImportanceofComputerAidedInjectionMouldDesignTheinjectionmouldingdesigntaskcanbehighlycomplex.ComputerAidedEngineering(CAE)analysistoolsprovideenormousadvantagesofenablingdesignengineerstoconsidervirtuallyandpart,mouldandinjectionparameterswithouttherealuseofanymanufacturingandtime.Thepossibilityoftryingalternativedesignsorconceptsonthecomputerscreengivestheengineerstheopportunitytoeliminatepotentialproblemsbeforebeginningtherealproduction.Moreover,invirtualenvironment,designerscanquicklyandeasilyassesthesensitivityofspecificmouldingparametersonthequalityandmanufacturabilityofthefinalproduct.AlltheseCAEtoolsenablealltheseanalysistobecompletedinameterofdaysorevenhours,ratherthanweeksormonthsneededfortherealexperimentaltrialanderrorcycles.AsCAEisusedintheearlydesignofpart,mouldandmouldingparameters,thecostsavingsaresubstantialnotonlybecauseofbestfunctioningpartandtimesavingsbutalsotheshortensthetimeneededtolaunchtheproducttothemarket.Theneedtomeetsettolerancesofplasticparttiesintoallaspectsofthemouldingprocess,includingpartsizeandshape,resinchemicalstructure,thefillersused,mouldcavitylayout,gating,mouldcoolingandthereleasemechanismsused.Giventhiscomplexity,designersoftenusecomputerdesigntools,suchasfiniteelementanalysis(FEA)andmouldfillinganalysis(MFA),toreducedevelopmenttimeandcost.FEAdeterminesstrain,stressanddeflectioninapartbydividingthestructureintosmallelementswheretheseparameterscanbewelldefined.MFAevaluatesgatepositionandsizetooptimizeresinflow.Italsodefinesplacementofweldlines,areasofexcessivestress,andhowwallandribthicknessaffectflow.Otherfiniteelementdesigntoolsincludemouldcoolinganalysisfortemperaturedistribution,andcycletimeandshrinkageanalysisfordimensionalcontrolandpredictionoffrozenstressandwarpage.TheCAEanalysisofcompressionmouldedpartsisshowninFigure1.TheanalysiscyclestartswiththecreationofaCADmodelandafiniteelementmeshofthemouldcavity.Aftertheinjectionconditionsarespecified,mouldfilling,fiberorientation,curingandthermalhistory,shrinkageandwarpagecanbesimulated.Thematerialpropertiescalculatedbythesimulationcanbeusedtomodelthestructuralbehaviourofthepart.Ifrequired,partdesign,gatelocationandshrinkageandwarpagecanbesimulated.Thematerialpropertiescalculatedbythesimulationcanbeusedtomodelthestructuralbehaviourofthepart.Ifrequired,partdesign,gatelocationandprocessingconditionscanbemodifiedinthecomputeruntilanacceptablepartisobtained.Aftertheanalysisisfinishedanoptimizedpartcanbeproducedwithreducedweldline(knownalsoknitline),optimizedstrength,controlledtemperaturesandcuring,minimizedshrinkageandwarpage.Machiningofthemouldswasformerlydonemanually,withatoolmakercheckingeachcut.ThisprocessbecamemoreautomatedwiththegrowthandwidespreaduseofcomputernumericallycontrolledorCNCmachiningcentres.SetuptimehasalsobeensignificantlyreducedthroughtheuseofspecialsoftwarecapableofgeneratingcutterpathsdirectlyfromaCADdatafile.Spindlespeedsashighas100,000rpmprovidefurtheradvancesinhighspeedmachining.Cuttingmaterialshavedemonstratedphenomenalperformancewithouttheuseofanycutting/coolantfluidwhatsoever.Asaresult,theprocessofmachiningcomplexcoresandcavitieshasbeenaccelerated.Itisgoodnewsthatthetimeittakestogenerateamouldisconstantlybeingreduced.Thebadnews,ontheotherhand,isthatevenwithalltheseadvances,designingandmanufacturingofthemouldcanstilltakealongtimeandcanbeextremelyexpensive.Manycompanyexecutivesnowrealizehowvitalitistodeploynewproductstomarketrapidly.Newproductsarethekeytocorporateprosperity.Theydrivecorporaterevenues,marketshares,bottomlinesandshareprices.Acompanyabletolaunchgoodqualityproductswithreasonablepricesaheadoftheircompetitionnotonlyrealizes100%ofthemarketbeforerivalproductsarrivebutalsotendstomaintainadominantpositionforafewyearsevenaftercompetitiveproductshavefinallybeenannounced(Smith,1991).Formostproducts,thesetwoadvantagesaredramatic.Rapidproductdevelopmentisnowakeyaspectofcompetitivesuccess.Figure2showsthatonly37%oftheproductmixfromtheaverageindustrialorelectronicscompanyislessthan5yearsold.Forcompaniesinthetopquartile,thenumberincreasesto1525%.Forworld-classfirms,itis6080%(Thompson,1996).Thebestcompaniescontinuouslydevelopnewproducts.AtHewlett-Packard,over80%oftheprofitsresultfromproductslessthan2yearsold!(Neel,1997)Figure1Importanceofnewproduct(Jacobs,2000)Withtheadvancesincomputertechnologyandartificialintelligence,effortshavebeendirectedtoreducethecostandleadtimeinthedesignandmanufactureofaninjectionmould.Injectionmoulddesignhasbeenthemainareaofinterestsinceitisacomplexprocessinvolvingseveralsub-designsrelatedtovariouscomponentsofthemould,eachrequiringexpertknowledgeandexperience.Leeet.al.(1997)proposedasystematicmethodologyandknowledgebaseforinjectionmoulddesigninaconcurrentengineeringenvironment.4.ConcurrentEngineeringinMouldDesignConcurrentEngineering(CE)isasystematicapproachtointegratedproductdevelopmentprocess.Itrepresentsteamvaluesofco-operation,trustandsharinginsuchamannerthatdecisionmakingisbyconsensus,involvingallperspectivesinparallel,fromtheverybeginningoftheproductlife-cycle(Evans,1998).Essentially,CEprovidesacollaborative,co-operative,collectiveandsimultaneousengineeringworkingenvironment.Aconcurrentengineeringapproachisbasedonfivekeyelements:（1）.process（2）.multidisciplinaryteam（3）.integrateddesignmodel（4）.facility（5）.softwareinfrastructureFigure2Methodologiesinplasticinjectionmoulddesign,a)Serialengineeringb)ConcurrentengineeringIntheplasticsandmouldindustry,CEisveryimportantduetothehighcosttoolingandlongleadtimes.Typically,CEisutilizedbymanufacturingprototypetoolingearlyinthedesignphasetoanalyzeandadjustthedesign.Productiontoolingismanufacturedasthefinalstep.Themanufacturingprocessandinvolvingmouldsmustbedesignedafterpassingthroughtheappearanceevaluationandthestructureoptimizationoftheproductdesign.CErequiresanengineertoconsiderthemanufacturingprocessofthedesignedproductinthedevelopmentphase.Agooddesignoftheproductisunabletogotothemarketifitsmanufacturingprocessisimpossible.IntegrationofprocesssimulationandrapidprototypingandmanufacturingcanreducetheriskassociatedwithmovingfromCADtoCAMandfurtherenhancethevalidityoftheproductdevelopment.Foryears,designershavebeenrestrictedinwhattheycanproduceastheygenerallyhavetodesignformanufacture(DFM)thatis,adjusttheirdesignintenttoenablethecomponent(orassembly)tobemanufacturedusingaparticularprocessorprocesses.Inaddition,ifamouldisusedtoproduceanitem,therearethereforeautomaticallyinherentrestrictionstothedesignimposedattheverybeginning.Takinginjectionmouldingasanexample,inordertoprocessacomponentsuccessfully,ataminimum,thefollowingdesignelementsneedtobetakenintoaccount:（1）geometry; draftangles,Nonre-entrantsshapes, nearconstantwallthickness, complexity,splitlinelocation,andsurfacefinish,（2）materialchoice;（3）rationalisationofcomponents(reducingassemblies);（4）.cost.Ininjectionmoulding,themanufactureofthemouldtoproducetheinjection-mouldedcomponentsisusuallythelongestpartoftheproductdevelopmentprocess.Whenutilisingrapidmodelling,theCADtakesthelongertimeandthereforebecomesthebottleneck.Theprocessdesignandinjectionmouldingofplasticsinvolvesrathercomplicatedandtimeconsumingactivitiesincludingpartdesign,moulddesign,injectionmouldingmachineselection,productionscheduling,toolingandcostestimation.Traditionallyalltheseactivitiesaredonebypartdesignersandmouldmakingpersonnelinasequentialmanneraftercompletinginjectionmouldedplasticpartdesign.Obviouslythesesequentialstagescouldleadtolongproductdevelopmenttime.Howeverwiththeimplementationofconcurrentengineeringprocessintheallparameterseffectingproductdesign,moulddesign,machineselection,productionscheduling,toolingandprocessingcostareconsideredasearlyaspossibleinthedesignoftheplasticpart.Whenusedeffectively,CAEmethodsprovideenormouscostandtimesavingsforthepartdesignandmanufacturing.Thesetoolsallowengineerstovirtuallytesthowthepartwillbeprocessedandhowitperformsduringitsnormaloperatinglife.Thematerialsupplier,designer,moulderandmanufacturershouldapplythesetoolsconcurrentlyearlyinthedesignstageoftheplasticpartsinordertoexploitthecostbenefitofCAE.CAEmakesitpossibletoreplacetraditional,sequentialdecision-makingprocedureswithaconcurrentdesignprocess,inwhichallpartiescaninteractandshareinformation,Figure3.Forplasticinjectionmoulding,CAEandrelateddesigndataprovideanintegratedenvironmentthatfacilitatesconcurrentengineeringforthedesignandmanufactureofthepartandmould,aswellasmaterialselectionandsimulationofoptimalprocesscontrolparameters.QualitativeexpensecomparisonassociatedwiththepartdesignchangesisshowninFigure4,showingthefactthatwhendesignchangesaredoneatanearlystagesonthecomputerscreen,thecostassociatedwithisanorderof10.000timeslowerthanthatifthepartisinproduction.Thesemodificationsinplasticpartscouldarisefrommouldmodifications,suchasgatelocation,thicknesschanges,productiondelays,qualitycosts,machinesetuptimes,ordesignchangeinplasticparts.Figure3Costofdesignchangesduringpartproductdevelopmentcycle(Rioset.al,2001)Attheearlydesignstage,partdesignersandmouldershavetofinalisepartdesignbasedontheirexperienceswithsimilarparts.Howeverasthepartsbecomemorecomplex,itgetsratherdifficulttopredictprocessingandpartperformancewithouttheuseofCAEtools.Thusforevenrelativelycomplexparts,theuseofCAEtoolstopreventthelateandexpensivedesignchangesandproblemsthatcanariseduringandafterinjection.Forthesuccessfulimplementationofconcurrentengineering,theremustbebuy-infromeveryoneinvolved.5.CaseStudyFigure5showstheinitialCADdesignofplasticspartusedforthesprinklerirrigationhydrantleg.Oneoftheessentialfeaturesofthepartisthattheparthastoremainflatafterinjection;anywarpingduringtheinjectioncausesoperatingproblems.Anotherimportantfeaturetheplasticparthastohaveisahighbendingstiffness.AnumberoffeedersindifferentorientationwereaddedtothepartasshowninFigure5b.Thesefeedersshouldbedesignedinawaythatithastocontributetheweightofthepartasminimumaspossible.Beforethedesignofthemould,theflowanalysisoftheplasticpartwascarriedoutwithMoldflowsoftwaretoenabletheselectionofthebestgatelocationFigure6a.Thefigureindicatesthatthebestpointforthegatelocationisthemiddlefeederatthecentreofthepart.Asthedistortionandwarpageofthepartafterinjectionwasvitalfromthefunctionalitypointofviewandithastobekeptataminimumlevel,thesamesoftwarewasalsoutilisedtoyiledthewarpageanalysis.Figure5bshowstheresultsimplyingthefactthatthewarpagewellafterinjectionremainswithinthepredefineddimensionaltolerances.6.ConclusionsIntheplasticinjectionmoulding,theCADmodeloftheplasticpartobtainedfromcommercial3Dprogramscouldbeusedforthepartperformanceandinjectionprocessanalyses.WiththeaidofCEAtechnologyandtheuseofconcurrentengineeringmethodology,notonlytheinjectionmouldcanbedesignedandmanufacturedinaveryshortofperiodoftimewithaminimisedcostbutalsoallpotentialproblemswhichmayarisefrompartdesign,moulddesignandprocessingparameterscouldbeeliminatedattheverybeginningofthemoulddesign.Thesetwotoolshelppartdesignersandmouldmakerstodevelopagoodproductwithabetterdeliveryandfastertoolingwithlesstimeandmoney.塑料注塑模具并行設計摘要塑料制品制造業(yè)近年迅速成長。其中最受歡迎的制作過程是注塑塑料零件。注塑模具的設計對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和效率的產(chǎn)品加工非常重要。模具公司想保持競爭優(yōu)勢,就必須縮短模具設計和制造的周期。模具是工業(yè)的一個重要支持行業(yè)，在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過程中作為一個重要產(chǎn)品設計師和制造商之間的聯(lián)系。產(chǎn)品開發(fā)經(jīng)歷了從傳統(tǒng)的串行開發(fā)設計制造到有組織的并行設計和制造過程中,被認為是在非常早期的階段的設計。并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是適用于當今的相關環(huán)境。團隊合作精神、管理參與、總體設計過程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本質(zhì)。CE過程的應用設計的注射過程包括同時考慮塑件設計、模具設計和注塑成型機的選擇、生產(chǎn)調(diào)度和成本中盡快設計階段。介紹了注射模具的基本結構設計。在該系統(tǒng)的基礎上,模具設計公司分析注塑模具設計過程。該注射模設計系統(tǒng)包括模具設計過程及模具知識管理。最后的原則概述了塑料注射模并行工程過程并對其原理應用到設計。關鍵詞:塑料注射模設計、并行工程、計算機輔助工程、成型條件、塑料注塑、流動模擬。1、簡介注塑模具總是昂貴的,不幸的是沒有模具就不可能生產(chǎn)模具制品。每一個模具制造商都他/她自己的方法來設計模具,有許多不同的設計與建造模具。