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2019-2020年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 題型專題方略 專題一 閱讀理解 第二講 推理判斷題針對(duì)訓(xùn)練 (xx山東濰坊市高三一模)Can you imagine a world without chocolate？It’s not something I’d like to do，so I was relieved to read that there’s a university with a programme to safeguard the future of chocolate! The University of Reading，in England，has just opened a new clearing house for all the world’s new cocoa varieties.They must be quarantined (進(jìn)行檢疫) before they can be grown.Why？Cocoa production hit a record high of 4.4 million tons last year but about 30% of the precious crop is regularly lost to pests and diseases.Now we don’t want that，do we? Demand for chocolate has been increasing faster than the world supply of cocoa and researchers think that new varieties are key to solving this problem. The University of Reading has been protecting the quality of the new crop since 1985，after it took over the task from the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew，London.And it has improved its facilities.The leader of the institution’s cocoa project，Professor Paul Hadley，says，“One of the main issues concerning cocoa improvement is the supply of reliably clean，healthy，interesting cocoa material.” The cocoa centre has a collection of 400 plant varieties and their greenhouse uses a lot of energy to keep them in tropical conditions.After up to two years in quarantine，clean and safe seeds are sent to some 20 countries，including several in West Africa.That’s where 75% of the cocoa used for chocolate worldwide es from.The crop is extremely important for the local economy：it employs about two million people. Professor Paul Hadley says he works with a small team of skilled technicians who look after the collection.And more of us seem to count on them now. The scientist says，“There is some concern within the industry that demand is increasing constantly，particularly in countries like China，where the standard of living is increasing and people are getting a taste for different chocolates.” 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要介紹了英國一項(xiàng)保護(hù)可可種子的項(xiàng)目。 1．What is the text mainly about? A．Safeguarding cocoa seeds. B．Planting cocoa seeds worldwide. C．Keeping cocoa seeds in greenhouse. D．Finding the new market for cocoa. 解析：選A。主旨大意題。 根據(jù)第一段的第二句“It’s not something I’d like to do，so I was relieved to read that there’s a university with a programme to safeguard the future of chocolate”及第五段中的“clean and safe seeds”可知，本文主要講的是英國保護(hù)可可種子的項(xiàng)目，即A項(xiàng)正確。 2．The institution’s cocoa project is to ________． A．have cocoa skin removed B．offer more jobs to people C．ensure the quality of cocoa D．supply cocoa for two million people 解析：選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“The leader of the institution’s cocoa project，Professor Paul Hadley，says，‘One of the main issues concerning cocoa improvement is the supply of reliably clean，healthy，interesting cocoa material.’”可知，這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)是要確?？煽煞鄣馁|(zhì)量，即C項(xiàng)正確。 3．What does the last paragraph tell us? A．The taste of chocolates is changing. B．Demand for cocoa is increasing continually. C．People are concerned about cocoa varieties. D．Chinese have a long history of eating chocolates. 解析：選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的關(guān)鍵詞“demand is increasing constantly”可知，本段主要講可可需求的不斷增長(zhǎng)，即B項(xiàng)正確。 4．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To educate.　　　　 B．To advertise. C．To warn. D．To inform. 解析：選D。寫作意圖題。文章第一段點(diǎn)題，結(jié)合全文的整體內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了英國保護(hù)可可種子的項(xiàng)目，屬于向讀者傳遞信息的類型，即D項(xiàng)正確。 (xx江西南昌市一模)Even if trees cannot walk，they are still on the move. In parts of the Arctic，entire forests are moving northward.Across the Arctic，temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else in the world.As that happens，the tree line that marks where forests stop and the treeless tundra (凍原) starts has been shifting northward.Trees growing along the tree line must protect themselves from the cold wind.To do this，plants tend to grow horizontal (水平的)branches low to the ground.The energy it takes for trees to grow this way means they don’t have enough energy to make seeds. But as Earth’s climate has been warming，trees no longer have to