商務(wù)英語(yǔ)常用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)

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1CHAPTER THREE 常用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)：8 學(xué)時(shí)課題名稱：常用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)特別說(shuō)明：本課程全部選用原版經(jīng)貿(mào)類文章，旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立閱讀理解翻譯經(jīng)貿(mào)類英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊文章的能力，因而有相當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x難度。在正式開始閱讀之前，有必要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)。本部分按照常見語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，共分為十個(gè)專題。教學(xué)目標(biāo)：通過本部分學(xué)習(xí)，要求學(xué)生熟悉并掌握常見的各種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，為下一部分學(xué)習(xí)打下基礎(chǔ)。教學(xué)內(nèi)容：常用語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)：各專題常見語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象易犯的錯(cuò)誤教學(xué)方法：課堂講授、例句分析一、 名詞與主謂一致（一）名詞單復(fù)數(shù)1、不規(guī)則名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式1）單復(fù)數(shù)相同的名詞主要有：species, means, fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, series,barracks,aircraft,swine…2）以-sis 結(jié)尾的名詞通常為單數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)為 ses:crisis—crises analysis—analyses basis--bases3）以-um 結(jié)尾的名詞通常為單數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)將-um 改為-a:bacterium—bacteria datum—data medium--media4）以-o 結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)加 es，但也有例外：A．詞末為兩個(gè)元音字母的詞：bamboos, radios, studios, zoos, cuckoosB．某些外來(lái)詞：photos, solos, piano, kilos, 5）以-f 或-fe 結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變 f 為 v 再加 es，但也有例外：roofs, cliffs, proofs, hoofs, chiefs, gulfs, beliefs6）其他不規(guī)則名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式主要有：phenomenon—phenomena ox—oxen mouse—mice criterion—criteria goose—geese formula--formulae7）不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)變化，注意： A．不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)主要有：Little, a little, few, a few, a great deal of, a great amount of， much…B．不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)。C．常用的不可數(shù)名詞有：2Advice, baggage, luggage, equipment, furniture, information, news, progress, weather, experience, money, rain, damage, work, food…8）部分以 ics 結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科的名詞，只用作單數(shù)。這些詞主要有：acoustics, economics, electronics, ethics, mathematics, statistics, mechanics9）有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)（意義上是單數(shù)） ，表示成雙的東西，注意加量詞，這些詞主要有：scissors, glasses, trousers, shoes, shorts, spectacles10）有些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意思：minutes 記錄 papers 文件，證件 authorities 當(dāng)局 greens 青菜 looks 外貌 times 時(shí)代 manners 禮貌 grounds 圍院 ruins 廢墟 damages 賠償費(fèi) brains 頭腦 imports 進(jìn)口貨物 troops 軍隊(duì)2、名詞的格1）復(fù)合名詞作為一個(gè)整體的詞組，其所有格在最后一個(gè)詞尾加’sEg: the editor-in-chief’s office; my brother-in law’s friend; a cat & dog’s life2）注意名詞所有格的省略是指省略’s 后的名詞，保留’sEg: In spite of his appearance, his movements were as spirited as a young man’s. (not “young man ”)3、名詞用作形容詞作定語(yǔ)，使用原形。Eg: To take space in the bedroom, she put away her winter clothes in the upstairs bedroom.(not “winter’s”)Eg: She is going to the to buy some shoes. （選 A）A. shoe store B. shoes store C. shoe’s store D. shoes’ store4、名詞的性陽(yáng)性： 陰性： God 神 Goddess 女神Emperor 皇帝 Empress 女皇帝King 國(guó)王 Queen 女王Prince 王子 Princess 公主Actor 演員 Actress 女演員Waiter 飯館服務(wù)員 Waitress 飯館女服務(wù)員Master 男主人（對(duì)仆人而言） Mistress 女主人（對(duì)仆人而言）3Host 男主人（對(duì)客人而言） Hostess 女主人（對(duì)客人而言）Heir 繼承人 Heiress 女繼承人Shepherd 牧羊人 Shepherdess 牧羊女Widower 鰥夫 Widow 寡婦Lad 少年 Lass 少女Hero 英雄 Heroine 女英雄Nephew 侄兒 Niece 侄女Bridegroom 新郎 Bride 新娘L(fēng)ion 獅子 Lioness 母獅子Tiger 老虎 Tigress 雌老虎Bull 公牛 Cow 母牛Horse 馬 Mare 母馬Cock 公雞 Hen 母雞（二）主謂一致1、不定代詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常是單數(shù)Eg: The father writes in his will that every son and daughter has a share of his property. 