英漢翻譯的語(yǔ)詞處理.ppt

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第一章 英漢翻譯的語(yǔ)詞處理,,第一節(jié) 語(yǔ)境還原與語(yǔ)義判別,語(yǔ)義是翻譯的關(guān)鍵。翻譯語(yǔ)詞，務(wù)必要做到理解語(yǔ)義要透徹，表達(dá)語(yǔ)義要精當(dāng)。翻譯過程中語(yǔ)義的判別，主要依循原文所展布的語(yǔ)言情景，具體的翻譯應(yīng)借助于具體語(yǔ)境來(lái)檢驗(yàn)和訂正語(yǔ)詞的語(yǔ)指意義，同時(shí)離析和裁斷其語(yǔ)句意義和語(yǔ)用意義。從某個(gè)方面來(lái)說(shuō)，翻譯的首要使命就是通過語(yǔ)符的轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)還原原作所記述的客觀語(yǔ)境，譯作的忠實(shí)程度取決于語(yǔ)境的還原程度。,初學(xué)翻譯的人，每每對(duì)語(yǔ)境重視不夠而貿(mào)然動(dòng)筆，有可能使自己不如歧途，試觀察下面的例句：,1. Then I heard him ask the doctor if he might use his telephone and he shut the door. When he came back into the room, I was sitting in another machine. (E. Hemingway) 隨后，我聽見他向醫(yī)生探問能否借用一下電話，房門也給關(guān)上了。等他又走進(jìn)診室時(shí)，我正坐在另一把手術(shù)椅里等待治療。（machine不宜譯成機(jī)器）,,2. Mrs. Fennel, seeing the steam begin to generate on the countenances of her guests, crossed over and touched the fiddler’s elbow and put her hand on the serpent’s mouth. (T. Hardy) 芳內(nèi)爾太太瞧見客人們的臉上發(fā)出熱汗，便走過來(lái)碰碰拉小提琴的人的臂肘，用手按住了蛇形喇叭的吹口。（serpent 不宜譯成“毒蛇”）,,如果輕視語(yǔ)境，將machine和serpent分別譯成“機(jī)器”和“毒蛇”，就會(huì)令人百思不得其解。具體翻譯的前提是具體理解，具體理解的根基是具體語(yǔ)境。翻譯實(shí)踐中為了具體判斷語(yǔ)境，判別語(yǔ)詞的意義從下面四個(gè)方面入手：,一、從一詞多義來(lái)判別語(yǔ)義,一詞多義在英語(yǔ)中比較普遍。試比較下列各句： 1. The clock was industriously ticking, but its leaden-looking hands did not discredit to their dull aspect, for they pointed to the hour of eleven, though the sun plainly showed it was some time past the turn of the day. （ J. Cooper) 時(shí)間永不停歇地滴滴答答響著，看上去是灰鉛色的指針并沒有使那本來(lái)就陰晦的外觀更加丟臉。它們指著11時(shí)，但是憑靠太陽(yáng)推度，這時(shí)已明明過了正午時(shí)分。,,2. And if there had been anybody, Solomon would not have let Livvie look at them, just as he would let her look at a field hand, or a field hand look at her. 即或有什么人來(lái)過，所羅門也從不讓麗薇瞧他們一眼，正如他不讓她瞧任何田間幫工，也不讓田間幫工瞧她一樣。,,3. Some one has counterfeited my hand; I never wrote a line of this; I have never seen this letter before! ( M. Twain) 有人偽造了我的筆跡，這上面沒有一行字是我寫的，我從未見過這么一封信。,,4. So I finished with Great Getting-up Morning and I guess I can say that if I didn’t stop the show I certainly ended it. I got a big hand and I drank at a few tables and I danced with a few girls.( J. Baldwin) 于是我吟唱了一首《清早大好時(shí)光》，我暗自揣摩，這次聯(lián)歡會(huì)可以說(shuō)要不是讓我收了場(chǎng)，我演唱以后實(shí)際上就煞了尾。到場(chǎng)的人都熱烈鼓掌，我在幾張桌旁喝了酒，又跟幾個(gè)姑娘跳了舞。,二、從一詞多目來(lái)判別語(yǔ)義,一詞多目是指有的詞典對(duì)同形詞語(yǔ)因其語(yǔ)源相異而看作分立的詞目的編次，語(yǔ)詞的詞源不同，其語(yǔ)義也會(huì)相異。