當然最關鍵的參數(shù)之一,要考慮到模具設計階段是大量的計算、注射的方法,澆注的的方法、研究注射成型機容量和特點。模具的成本、模具的質(zhì)量和制件質(zhì)量是分不開的在針對今天的計算機輔助充型模擬軟件包能準確地預測任何部分充填模式環(huán)境中。這允許快速模擬實習,幫助找到模具的最佳位置。工程師可以在電腦上執(zhí)行成型試驗前完成零件設計。工程師可以預測過程系統(tǒng)設計和加工窗口,并能獲得信息累積所帶來的影響,如部分過程變量影響性能、成本、外觀等。2、注射成型法注塑成型是最有效的方法之一,將塑料最好的一面呈現(xiàn)。這是普遍用于制造復雜的制件,優(yōu)點是簡單、經(jīng)濟、準確與少浪費。塑料零件的批量生產(chǎn)主要采用模具。產(chǎn)品設計制造過程包括模具的結構必須經(jīng)過外觀評價和結構優(yōu)化。當設計師創(chuàng)造注射模具組件時，他們面臨一個巨大的多種選擇，并行工程需要一個工程師考慮制產(chǎn)品在發(fā)展階段時的過程設計。一個好的產(chǎn)品設計為了滿足市場其制造過程是不可能太貴的。CAD/CAM整合了過程仿真、快速成形制造能減少風險,進一步提高產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的有效性。3、注塑模具設計重要的計算機輔助注射模具設計任務是相當復雜的。計算機輔助工程(CAE)分析工具提供了巨大的優(yōu)勢讓設計工程師考慮幾乎所有模具、注塑參數(shù)沒有真正利用的地方。在可能性的設計、理念設計師，給工程師們機會去消除潛在的問題,開始真正的生產(chǎn)。此外,在虛擬環(huán)境中,設計師可以快速而方便地評估特定的成型參數(shù)敏感性的質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)最終產(chǎn)品。所有這些分析工具使所有模具設計將在一天甚至數(shù)小時完成,而不需要幾周或幾個月來做真正的實驗反復試驗。CAE用于早期設計的部分,模具和注塑模具參數(shù)、節(jié)約成本是實質(zhì)功能不僅是最好的部分,而且還能節(jié)省和縮短開發(fā)產(chǎn)品推向市場的時間。在所有方面的成型過程中需要滿足塑料部分設置的公差,包括零件的尺寸和形狀,樹脂的化學結構、填料使用,模具型腔布置、澆注、模具冷卻并釋放機制使用。面對這復雜性,設計師經(jīng)常使用電腦設計工具,如有限元分析(FEA)和充型分析(MFA),減少開發(fā)時間和成本。有限元分析確定部分結構的應變、應力和撓度,在那里這些參數(shù)可以很好地被定義。沖型分析位置和大小進行優(yōu)化樹脂流動。它還定義了焊縫的位置、面積過大的壓力,以及如何影響墻壁和肋厚度流動。其它有限元分析設計工具包括模具冷卻溫度分布,分析周期時間和收縮為空間控制和預測凍結應力、翹曲變形等情況。采用CAE分析部分壓縮模如圖1所示。分析周期始于創(chuàng)造一個CAD模型和有限元網(wǎng)格的模具腔。在注入條件規(guī)定,充型、纖維取向、固化和熱歷史、收縮和翹曲變形等情況進行仿真。該材料的性能計算模型模擬可用于結構的行為的一部分。如果需要部分設計澆口位置及加工條件可以在電腦上修改,直到一個可接受的零件的表達式。摘要分析了一個優(yōu)化完成部分可采用降低weldline(亦即也knitline),優(yōu)化力量、控制溫度和固化、最小收縮和翹曲變形等情況。模具加工的前身是手工制作,如檢查每一剪機床維修工。自動化的增長和普遍使用的電腦數(shù)值控制或CNC加工中心使這過程變得更加簡便。設計的時間也被大大降低通過使用特殊的軟件能夠產(chǎn)生刀具路徑直接從CAD數(shù)據(jù)文件提取。主軸速度高達100000每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)速提一步提出了高速加工。切削材料已經(jīng)證明了驚人的表現(xiàn)而不使用任何的剪切/冷卻液,什么都沒有。作為一個結果,加工過程復雜的型心和型腔已經(jīng)加快了。這是一個好消息,產(chǎn)生一個模具所花費的時間不斷的被減少。壞消息是,另一方面,甚至所有這些進步、設計和制造的模具仍然要花很長時間,是非常昂貴的。許多公司的經(jīng)理人現(xiàn)在體會部署新產(chǎn)品推向市場迅速發(fā)展是多么的重要。企業(yè)的繁榮關鍵在于新產(chǎn)品。他們推動企業(yè)的收入、市場份額、底線和股票價格。一個公司能夠發(fā)明優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品和合理的價格領先其競爭不僅實現(xiàn)了100%的打敗市場競爭對手的產(chǎn)品,但之前到達也傾向于保持主導地位甚至幾年之后終于宣布競爭產(chǎn)品(史密斯,1991)。對大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品來說,這兩個優(yōu)勢是戲劇性的?，F(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品快速發(fā)展的一個關鍵方面的競爭成功。圖2顯示,只有3-7%的產(chǎn)品結構與一般的工業(yè)或電子公司是小于5歲。公司在第一四分位,這個數(shù)字增加到15-25%。一流的公司,它是60-80%(湯普森,1996)。最好的公司在不斷開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品。在惠普,超過80%的利潤結果從產(chǎn)品小于2歲!(Neel,1997)圖1重要的新產(chǎn)品(雅克布,2000)以先進的計算機技術和人工智能,努力已經(jīng)被指向降低成本和交貨時間在設計和制造注塑模具。注塑模具設計主要感興趣的地區(qū),因為它是一個復雜的過程涉及到很多表面設計等各零件的模具,每個都需要專家的知識和經(jīng)驗。李et.艾爾。(1997)提出了一種系統(tǒng)的方法關于注塑模具設計的知識庫和并行工程環(huán)境。4、并行工程在模具設計中并行工程(CE)是一個系統(tǒng)性的方法來集成產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過程。它代表了團隊合作的價值觀、信任和分享,以這樣的方式,決策是通過協(xié)商一致,包括視角并聯(lián),從一開始就產(chǎn)品的整個生命周期(埃文斯,1998)。從本質(zhì)上講,CE提供合作、合作、集體和同步工程的工作環(huán)境。一個并行工程的方法是基于五個關鍵要素：（1）、過程（2）、多學科小組（3）、綜合設計模