2019-2020年高中英語 Unit3 單元背景知識學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)案 牛津版選修11.doc

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2019-2020年高中英語 Unit3 單元背景知識學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)案 牛津版選修11 I. More information about Sir Clive Sinclair Sir Clive Sinclair (born in July 30, 1940) is a well-known British entrepreneur and inventor of the worlds first slim-line electronic pocket calculator in 1972 and the ZX80, ZX81 and ZX Spectrum puters in the late 1970s and early 1980s, amongst many other things. The ZX80 was the UKs first mass market home puter to be sold for under 100. Sinclair was fascinated by electronics and miniaturization from his teenage years. In 1961 he started his own pany, Sinclair Radionics Ltd, after spending several years as assistant editor for Practical Wireless and Instrument Practice to raise funds. In recent years Sinclair has bee a keen poker player and appeared in the first three seasons of the Late Night Poker TV series. He won the first season final of the Celebrity Poker Club spin-off, defeating Keith Allen His most recent invention is the A-bike, an ingenious folding bicycle for muters that weighs only 5.5 kilograms (12 pounds) and folds to a very small size for easy carrying on a train or bus. Early life, family and education. Sinclairs father and grandfather were engineers; both had been apprentices at Vickers the shipbuilders. His grandfather George Sinclair was an innovative naval architect who got the paravane, a mine sweeping device, to work. George Sinclairs son Bill Sinclair attempted to break the family tradition of engineering by expressing a preference for going into the church - or perhaps being a journalist. His father suggested he train as an engineer first; Bill became a mechanical engineer and has been in the field ever since. At the outbreak of World War II in 1939 he was running his own machine tools business in London and later worked for the Ministry of Supply. Clive Sinclair was born in 1940 near Richmond. He and his mother left London to stay with an aunt for safety in Devon, where they eventually travelled to Teignmouth. A telegram arrived shortly after bringing the news that their home in Richmond had been bombed. Clives father, Bill Sinclair, found a house in Bracknell in Berkshire. Sinclairs brother Ian was born in 1943 and his sister Fiona in 1947. Clive enjoyed the freedom of the holidays and had interests in swimming and boating. At an early age he designed a submarine, possibly being influenced by his grandfather George. During the holidays he could pursue his own ideas and teach himself what he wanted to know. Sinclair had little interest in sports and found himself out of place with others at school. He preferred the pany of adults, this type of panionship he only got from his family. Sinclair attended Box Grove preparatory school. At school, he excelled in mathematics. By the time Clive was ten, his father Bill Sinclair had financial problems. He had branched out from machine tools and planned to import miniature tractors from the US; however, he eventually had to give up the business. Because of his fathers financial problems, Sinclair had to move school several times. Sinclair took his O-levels at Highgate School in London in 1955 and S-levels in physics, and pure applied maths at St. Georges College, Weybridge. During his early years, Sinclair earned money mowing lawns and washing up, and earned 6d (old pence) more than permanent staff in the cafe. Later he went for holiday jobs at electronic panies. At Solatron he started to enquire his mentors about the possibility of electrically propelled personal vehicles. Sinclair applied for a holiday job at Mullard and took along one of his circuit designs; he was rejected for the theoretical precociousness. While still at school he wrote the first article for Practical Wireless. Sinclair did not want to go to university when he left school just before his 18th birthday. By this time, he knew that he wanted to sell miniature electronic kits by mail order to the hobbyist market. Career Advertisement for the Sinclair Micrometric radio. Sinclairs Micro Kit was formalized in an exercise book dated 19 June 1958 three weeks before the start of his A-levels. In the book, Sinclair drew a radio circuit, Model Mark I, with a ponents list, cost/set 9:11d (49p) + colored wire & solder nuts & bolts + celluloid chassis (drilled) = 9/- (45p). Also in the book are the advertisement rates for Radio Constructor (9d (3p)/word, minimum 6/- (30p)) and Practical Wireless (5/6 (27p) per line or part line). Sinclair estimated to produce at the rate of 1,000 a month, orders placed with the panies supplying the ponents for 10,000 of each to be delivered at a call off rate of 1,000 per month. Sinclair wrote a book for Bernards Publishing, Practical transistor receivers Book 1, appeared in January 1959. It was re-printed late that year, and nine times subsequently. His practical stereo handbook was first published in June 1959; and reprinted seven times over a period of 14 years. The last book Sinclair wrote as an employee of Bernards was Modern Transistor Circuits for Beginners, first published in May 1962. During the period he was employed by Bernard Babani, he had produced 13 constructors books. Sinclair decided to start his own