試比較下列各句： 1. He strayed down a walk edged with box; with apple trees, pear trees, and cherry trees on one side, and a border on the other, full of all sorts of old-fashioned flowers, stocks, sweet-williams, primroses, pansies, mingled with southernwood, sweet-briar, and various fragrant herbs. (C. Bronte) 他順著一條小徑信步走去，徑邊種著黃楊，一邊還有蘋果樹，梨樹，櫻桃樹，另一邊砌有一長(zhǎng)溜花壇，種滿了各式各樣常見的花草：紫羅蘭，石竹，報(bào)春花，三色堇，夾雜著青蒿，多花薔薇和異類花草。,,2. In the stormy week since she had come aboard, the old tub had yet to move. It listed by the stone wharf, straining at its lines with the rise and fall of the tide, wallowing when waves rolled in past the mole. ( W. Wouk) 他上船以來(lái)的一個(gè)禮拜里，總是狂風(fēng)暴雨，這艘破船就不免搖蕩擺晃。船向石碼頭傾斜著，錨繩在海潮上漲下落時(shí)拉得緊繃繃的，大浪涌過防波堤，小船也就顛簸不歇。,3、從一詞多性來(lái)判別語(yǔ)義,英語(yǔ)里一詞多性的現(xiàn)象平常之極，語(yǔ)詞的詞性不同，語(yǔ)義也會(huì)不同，詞性的劃分能給語(yǔ)義的判別帶來(lái)頗多便利，如light就可作名詞、形容詞或動(dòng)詞等，試比較下列各句： 1. In the dim light that came through the two iron-barred openings, his blinking eyes picked out the forms of five black men huddled along one wall. (A. Haley) 兩個(gè)窗洞上都有鐵條，從那兒射進(jìn)來(lái)的冥幽光線中，他眨著眼睛，辨認(rèn)出了有五個(gè)黑人正窩鎖在墻根。,,2. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory. （W. Irving) 在天氣晴朗平穩(wěn)的時(shí)候，它們披上藍(lán)紫相間的外衣，把自身雄渾的輪廓印留在向暮清澄的天宇。而有時(shí)，雖然空際萬(wàn)里無(wú)云，山峰上卻聚集著一團(tuán)蒼灰色的暮靄，在落日夕暉的映射下，像一頂金燦燦的皇冠閃爍著異彩。,,3. When she looked down she saw that he was looking up into her face, and she saw too that his hair was light as gold. ( K. Boyle) 她朝下一望，發(fā)覺他正仰面諦視著她的臉，她還看見他的頭發(fā)像金子一樣亮晃晃的。,4、從一詞多連來(lái)判別語(yǔ)義,英語(yǔ)里語(yǔ)詞的連用搭配極為活泛，尤其是一些常用的多用語(yǔ)詞，常常結(jié)伴而行，形影不離，在判別語(yǔ)詞的語(yǔ)義時(shí)，必須要熟悉語(yǔ)詞的搭配關(guān)系。試比較下列各句中make的含義： 1. At the same time she cooked for the men, took care of the children, washed and ironed, milked the cows at night, made the butter, and sometimes fed the horses and watered them while her husband kept at the shocking. (H. Garland) 與此同時(shí)，她給男人家燒火做飯，并照看孩子，洗燙衣褲，深夜起來(lái)擠牛奶，煉黃油。有時(shí)，逢遇丈夫去對(duì)麥捆，她還得喂馬飲馬。,,2. This morning, however, on entering his state-room to make the bed and put things in order, I found him well and hard at work. ( J. London) 然而，這天清早，我到他睡艙去收拾床鋪，理順什物，一進(jìn)門就看到他在辛勤工作，身體已經(jīng)痊愈。,,3. His reason were simple: doctors made money, their families suffering few hardships. A coal miner most of his years, he had known only the hardest kind of life. (F. Powers) 他的理由直截了當(dāng)：當(dāng)醫(yī)生賺錢，醫(yī)生的一家老小也不吃什么苦。他當(dāng)了大半輩子的挖煤苦工，過著人間那種悲哀絕倫的生活。,,4. Fearing to ask any more advice, she did her best alone, and discovered that something more than energy and good will is necessary to make a cook. ( L. Alcott) 她不愿多向別人詢問，只是一個(gè)人盡心盡職地干，終于領(lǐng)悟出要當(dāng)個(gè)廚子光憑力氣和熱心還真的不行。