just grow horizontally.Many can instead grow up toward the sky.This takes less energy.And with all that leftover energy，these trees have started producing more seeds.This happens especially in places where white spruce (白云杉) grows. White spruce，which is a North American tree，is quite able to produce a lot of seeds，which can move long distances in the wind.When windblown seeds end up on the tundra beyond the tree line，they eventually can sprout (發(fā)芽) new trees.This explains how a forest can move.Of course，the process would work only if the tundra were warm enough.But in recent years，the whole planet has been warming. New trees will provide shelters for some snow.Keeping the sun’s rays from making the white surface disappear.Instead，the trees absorb the sun’s heat.This warms the surrounding air.The extra warmth encourages even more trees to produce seeds.That further boosts a forest’s ability to expand.In addition，more trees will trap more snow，preventing much of it from being blown away.Snow can trap heat in the soil below，which encourages trees to grow.The recent rise of temperatures has helped more trees grow past the tree line.People worry about impacts on the animals that depend on frozen conditions for food and shelter. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇科研報(bào)告，主要研究了氣溫升高對(duì)北極圈植物的影響。 5．What is the main cause of the trees in the Arctic moving northward? A．The shrinking of northern tundra. B．The rising temperature. C．The fierce and cold wind. D．The abundant resources in the north. 解析：選B。 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句“Across the Arctic, temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else in the world”以及本段的整體內(nèi)容可知，不斷上升的氣溫是北極圈樹木北移的主要原因，即B項(xiàng)正確。 6．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．To produce more seeds. B．To move northward. C．To respond to the climate change. D．To protect themselves from the cold wind. 解析：選D。 代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的“Trees growing along the tree line must protect themselves from the cold wind”可知，畫線詞 this指代的是本句中的“protect themselves from the cold wind”，即D項(xiàng)正確。 7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．New trees can trap the snow，which may make the soil colder. B．The trapped snow prevents new trees from producing more seeds. C．New trees can make the surrounding air warmer. D．New trees can bring more food and shelter for local animals. 解析：選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“New trees will provide shelters for some snow.Keeping the sun’s rays from making the white surface disappear.Instead，the trees absorb the sun’s heat.This warms the surrounding air”可推知，新樹會(huì)讓周圍的空氣更加溫暖，即C項(xiàng)正確。 8．The passage is most probably taken from ________．　 A．a(chǎn) science report B．a(chǎn) health report C．a(chǎn) fashion magazine D．a(chǎn) children’s magazine 解析：選A。文章出處題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可推知，本文主要研究的是氣候變暖對(duì)北極圈植物的影響，故該文應(yīng)選自科研報(bào)告，即A項(xiàng)正確。 C (xx河北七校高三聯(lián)合考試)High heels，coffee cups and dogs have been regarded as three of the most dangerous things to have in a car. While men were responsible for the greater number of accidents reported，women played their part by driving in high heels.Putting fashion over function meant 44 percent of female motorists had been prevented from using the pedals correctly by their high heels. Being keen on a caffeine kick while driving can also create an accident if they leave empty coffee cups lying around their vehicles.Twenty percent of those surveyed admitted they had crashed their cars or had a near miss after a deserted coffee cup or an empty drink bottle rolled under their brake pedals. However，it is not just wearing and eating that cause a threat from inside the car; man’s best friend could also cause a catastrophe if not safely secured.One in eight motorists claimed to have had a scrape(擦傷) or miss on the road due to their dogs’ wandering freely，climbing into the front seat or trying to escape through the windows. The accidents meant drivers took their eyes off the road for more than three seconds each time，according to the poll of 2，000 British motorists.The survey has found drivers will pick up an average bill of ￡ 261.47 for the damage caused by every crash.Londoners were the most at risk of an accident closely followed by motorists in the West Midlands and Wales. Janet Connor，a managing director，said many accidents could be avoided if people cleaned their cars regularly，as one in ten drivers involved in crashes admitted to driving inside a mountain of waste materials.She said，“The possible dangers and distractions outside the car are wellknown but as the evidence suggests，those within the car are often forgotten.” 