business. In 1961 he registered his pany as Sinclair Radionics Ltd. His original choice, Sinclair Electronics, was already taken; Sinclair Radio was available but didnt sound right to Sinclair. Eventually Sinclair Radionics was formed on 25 July 1961. Sinclair made two attempts to raise startup capital necessary to advertise his inventions and buy ponents. He designed PCB kits and licensed some technology. Then he took his design for a miniature transistor pocket radio and spent some time seeking for a backer for its production in kit form. Eventually he found someone who agreed to buy 55% of his pany for 3,000; however, the deal didn’t go through. Sinclair, unable to find capital, joined United Trade Press (UTP), based at 9 Gough Square, just off Fleet Street, as technical editors of the journal Instrument Practice. Sinclairs name first appeared in Instrument Practice as an assistant editor in March 1962. Sinclair described the method of making silicon planar transistors, their properties and applications and expressed a hope that they might be available by the end of 1962. Sinclair was obsessed with miniaturization, as became more and more obvious as his career progressed. Sinclair undertook a survey for Instrument Practice of Semiconductor devices, which appeared in four sections between September 1962 and January 1963. His last appearance as assistant editor was in April 1969. Through UTP, Sinclair had access to thousands of devices from 36 manufacturers. He contacted Semiconductors Ltd and ordered rejects that he would repair. He produced a design for a miniature radio powered by a couple of hearing aid cells and made a deal with Semiconductor Ltd to buy their MATs at 6d (2p) each in boxes of 10,000. He would then carry out his own quality control tests, and market his renamed MAT 100 and 120 at 7/9d (38p) and 101 and 121 at 8/6 (42p). Sinclair Radionics lasted until 1979, with various products and pany spin-offs. Beginning with a mini-amplifier, the pany quickly earned a name for design, quality and pioneering ideas. The overall vision was to produce in bulk and to sell cheaply. This risky but potentially profitable stack em high, sell em cheap approach has made fortunes before, but carries with it the risk of bankruptcy. In the early days one strategy essential to this policy for Sinclair Radionics was production in ket form. Sinclair Research Ltd (1978--present) ZX Spectrum (1982) In June 1978 Science of Cambridge launched a microputer kit, marketed as the MK14, based around the National SC/MP chip. By July 1978, a personal puter project was already underway. When Sinclair learnt that the NewBrain could not be sold at below the sub-100 price that he envisaged, his thoughts turned to the ZX80 instead. In May 1979 Jim Westwood started the ZX80 project at Science of Cambridge, it was launched in February 1980 at 79.95 in kit form and 99.95 ready-built. In November Science of Cambridge was renamed to “Sinclair puters Ltd”. In March 1981, the pany was renamed again to Sinclair Research Ltd and the Sinclair ZX81 was launched at 49.95 in kit form and 69.95 ready-built, by mail order. In February 1982 Timex obtained a license to manufacture and market Sinclairs puters in the US under the name Timex Sinclair. In April the ZX Spectrum was launched, priced at 125 for the 16 kB RAM version and 175 for the 48 KB version. In March 1982 the pany made an 8.55m profit on turnover of 27.17m, including 383,000 government grants for the TV80 flat screen portable television. In 1982 Clive Sinclair converted the Barker & Wadsworth mineral water bottling factory at 25 Willis Road, Cambridge into the Sinclair Building to use it as the panys new headquarters. (It was sold to Cambridge shire County Council in December 1985 due to Sinclairs immense debts and finance troubles.) II. More information about Mensa. What is Mensa? Mensa was founded in England in 1946 by Roland Berrill, a barrister, and Dr. Lance Ware, a scientist and lawyer. They had the idea of forming a society for bright people, the only qualification for membership of which was a high IQ. The original aims were, as they are today, to create a society that is non-political and free from all racial or religious distinctions. The society weles people from every walk of life whose IQ is in the top 2% of the population, with the objective of enjoying each others pany and participating in a wide range of social and cultural activities. What are Mensa’s goals? Mensa has three stated purposes: to identify and foster human intelligence for the benefit of humanity to encourage research in the nature, characteristics and uses of intelligence to provide a stimulating intellectual and social opportunities for its member. How many members does Mensa have? Today there are some 100,000 Mensans in 100 countries throughout the world. There are active Mensa organizations in over 40 countries on every continent except Antarctica. Membership numbers are also available for specific National Groups. What kind of people are Members of Mensa? There is simply no one prevailing characteristic of Mensa members other than high IQ. There are Mensans for whom Mensa provides a sense of family, and others for whom it is a casual social activity. There have been many marriages made in Mensa, but for many people, it is simply a stimulating opportunity