,以下兩點(diǎn)要特別注意：語(yǔ)義的地域差別；語(yǔ)義的語(yǔ)體差別 一） 語(yǔ)言的地域差別,That night, he dreamed that the world was inside a box with steep sides and no top, like the walls of a frontier fort, and the sun was a huge flashlight if a billion batteries with a tube so long it never ended; and some kid in the sky watching the people groping in darkness below pressed the button and the people said “Day” and he released the button and the people said “Night”. (E. Cleaver) 當(dāng)夜，他夢(mèng)見世界竟落進(jìn)了一個(gè)沒有頂蓋的箱子，四壁又高又陡，酷似邊陲要塞的城墻，日輪是一個(gè)安裝有10億節(jié)電池且長(zhǎng)得沒有止境的手電筒。天空中有一童子，俯瞰著下界的黎明百姓在黑暗中摸索，他一摁亮電筒光，人們都說(shuō)“白天了”；他一摁滅電筒光，人們都說(shuō)是“黑夜了”。,,She went up to her bedroom on the second floor, and she was so exhausted for her day that she fell asleep soon after she lay down. (R. Dahl) 她上了三樓，走進(jìn)自己的臥室。這一天可把人累壞了，她一躺下就登時(shí)就進(jìn)入了夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)。,二）語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)體差別,1. Karl asked, “You got bread?” “No.” Miles knew that if he had had money it could have eased his way already. Prisoners with financial resources on the outside, and who used them, suffered less than prisoners with none. (A Hailey) 卡爾問：“你身上有錢嗎？” “沒有?！边~爾斯明白，要是自己有錢的話，日子可能要比眼前好過些。在牢外邊有些財(cái)路而且舍得花錢的囚犯，比之不名一文的囚犯所受的罪要少得多。,,2. Quite a few guys came from these very wealthy families, but it was full of crooks anyway. The more expensive a school is, the more crooks it has---I’m not kidding. (J. Salinger) 不少家伙都是來(lái)自這類殷富大戶，可校舍里還是賊滿為患，一個(gè)學(xué)校的費(fèi)用越高，里邊的賊也就越多——我這不是在說(shuō)著玩。,第二節(jié) 語(yǔ)義的分歧,翻譯過程中，我們會(huì)察覺到語(yǔ)義的分歧這一常見現(xiàn)象。這是語(yǔ)句的形式與內(nèi)容形成單一與眾多之比的特定反映。從造成語(yǔ)義分歧的原因看，一類是由于原語(yǔ)形式有的地方不甚嚴(yán)緊，其結(jié)構(gòu)可以依賴邏輯分析作出迥殊詮釋，特別是意群語(yǔ)次、成分功能等方面的歧義更其典型；另一類是由于原語(yǔ)內(nèi)容有的地方不盡周密，其情節(jié)可以依順邏輯推闡引出迥別的結(jié)論，尤其是語(yǔ)詞所指、人事關(guān)涉等方面的歧義尤為突出。 從語(yǔ)義分歧產(chǎn)生的后果看，多數(shù)實(shí)例則是馬虎從事的誤譯，屬于虛假性歧義的病象，在翻譯過程中應(yīng)盡量防范更正。下面從幾個(gè)方面語(yǔ)義剖析。,1、語(yǔ)詞多義引起的歧義,語(yǔ)詞多義一般指稱比較模糊，這是滋蔓歧義的主要根源之一，其語(yǔ)義在同詞多指、同形異物、同體褒貶等方面不宜分辨，從而造成翻譯中的某些歧義。 1. If Sydney Carton ever shone anywhere, he certainly never shone in the house of Doctor Manette. (C. Dickens) 或許悉尼卡頓早已在其它地方放過光，但是在曼內(nèi)特大夫家里卻從未亮過。（因?yàn)椋骸俺鲱惏屋汀@得出色）,,2. The peacock stood still as if he had just come down from some sun-drenched height to be a vision for them all. The priest’s homely red face hung over him, glowing with pleasure. (Fl. O’Connor) 孔雀一動(dòng)也不動(dòng)站著，仿佛剛從一個(gè)陽(yáng)光燦爛的高地上下來(lái)，讓他們大伙一飽眼福。神父那親切的紅臉向孔雀的上頭伸過去，欣喜得容光煥發(fā)。（應(yīng)為“難看的”）,2、語(yǔ)詞組合引起的歧義,語(yǔ)詞派生合成、搭配連用通常集結(jié)繁雜，其構(gòu)件在語(yǔ)義關(guān)系、接連切線、延伸幅度等方面不易區(qū)分，從而造成翻譯中的某些歧義。 