2、主語(yǔ)不受其定語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)的影響Eg: The president, along with his wife and daughter, is returning from a brief vacation at Sun Valley in order to attend a press conference this afternoon. （本句中 along with 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)）類似的短語(yǔ)還有： as well as, besides, except, in addition to, no less than, rather than, together with3、帶有量詞的主謂一致1）句中主語(yǔ)的數(shù)取決于介詞后面的數(shù)Eg: Nearly half of the ancient meteor crater have been found in central and eastern Canada.2）The number of +可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)A number of +可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)The amount of +不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)A large amount of +不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)Eg: A large of people come from all parts of the country to see exhibition. A. number B. amount C. deal D. lot (answer is A)43）More than +單數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)Eg: More than one person was involved in this case.Eg: More than one hundred men and women are working in this working shop.Eg: Many a man like is meaningless without a purpose.A. think B. have thought C. thinks D. thinking (answer is C)4、由 or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also… 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)與最近的主語(yǔ)取得一致，即就近原則。Eg: On most America farms, one or two principal products are raised for a cash crop. (not “is”)5、在 one of + n 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞后的定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Eg: She is one of the girls who play in the band.但 one of 結(jié)構(gòu)前有 the only 修飾時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。Eg: She is the only one of the girls who plays in the band.6、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)從句用單數(shù)。Eg: Setting fires to public buildings is highly dangerous and punishable.Eg: What happened in New York was a reaction from city workers who had been laid off from their jobs.7、表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Eg: A thousand miles no longer means much to us today for modern jets can easily get us over this long distance within a matter of a few hours. (not “mean”)（三）常用的前綴與后綴1、名詞后綴后綴 例詞-er thinker harvester pain-killer eye-opener-or actor sailor transistor semi-conductor-ist Marxist scientist detist Buddhist-ee employee trainee referee trustee-ess hostess actress waitress lioness-ian magician musician technician physician5-ese Chinese Japanese Portuguese Pekinese-ant inhabitant contestant lubricant dependant-ism socialism racism heroism optimism-ness illness happiness greatness coldness-(a)tion dictation preparation exception repetition-ment movement agrument judgment government-ion expansion discussion revision decision-ing building feeling painting wedding-ship leadership friendship scholarship hardship-hood childhood falsehood likelihood motherhood-age shortage marriage leakage shrinkage-ure failure pressure pleasure seizure-dom freedom kingdom martyrdom officialdom-ty loyalty curelty safety penalty-ity activity reality humidity possibility-y modesty difficulty discovery inquiry-th truth warmth health length-al refusal denial approval arrival-ance acceptance allowance assistance reliance-ence dependence confidence difference