英漢翻譯英漢詞義對比與選詞.ppt

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Lecture Three,Contrast of Lexical Meaning between English and Chinese, and Diction (Choice of Words) 英漢詞義對比與英譯漢,Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. You’ve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous. 愷撒大帝說的一點不錯。瘦人的確需要好好得觀察。我成年后的大半輩子都在仔細得觀察著他們，結(jié)果是，我實在不怎么喜歡我所看到的。當(dāng)這些瘦瘦的家伙蹦跳著朝我過來，我便渾身顫栗。這些人兒性格各異，大多為陰險狡詐之徒。你會遇見諸如精明的瘦人，呆板機械的瘦人，謙遜的瘦人，嘖嘖挑剔的瘦人亦或是效率專家般的瘦人。不過，這些瘦人都是危險人物。,Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. You’ve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous. 正如凱撒所說，對于虛情假意的人，我們需要付出更多的觀察。在過去的日子里我一直在關(guān)注他們，但是我并不喜歡我所看到的 一切。當(dāng)那些狹隘的家伙接近我，我甚至連腳趾都在顫抖。虛情假意的人擁有很多的性格特點，但相當(dāng)大的一部分都是具有威脅性的。那些如機械般的、優(yōu)越感極強的、精明的和最有效率的家伙其實都在你的周圍，而且他們都是危險的。,I. Contrast in Vocabulary,1. Contrast in Meaning（詞義對比） A. reflective（反映式） Reflecting the ideas of both materials and non-materials.Examples: Articles;foods; clothing;mountains and rivers,and geography,social morality; psychology; ethics, etc.,,B. refractive（折射式） indirect reflection of objects e.g. bird C. integrative（整合式） combination of the meaning of two words. E.g. flexitime” （彈性工作制，始于英國） 鐵飯碗 （a secured job）,Degrees of Equivalence in Word Meaning,a. equivalence（對應(yīng)關(guān)系） Mainly including proper nouns, terminology and some names or titles in daily life. Examples: The U.S. State Department 美國國務(wù)院 Computational linguistics 計算語言學(xué) The Pacific Ocean 太平洋 Tuberculosis 肺結(jié)核,,helicopter 直升飛機 manliness 男子氣 incense coil 盤香 aside 旁白,b. inclusion（涵蓋關(guān)系）,Mainly including those words whose meanings have extensive and narrow separations. Examples: marriage 嫁、娶 gun 槍、炮 sister 姐、妹 morning 早晨、上午,c. intersection （交替式）,Mainly including those words with several meanings, therefore their meaning should be determined by the contexts. short 1) Liu Hu-lans life was short but brilliant. 2) The shells fell short. 3) She said she had a short memory. 4) Indeed he has a short temper. 5) He complained that the notice was short.,d. replacement（替代關(guān)系）,Example: 妻舅 Literal meaning: wife’s uncle， Factual meaning: wife’s brother or brother-in-law。,e. exclusion（沖突關(guān)系）,You can not find the signifier in the target language from the signified in the source language. Mainly including fresh or newly appeared proper nouns, terminology and those to reflect English and American social customs and manners, etc. Examples: “大舅”、“老四”、“三爺”,,Mascon (mass concentration) （表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚積 Beddo （一種多用途的）床 Overkill（核彈超過軍事目的的）過度殺傷力 Plumber （形成與“五角大樓文件”泄露事件后白宮設(shè)立的專門特工機構(gòu)。現(xiàn)常用來指特工。）,2. Diction (Choice of Words),Choice of Meaning in Comprehension and Choice of Words in Representation,I. According to class of words,1.Old Li likes a television more than a camera. 電視機和照相機兩者當(dāng)中老李更喜歡電視機。 2. Like father, like son. 有其夫，必有其子。 3. Like knows like. 英雄識英雄。,,1.Bobby and I are like brothers and sisters. 鮑比和我親如兄妹。 2. He doesnt speak English like I speak it. 他說英語和我說英語不一樣。,Classroom Translation Practice (1),1. a round post 一根圓柱 2. The wheels go round rapidly. 車輪飛轉(zhuǎn)。 