1. Overhaul their whole damn jaws if necessary, this is the age of the perfect mouth!(J. Guest) 假使有必要，盡可以把他們的下巴吊起來(lái)，這可真是個(gè)完美無(wú)缺的嘴巴的時(shí)代?。。☉?yīng)為“好好檢查修補(bǔ)一下”）,,2. In the week I promised myself I should naturally read, for to the habitual reader reading is a drug of which he is the slave; deprive him of printed matter and he grows nervous, moody, and restless; then, like the alcoholic bereft of brandy who will drink shellac or methylated spirit, he will make do with the advertisements of a paper five years old; he will make do with a telephone directory.(W.Maugham) 這個(gè)星期里，我指望能閱讀點(diǎn)書，因?yàn)閷?duì)一個(gè)讀書成癖的人來(lái)說(shuō)，讀書就好比一劑奴仆受命于主子而不得不一飲而盡的藥。一旦失去機(jī)會(huì)享用這些書籍，他就會(huì)心神不定，煩躁不安，喜怒無(wú)處。不過，他會(huì)翻騰出五年前的舊報(bào)紙讀起廣告來(lái)，甚至?xí)殚嗠娫捥?hào)碼簿，就像一個(gè)嗜酒如命之徒一旦弄不到白蘭地時(shí)，無(wú)奈會(huì)飲用蟲膠制劑或變質(zhì)酒精一樣》（應(yīng)為“讀書是一種擺脫不了的習(xí)慣”）,3、句法功能引起的歧義,句法功能一向縱橫交錯(cuò)，其作用在結(jié)構(gòu)疊壘、修飾平面、掛鉤序列等方面不易判定，從而造成翻譯中的某些歧義。如： 1. There are, after all, thousands of different languages in the world, and it is in the nature of language that each one seems uniquely important to those who speak it as their native language---that is, their first (normally sole) tongue: the language they acquired at their mother’s knee. But there are more objective standards of relative importance. (R. Quirk et al) 世界上不同的語(yǔ)言畢竟有數(shù)千種，每種語(yǔ)言對(duì)于將其用作本族語(yǔ)的人來(lái)說(shuō)都似乎是事關(guān)重大的——也就是他們啟蒙而知的（通常是唯一的）語(yǔ)言，即他們幼小時(shí)在母親懷里學(xué)得的語(yǔ)言。但是，每種語(yǔ)言的重要性都是相對(duì)的，還有更多的客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（應(yīng)為：語(yǔ)言的相對(duì)重要性卻是有其較為客觀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的）,,2. “What an excellent father you have, girls,” said she, when the door was shut. “I do not know how you will ever make him amends for his kindness; or me either, for that matter. At our time of life, it is not so pleasant I can tell you, to be making new acquaintance every day; but for your sakes, we would do anything……”（J. Austen) “孩子們，你們竟然有這么好的爸爸！“她說(shuō)，門也關(guān)上了?！拔也恢滥銈兡銈儠?huì)怎樣報(bào)答他的恩情，我自己也不知道該怎樣報(bào)答他的恩情。我可以告訴你們，到了我們這個(gè)年紀(jì)，誰(shuí)也沒有興致天天去結(jié)交友朋。不過為了你們，我們做什么事情都心甘情愿……”（應(yīng)為：“也不知道你們會(huì)怎樣為此來(lái)報(bào)答我的恩情”）,4、否定范圍引起的歧義,1. As for the time of the attack, Hitler told his reluctant generals, “the start cannot take place too early. It is to take place in all circumstances (if at all possible) this autum” (W. Shirer) 至于進(jìn)攻的時(shí)間,希特勒對(duì)手下那些勉為其難的將軍們說(shuō), “不能開始得太早. 只要有可能,無(wú)論如何必須在今秋發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊.” (應(yīng)為: “越早開始越好”),