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文介紹了開車時(shí)最危險(xiǎn)的三種東西：高跟鞋、咖啡杯以及狗，并告訴我們?cè)陂_車時(shí)應(yīng)該多關(guān)注這些危險(xiǎn)的東西。 9．What mistake do women drivers most probably make while driving? A．They wear expensive clothes. B．They wear shoes with high heels. C．They drink too much coffee in cars. D．They take their dogs without tying them. 解析：選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“women played their part by driving in high heels”可知，女性駕車所犯的錯(cuò)誤是穿高跟鞋，故選B項(xiàng)。 10．Those who like drinking coffee often have accidents because________． A．the coffee may make them feel faint B．the coffee may make the car smell terrible C．empty coffee cups may make the brake fail D．deserted bottles look the same as brake pedals 解析：選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Twenty percent of those surveyed admitted they had crashed their cars or had a near miss after a deserted coffee cup or an empty bottle rolled under their brake pedals”可推知，空的咖啡杯可能造成剎車失靈，故選C項(xiàng)。 11．Why shouldn’t drivers put their dogs in the car while driving? A．Dogs may bark loudly if seeing traffic lights. B．Dogs may walk around or even try to escape. C．Dogs may break the windows to get fresh air. D．Dogs may make the inside of the car dirty. 解析：選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“One in eight motorists claimed to have had a scrape(擦傷) or miss on the road due to their dogs’wandering freely，climbing into the front seat or trying to escape through the windows”可知，狗可能到處走動(dòng)或從窗戶逃跑，故選B項(xiàng)。 12．We can mainly learn from the passage that ________． A．people often neglect the dangers outside the car B．a(chǎn)ccidents will be avoided if cars are cleaned regularly C．dangers within the car should be given more attention to D．only 10% of the drivers remember to keep their cars clean 解析：選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“The possible dangers and distractions outside the car are wellknown but as the evidence suggests，those within the car are often forgotten”可推知，車內(nèi)的這些潛在的危險(xiǎn)和使人分心的事情也是事故發(fā)生的原因，但是經(jīng)常被人們忘記，所以需要我們給予更多的關(guān)注，故選C項(xiàng)。 (二) A (xx河北唐山市高三統(tǒng)一考試)Hybrid cars(混合動(dòng)力車) are cars that run on petrol and electricity.They have a small standard petrol engine and a battery(電池) electric motor to provide electric power. There are some differences between different models of hybrid cars，but the general principle is that the car runs on petrol，and the electric motor kicks in when additional power is required，for example，when going uphill or accelerating.In some hybrid cars the petrol engine turns itself off when not needed，for example when the car has stopped at traffic lights，keeping only the electric engine running. Conventional cars have large engines to deal with driving uphill and accelerating.Hybrid cars have much smaller petrol engines，improved by electric motors when needed，so they use less petrol.Another way that fuel consumption is cut is by a system of “regenerative (再生的) braking”．The electric motor is used to slow down the car，rather than conventional brakes.The energy produced by slowing the car is changed into electrical power，which is automatically stored in the battery.In effect，the battery recharges when you brake.In conventional cars the energy produced when braking is wasted. In 1928，F(xiàn)erdinand Porsche built an experimental hybrid car.The first massproduced hybrid car，the Toyota Prius，came out in Japan at the end of 1997.However，hybrid cars became available—in the USA only in 1999.As they use less fuel，hybrid cars are cheaper to run.There are also many voices in place to encourage people to buy them.In some countries，hybrid car owners pay a lower rate of tax，and don’t have to pay on certain roads.In some cities，hybrid cars are allowed to park for free. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　文章介紹了以汽油和電為動(dòng)力的混合動(dòng)力車，它是一種節(jié)約能源的汽車。 1．Hybrid cars consume less energy than conventional cars because hybrid cars ________． A．