3.The night watchman makes his rounds every hour. 夜班人員每小時巡視一次。,,1. The students stood round the teacher. 學(xué)生圍站在老師的周圍。 2. We rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 我們饒過了好望角。,II. According to context and collocation,1.It was a girl with good manners. 這是一位舉止得體的姑娘。 2.These were all labeled as good eggs. 這些都被標(biāo)為新鮮的雞蛋。 3.Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. 狗經(jīng)常被認為是人類的忠實朋友。,,4.He was told, when complaining that he could not follow Nasser’s moves, that Nasser was a good chess player. 有一次，當(dāng)他抱怨納賽爾棋步難以捉摸時，有人對他說，納賽爾是個高明的棋手。 5. The Captain of the jet came back, saluted and, in very good English, said to the President, “To Cairo, Sir“. 噴汽式飛機機長回來，敬了個禮，并用漂亮的英語對總統(tǒng)說，“先生，去開羅。”,,6. Autumn was already in the air on the late afternoon when she decided to fish near the island.The good little pram purred across the water, and I settled on the rock to keep my secret watch, knowing that it was simply a matter of days before Id have to call Popa. 傍晚時分，天空中已顯出幾分秋意。她決定到小島附近去釣魚?？蓯鄣男∑降状堒埖貏澾^湖面。我靠在那塊巖石上繼續(xù)悄悄觀望，心理曉得過不了幾天便不能不打電話 給爸爸了。,,7. .I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world isfull of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions. ……我教書是因為我喜歡問一些學(xué)生必須絞盡腦汁才能回答的問題。這個世界上有的是對付拙劣問題的答案。在教書過程中，我有時也能找到出色的問題。,,8. .The elder went on to tell Nunez how time had been divided into the warm and the cold, andhow it was good to sleep in the warm and work during the cold. ……那些長輩們繼續(xù)向努涅斯說明他們是如何把時間劃分為溫暖和寒冷兩部分，溫暖的時間適宜于睡覺，寒冷的時間適宜于工作。,9. “. yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter curves over his homes, who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;.“ “……不過偶然也有幾個死人當(dāng)?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷?。真的是虔誠的教徒，慈愛的父母，孝順的兒女，賢良的妻子，盡職的丈夫，他們家里的人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他們……”,Classroom Translation Practice (2),1. The play ran 100 nights. 這出戲演了一百個夜場。 2. My watch has run down. 我的表停了。 3. Water is running short. 水快用光了。 4. The price is running high. 價格正在上揚。,,5. Hey, your nose is running. 瞧，你流鼻涕了。 6. My school runs a factory. 我們的學(xué)校辦了一家工廠。 7. They ran through the enemy blockade. 他們沖破了敵人的封鎖。 8.He ran across an old friend of his in town yesterday. 昨天他在城里碰到了一位老朋友。,III. By the extension of meaning for the choice of words,A.Extension by abstraction 1. There is a mixture of lion and lamb in his character. 他的性格剛?cè)嵯酀?2. Scepter and crown must tumble down, and in the dust be equal made with the poor crooked scythe and spade. 顯貴王侯，全會倒斃，與貧賤農(nóng)民一同埋在塵土之中。,4. The pen is mightier than the sword. 文勝于武。 5. Life is a battle from the cradle to the grave. 人生從出生到死亡是一場戰(zhàn)斗。 6. He is a black sheep in the family. 他是個敗家子。,Classroom Translation Practice (3),1. This prize is the blue ribbon in mathematical research. 這個獎是數(shù)學(xué)中的最高榮譽。 2.I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 我?guī)缀跏窃诳嗫喟螅廊痪芙^。 3. He is a rolling stone, I don’t think he can lay up any money. 他是個見異思遷的人，我想他是不會存錢的。,,4. He has felt the patriot more intense than ever before since he witnessed the enemys atrocities. 自從他目睹了敵人的暴行之后，他感到心中的愛國熱情比以往任何時候更強烈了。 