reference-ful mouthful handful plateful boxful2、動(dòng)詞、數(shù)詞后綴后綴 例詞動(dòng)詞 -ize realize modernize mechanize normalize-en widen hasten strengthen lengthen-ify simplify beautify amplify diversify數(shù)詞 -teen fourteen fifteen-ty forty fifty -th ninth twelfth3、形容詞后綴后綴 例詞-ful cheerful useful grateful faithful-less careless homeless fearless motherless-ish childish reddish selfish Swedish-ive active collective decisive destructive-ous courageous famous continuous erroneous-able acceptable agreeable applicable comfortable-ible contemptible sensible responsible permissible6-ic realistic poetic historic energetic-ant ignorant significant defiant observant-ly friendly leisurely lively daily-al critical accidental continual exceptional-y rainy handy thirsty dirty-ent different dependent consistent obedient-ary imaginary revolutionary honorary secondary-some troublesome burdensome lonesome tiresome-like childlike womanlike warlike manlike-en golden wooden earthen woolen-ed landed moneyed cultured talented-an European Indian American Canadian4、副詞后綴后綴 例詞-ly really happily simply terribly-ward onward backward eastward homeward-wise likewise clockwise otherwise lengthwise5、反義詞前綴前綴 意思 例詞un- 不或做相反的動(dòng)作 unhappy untrue uncomfortabledis- 不或做相反的動(dòng)作 dislike dishonest(y) disagree(ment)in 不 informal inaccurate(cy) inconvenient(ce)im- 不 immoral impolite impossibleir- 不 irregular irresistible irresponsibleil- 不 illegal illogical illegitimateNon- 不 Non-existent Non-conductor Non-interferencede- 不 decode decentralize demobilize6、其他前綴前綴 意思 例詞re- 重新 retell redesign rewritemis- 錯(cuò)誤地 misspell misinform misunderstandco- 共同 co-exist co-operate co-editorcounter-反 counteract counter-attackcounter-revolutionaryanti- 反（對(duì)） ，防 anti-tank anti-fascistanti-clockwise7pro- 親 pro-French pro-British pro-Common Marketover- 過于 overdo over-estimateover-simplifyunder- 不夠 underfeed under-estimateunderpayex- 前 ex-husband ex-presidentex-servicemanpre- 預(yù)先，之前的prefabricatepre- liberationpre-schoolpost- 在之后的 post-war post- election post-graduatefore- 預(yù)先，前 foretell foreleg forefrontself- 自動(dòng)的，自我的self-starterself-serviceself-correctingsuper- 超級(jí)，上層 superman supermarket superstructuresub- 下面的 subway subdivide subconsciousinter- 之間的，互相internationalinteract inter-continentaltrans- 跨越，移 transatlantictransplant trans-Siberianultra- 外，極 ultra-violetultra-left ultra-conservativesemi- 半 semi-cicle semi-final semi-conductorvice- 副 vice-premiervice-chairmanvice-presidentuni- 單 unicycle unisex unilateralbi- 雙 bicycle bimonthly bilingualtri- 三 tricycle triangle tripartitemulti- 多 multi-racialmulti-nationalmultilateralauto- 自 automation autonomous autobiographyneo- 新 neo-nazi neo-classicismneo-colonialism8二、 代詞（一）人稱代詞人稱代詞所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格方面保持一致。1、格的一致Eg: In the early morning the first thing that both my brother and I was to go out to see the pony. (not “my brother and me”)2、數(shù)的一致Eg: In early large city there are lonely men who seldom leave their own homes, usually they are bachelors. (not “it is”)Eg: Because it uses energy only for motion, the snake has the ability to live longer without food than human beings. (not “they use”)Eg: If anyone happened to call while I am out of the office please have him leave a message for me.(not “them”)Eg: The members of the children’s orchestra were told that when one was asked to play more softly, he should not play loudly. (not “you”)3、物主代詞指代要一致Eg: In its own way, mathematics can be as creative and exciting as 9poetry. (not “their”)Eg: Anyone in this university, who is interested in modern drama or modern poetry, can write down his name on the piece pf paper below. (not “their names”)（二）指示代詞：this, that, these, those1．