have large engines to deal with accelerating B．have conventional brakes to slow down the car C．have no energy consumption when stopping D．have electric power to assist when needed 解析：選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的第二句“Hybrid cars have much smaller petrol engines，improved by electric motors when needed，so they use less petrol”可知，混合動(dòng)力車必要時(shí)有電力支持，所以消耗較少的能源。 2．In regenerative braking，________． A．the conventional brakes are used to slow down the car B．energy wasted in conventional cars is stored in the battery　 C．the battery charges itself when the car is accelerating D．the petrol engine is usually turned off automatically 解析：選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知，混合動(dòng)力車用電動(dòng)馬達(dá)減速而不是用傳統(tǒng)的剎車，電動(dòng)馬達(dá)降低車速時(shí)產(chǎn)生的電能會(huì)被自動(dòng)儲(chǔ)存在電池里，而傳統(tǒng)汽車?yán)速M(fèi)了剎車時(shí)產(chǎn)生的能量，由此可知B項(xiàng)表述正確。 3．From the last paragraph we can learn that hybrid cars ________． A．will gain more popularity B．were first available in the USA C．free their owners from tax D．a(chǎn)re free to park anywhere in the city 解析：選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“As they use less fuel，hybrid cars...for free”可推知，使用混合動(dòng)力車有很多好處，所以混合動(dòng)力車會(huì)很受歡迎。 4．The main purpose of this text is to ________． A．show how hybrid cars slow down B．encourage people to buy hybrid cars C．inform people of a kind of energysaving car D．explain why hybrid cars use less energy 解析：選C。寫作意圖題。該文主要介紹了一種節(jié)約能源的車——混合動(dòng)力車，應(yīng)選擇C。 B (xx河南鄭州市第二次質(zhì)檢)Beauty is only skin deep.This expression means that beauty is only a temporary surface quality.Some beauty products can cause lasting damage that goes far below the surface of the skin. In America，many people use sunlight and nonnatural light to darken their skin.Health experts advise people against what is called “tanning” because of its links to skin cancer.In the African country of Senegal (塞內(nèi)加爾)，some women take health risks trying to do just the_opposite． An average beauty supply shop in Dakar has many kinds of skinlightening creams and soaps.The World Health Organization says that 25% of Senegalese women use skinlightening products on a usual basis.These products can contain chemicals，like mercury (汞)，hydroquinone (對(duì)苯二酚)，etc.These are dangerous ingredients that can cause cancer and possibly other physical damage to the skin.They can actually burn the eyes and skin. Shop worker Adama Diagne advises her visitors to avoid the stronger products that promise fast results.She uses a cream that is made from carrots，not the strong chemical，hydroquinone.She says that it is a personal choice and that no one pressures her.Some women want to be black every day，but for her，she likes to be a shade of brown. Women in Senegal say they lighten their skin for the same reason that women all over the world make changes to their appearance.They say they want to look beautiful，to find a husband，to stand out in a crowd or simply to look great for a special event. This thinking troubles Senegalese filmmaker Khardiata Pouye Sall.So，she made “This Color That Bothers Me”，a film about the subject of skin lightening.She said，“I used the most shocking images so that women would see the dangers.It is hard to understand why a woman says that dark skin is not beautiful.It is in their heads.They want to please a man，to be loved or they want to please society，to succeed.” Ms.Sall says that the government needs to better control the marketing and the sale of skinlightening products.But she adds that education is the best way to persuade people against using them. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　塞內(nèi)加爾的女性為了美使用一些化學(xué)產(chǎn)品帶來了極大的危害。 5．The underlined part “the opposite” in Paragraph 2 means some Senegalese women ________． A．use sunlight to darken skin B．try creams to prevent skin cancer C．use products to lighten their skin D．take health risks to bee beautiful 解析：選C。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句“In America，many people use sunlight and nonnatural light to darken their skin”可推知，塞內(nèi)加爾的一些女性正好和美國人相反，與“darken their skin”相反，故C項(xiàng)正確。 6．According to Adama Diagne，women shouldn’t believe ________． A．beauty is just a personal choice B．a(chǎn) cream from carrots is healthier C．it is beautiful to be black every day D．