5. Having allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, he declared his own son to be guilty. 由于法官的責(zé)任感壓倒了父子的感情，他終于宣判他兒子有罪。,,6. He acted the lord wherever he went. 他每到一處都擺出一副盛氣凌人的架子。 7. An eagle doesnt catch flies! 偉大者不貪小利。 8. Deeds males, words females. 行為剛毅，談吐文雅。,B. Extension by concretion,1. Good companionship is beneficial. 良友有益。 2. Truth wins trust. 說真話的人博得人們的信任。 3. Honesty pays itself. 誠實的人從來不吃虧。,Classroom Translation Practice (4),1. the beauty of the jail. 監(jiān)獄之花。 2.emperors, kings, generals and ministers, talents and beauties. 帝王將相，才子佳人。 3. We in Zambia would like to build a colorblind society where all men can have equal opportunity. 我們贊比亞愿意建立一個機會均等，不因膚色不同而產(chǎn)生種族歧視的社會。,,4. Alongside or not far from the lavish residences and tall modern buildings of the well-heeled were the poverty-crammed hovels and mud-floor matsheds. 那些有錢有勢的人居住的豪華住宅以及現(xiàn)代化高樓大廈傍邊不遠處，就是塞滿了窮人的草棚你屋。,IV.According to commendatory and derogatory senses of words,A.A commendatory or derogatory term should be translated accordingly 1. That fat jap! 那個肥胖的日本佬！ 2. I will say the very thought of you make me sick and that you treated me with miserable cruelty. 我就說，我一想起你就惡心，你對我殘酷到了可恥的地步。,,Classroom Translation Practice (5),1.The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他們所從事的事業(yè)是值得贊揚的。 2．Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨里老是吹噓他與總統(tǒng)談過話。 3.“He was polite and always gave advice willingly, “ she recalled. 她回憶說，“他過去彬彬有理，總是誨人不倦?！?B. Be careful to differentiate the “commendatory“ sense from the “derogatory“ sense.,1. Next Edison turned his inventive genius to another ambitious project--the invention of a means of lighting streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas: the invention of an electric-light bulb. 然后，愛迪生把其創(chuàng)造的天才轉(zhuǎn)向另一項宏大的計劃——發(fā)明用電來代替煤氣照明街道和建筑物，即要設(shè)法制造電燈泡。 2 Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the invasion. 我們的會議最后確實制定了進攻的詳細方案。,Classroom Translation Practice (6),1. He is bright and ambitious. 他既聰明又有抱負。 2．“For people of my generation“, he said, “Nixon had certain reputation, I needed to assure myself the reputation was not deserved. 他說，“對于我這一代人來說，尼克松有某種壞名聲。但我需要自己相信，他這個壞名聲是不該有的?！?3．Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 布朗先生收到去演講的請貼時感到莫大的榮幸。 4.Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying that he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 漢斯說，這位先生是他平生所見到過的最有膽識的人，這種阿諛奉承未免太露骨了。,5. From him, I learned that a good politician is marked to a great degree by his sense of timing. He says the right thing at the right movement. 從他那里我息得一名能干的政治家在很大程度上在于善于審時度勢，他在適當(dāng)時候說適當(dāng)?shù)脑挕?Homework for today 1. There, there, never mind. 2. There, the works done. 3. I disagree with you there. 4. Tom just stripped to his shorts for sleeping. 5. He is all wet. 6. He is wet all over. 7. He never reads a book in his life and still writes a school boy hand. 8. The baby cant walk, he cant talk, he cant feed or bathe himself, and in that he has an unmixed blessing. 9. Ill let everybody at Lowood know what you are and what you have done. 10. I used to be a politician. But since I came back from Peking I have been a statesman.,