that 主要用于代替單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，而 those 則用來(lái)代替可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞。Eg: These machines are better than we turned out last year. (answer is C)A. that B. which C. those D. theseEg: Their production cost is only 0.1 percent that of the imported diamond tools.2．such 也是一個(gè)指示代詞，在句子中可以用作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。Eg: I don’t like such weather.Eg: Such was my immediate impression.Eg: His illness was not such as to cause anxiety.（三）不定代詞 all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no 以及由 some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的合成詞，其中 every 和 no 只可作定語(yǔ)1．every 每一個(gè)，只可作定語(yǔ)詞組：every little while 每隔一會(huì)兒 every other day 每隔一天 every three days 每隔兩天every fourth week 每隔三周 every ten miles 每十英里 every now and then不時(shí)2．Little, few, many, much 都是表示數(shù)量的詞很多，許多 有一些，有幾個(gè) 沒多少，很少用于可數(shù)名詞 many a few few用于不可數(shù)名詞 much a little little但要注意：1）quite a few 表示“相當(dāng)多”Eg: There were quite a few old comrades there.2）many, much 主要用于疑問句和否定句，肯定句中多用 a lot (of)之類短語(yǔ)，但 many, much ?？捎糜诳隙ň涞木涫?． another（另外一個(gè)）與 the other（另外那個(gè)）10泛指 Eg: Please give another example to illustrate your point.特指 Eg: Other people may not think that way.（四）相互代詞 one another 和 each otherEg: We are all willing to learn from each other.Eg: For years the two sisters looked after one another.相互代詞在必要時(shí)可以加’s，表示所有關(guān)系。Eg: We should point out each other’s shortcomings.三、 形容詞、副詞與比較結(jié)構(gòu)（一）形容詞1、系動(dòng)詞及部分行為動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化的系動(dòng)詞，后面應(yīng)接形容詞作表語(yǔ)，切勿用副詞。常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：look, become, seem, taste, feel, remain, fall, sound, smell appear, turn, grow, get, stay.Eg: Having spent his last penny for the cheese, he was determined to eat it all, even though it tasted bitter to him. (not “tasted bitterly”)Eg: Without doubt the old man felt sad, having lost all his hard-earned money in just a single card game. (not “felt sadly”)2、表語(yǔ)形容詞有些形容詞只可用作表語(yǔ)，切勿用作定語(yǔ)。常見的有：asleep, awake, alone, alive, alike, afraid, ashamed, well, aware, content, unable.Eg: The sleeping baby might be dreaming a beautiful dream for there was a smile on her face.(not “asleep”)113、形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化規(guī)則1）單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞情況 加法 舉例一般情況 直接加詞尾 small smaller smallest以 e 結(jié)尾的詞 加-r, -st large larger largest以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的詞 變 y 為 i，再加詞尾 busy busier busiest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞 雙寫該字母，再加詞尾 big bigger biggest2）特殊的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)good, well better bestbad, ill worse worstmany, much more mostlittle less lestfar farther farthestold older, elder oldest, eldest注意：A．further 主要是“進(jìn)一步”的意思Eg: Don’t make any changes till further notice.B． “elder”和“eldest”主要用來(lái)表示兄弟姊妹之間的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系Eg: She is the eldest of the three sisters.4、名詞化的形容詞：“the+形容詞”表示一類人或物Eg: They’re going to build a school for the deaf and the blind.（二）比較結(jié)構(gòu)1、同級(jí)比較：肯定形式用 as…as，否定形式用 not as(so)…as，應(yīng)注意：1）避免連接詞誤用。Eg: Waiting for a plane to take off an airplane can often take as long as the trip itself. (not “so”)3）當(dāng)同級(jí)比較的形容詞跟單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用時(shí)，要注意不定冠詞的位置。Eg: Exercising is as good a way as any to lose unwanted weight. (not “as a good way as”)3）在表示同級(jí)比較的 as…as ;not so…as 句型中，可和 just, almost, twice, three times 等詞連用，這些詞應(yīng)放在此結(jié)構(gòu)的前面。