a(chǎn) product can make you beautiful quickly 解析：選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的第一句“Shop worker Adama Diagne advises her visitors to avoid the stronger products that promise fast results”可知，Adama Diagne不贊同人們用快速見效的美容產(chǎn)品，即D項(xiàng)正確。 7．We can infer that women in Senegal ________． A．a(chǎn)ttract attention with shocking images B．don’t consider dark skin to be beautiful C．find it hard to understand the true beauty D．put beauty in the first place in their heads 解析：選B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段的“It is hard to understand why a woman says that dark skin is not beautiful”可推知，塞內(nèi)加爾的女性并不認(rèn)為黑皮膚是漂亮的，即B項(xiàng)正確。 8．What is Ms.Sall’s attitude towards skinlightening products? A．Unsupportive.　　　　　 B．Casual. C．Responsible. D．Positive. 解析：選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段的“I used the most shocking images so that women would see the dangers” 以及最后一段的內(nèi)容可推知，Ms.Sall對(duì)亮膚的產(chǎn)品持不贊成的態(tài)度，即A項(xiàng)正確。 C (xx遼寧沈陽市第一次教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))Being physically active three times a week reduces the odds of being depressed by about 16%，according to new UCL research carried out as part of the Public Health Research Centre. The study，published in JAMA Psychiatry，found a twoway relationship between depression and physical activity.People who increased their weekly activity were reported to have fewer depressive symptoms but those with more depressive symptoms were less active，particularly at younger ages. Researchers followed 11，135 people born in 1958 up until the age of 50，recording depressive symptoms and levels of physical activity at regular intervals in adulthood.They found that each additional activity period per week reduced odds of depression by 6%.In England 19% of men and 26% of women are currently classed as “inactive”，and this study suggests that activity could significantly improve their mental as well as physical health. “Assuming the association is causal，physical activity has a protective effect against depression.If an adult between his twenties and forties who isn’t physically active became active 3 times per week，he would reduce his risks of depression by about 16%，” said Dr Snehal of the UCL Institute of Child Health，lead author of the study. Professor Mark，Director of the Public Health Research Centre，said：“Many people are already aware of the benefits of physical activity on their general health，but now we are seeing more evidence that suggests it also has a positive effect on a person’s mental wellbeing.The latest research highlights just how important it is to ensure that people are working and living in environments that allow them to be both physically active and mentally healthy.” 【解題導(dǎo)語】　最新研究表明，增加每周鍛煉身體的次數(shù)，能降低人們患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 9．The underlined word “odds” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”． A．benefits B．intervals C．risks D．a(chǎn)ges 解析：選C。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段中的“If an adult between his twenties and forties who isn’t physically active became active 3 times per week，he would reduce his risks of depression by about 16%”可知，人們每周鍛煉三次，能讓患抑郁癥的可能性降低大約16%。由此可推斷出，odds和risks的意思一樣，故C項(xiàng)正確。 10．According to the second paragraph，if people increase their weekly activity，________． A．their depressive symptoms will be fewer B．their depressive symptoms will be more C．they will bee much younger D．they will bee more depressive 解析：選A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“People who increased their weekly activity were reported to have fewer depressive symptoms”可知，如果人們?cè)黾铀麄兠恐苠憻挼拇螖?shù)，就會(huì)有較少的抑郁癥狀，故A項(xiàng)正確。 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Dr Snehal thinks it is important to be both physically and mentally healthy. B．The research shows men are more active in physical activity than women. C．Adults who insist on physical activity will avoid depression pletely. D．Increasing physical activity can free people from depression in a way. 解析：選D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Being physically active three times a week reduces the odds of being depressed by about 16%”可推知，增加鍛煉身體的次數(shù)在某種程度上能降低患抑郁癥的可能性，故D項(xiàng)正確。 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A．To tell us a fun story about how to protect us against depressio