Eg: Do you regret paying fifty dollars for the dog? ( Answer is B)“No, I would gladly pay for him.” A. as much twice B. twice as much C. much twice D. twice so much124）在 as …as ; not so…as 結(jié)構(gòu)中前一個(gè) as, so 是副詞，后一個(gè) as 是連詞，若連接的一方是代詞，需用主格形式。Eg: Barbara is as tall as she, although she is not nearly old.5）as…as 結(jié)構(gòu)中避免使用 as…thanEg: The gorilla, while not as curious as the chimpanzee, shows more persistence and memory retention in solving a problem. (not “than”)6）副詞的同級(jí)比較應(yīng)避免與形容詞形式的誤用。Eg: In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment, it is necessary that he work as fast as possible. (not “as fastly as”)Eg: As quietly as possible he unfastened the door and went out into the frosty December night. (not “As quiet as”)2、程度不等的比較1）程度不等的比較句，連詞用 than，不用 asEg: The French seem far more interested in reading about Africa than about their nearest neighbors. (not “as”)2）為連詞，其后所跟的實(shí)際上是一個(gè)省略的比較句。Eg: Because George I faster than me, he was able to leave to the cafeteria sooner. (not “are”)3) than 引起的從句成分與主句要保持一致。Eg: It usually takes much less time to fly one country to another than to travel by train. (not “travelling”)4）使用比較級(jí)時(shí)，注意形式上的變化，避免雙重比較。Eg: There is no much freer city than New York, one can do as he please there. (not “more freer”)5）比較級(jí)也可用于下面結(jié)構(gòu)，the +比較級(jí)+ of +比較的范圍，應(yīng)注意：A．比較的范圍只限兩者B．切勿用最高級(jí)C．必須有冠詞Eg: He is the clever of the two boys.6）注意比較的邏輯性，即比較的對(duì)象要一致。Eg: Everyone agrees with the music critics judgement that Beethoven’s later symphonies were more highly refined than Mozart’s. (not “Mozart”)7）注意比較的排斥性，即比較對(duì)象的前后兩者不能互相包容。Eg: That kind of flower requires more frequent watering and tender care than any other in the garden. (not “any”)138）關(guān)于比較句中的替代問題A．用助動(dòng)詞代替句中的有關(guān)動(dòng)詞Eg: John spends as much time watching TV as he does writing.B．用代詞代替句中有關(guān)的名詞，這些代詞有 that, those, one, onesEg: Anderson has never been out of the United States, yet his accent is very similar to that of an Englishman.Eg: The novel is as interesting as the ones we have read.9）有些形容詞，由于本身的原因，不用比較級(jí)，也不能被其他程度副詞，如very 等修飾。常見的有：absolute, eternal, perfect, unique, infinite, ultimate, primaryEg: Whether you agree or not, this was the perfect arrangement for him and Paul under the circumstances. (not “most perfect”)10）和 to 連用表示比較意義的形容詞：有些形容詞，本身已是比較級(jí)的形式，后面不能用 than 應(yīng)用 to。此類詞有：prior, senior, junior, superior, inferior, preferableEg: The songs of Bob Dylan are very popular among young people, who regard him as superior to other musicians. (not “as superior to”)3、最高級(jí)的用法1）用以表示三者以上的比較Eg: The most famous observation tower in the located at the World Trade Center in New York. (not “The more famous”)2）最高級(jí)比較應(yīng)有一個(gè)范圍，這個(gè)范圍通常由所引起的前置短語(yǔ)或其他地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)表示。Eg: Of all brands, which do you think is the most durable?3）在最高級(jí)復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，要避免最高級(jí)用比較級(jí)，或復(fù)數(shù)名詞用成單數(shù)。Eg: On the day he was to give speech, Paul was suffering from one of the worst colds he had ever had. (not “the worse colds”)4）在作表語(yǔ)的形容詞最高級(jí)前，若不是和別人比較，常常不加 theEg: Vegetables are best when they are fresh.4、形容詞的比較級(jí)還可用在某些固定句型中1）more and more 越來(lái)越……Eg: Our country is getting stronger and stronger.2）the more…the more 越是…就越…Eg: Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.3）all the more…因而更加…Eg: As a result, the rich became all the richer.144）more or less 大體上，或多或少Eg: The question is more or less settled.5）more (less) than 不止，不到Eg: The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms.He is more than a friend to me.