for the mind. Most Mensans have a good sense of humor, and they like to talk. And, usually, they have a lot to say. Mensans range in age from 4 to 94, but most are between 20 and 60. In education they range from preschoolers to high school dropouts to people with multiple doctorates. There are Mensans on welfare and Mensans who are millionaires. As far as occupations, the range is staggering. Mensa has professors and truck drivers, scientists and firefighters, puter programmers and farmers, artists, military people, musicians, laborers, police officers, glassblowers--the diverse list goes on and on. There are famous Mensans and prize-winning Mensans, but there are many whose names you wouldn’t know. What does “Mensa” mean? The word "Mensa" means "table" in Latin. The name stands for a round-table society, where race, color, creed, national origin, age, politics, educational or social background are irrelevant. What opinions does Mensa have? Mensa takes no stand on politics, religion or social issues. Mensa has members from so many different countries and cultures with differing points of view, that for Mensa to espouse a particular point of view would go against its role as a forum for all points of view. Of course, individual Mensa members often have strong opinions--and several of them. It is said that in a room with 12 mensans you will find at least 13 differing opinions on any given subject. How do I qualify for Mensa? Membership in Mensa is open to persons who have attained a score within the upper two percent of the general population on an approved intelligence test that has been properly administered and supervised. There is no other qualification or disqualification for membership eligibility. The term "IQ score" is widely used but poorly defined. There are a large number of tests with different scales. The result on one test of 132 can be the same as a score 148 on another test. Some intelligence tests dont use IQ scores at all. Mensa has set a percentile as cutoff to avoid this confusion. Candidates for membership in Mensa must achieve a score at or above the 98th percentile on a standard test of intelligence (a score that is greater than or equal to that achieved by 98 percent of the general population taking the test) Generally, there are two ways to prove that you qualify for Mensa: either take the Mensa test, or submit a qualifying test score from another test. There are a large number of intelligence tests that are "approved". More information on whether a test you have taken is approved, as well as information on the procedure for taking the Mensa test, can be obtained from the nearest Mensa office. There are no on-line tests that can be used for admission to Mensa. Feel free to contact Mensa for specific details about eligibility. Mensa has no other eligibility requirements other than IQ testing. However, many tests are not valid for people under the age of 16. You should contact the nearest Mensa office for more information. Is there a Mensa test? If youve never taken an IQ test, or dont want to bother with getting official copies of your test scores, then Mensa can test you. You will be put in contact with the local testing coordinator who will tell you about specific testing dates and places. In some countries, a pre-test is available which you can take in the privacy of your home. To find out whether such a test is available in your country, please see National Groups. When youve finished the pre-test, send it back to the address instructed. It will be scored, and you will be notified of the results. If your score is high enough, youll be invited to take a qualifying supervised test. The pre-test is just for practice; you cant use it to qualify for Mensa even if you score at or above the 98th percentile. Taking a pre-test is not required for admission, however, many people take it simply for the challenge. If you want to take a practice, on-line test, the Mensa Workout is an intelligence quiz in which you have half an hour to answer 30 questions. When you submit your answers, your test is instantly scored, and you can see how your score measures up. The answers to the questions are provided along with discussion of the answers. The Workout is not an IQ test, and cant be used for qualification to join Mensa. Does Mensa Provide Intellectual Stimulation? Whatever your passion, theres almost certain to be a Special Interest Group (SIG) filled with other Mensans who share it! Mensa offers approximately 200 SIGs, in mind-boggling profusion from African Violets to zoology. Along the way youll find microbiology, and systems analysis, but youll also find Sherlock Holmes, chocolate and Star Trek. There are the expected: biochemistry, space science, economics -- and the unexpected: poker, roller-skating, scuba diving, UFOs and witchcraft. There are SIGs for breadmaking, winemaking, cartooning, silversmithing, and clowning. Heraldry, semantics and Egyptology co-exist with beekeeping, motorcycling and tap dancing. Sports SIGs cover the classics (baseball, basketball, and football) and the not-so-classic (skeet shooting, hang gliding, skydiving). And any Mensan who can’t find a SIG to join can easily start one. Does Mensa Provide Social Interaction? Mensa meetings are anything but dull! Local groups meet at least monthly. Often its for dinner and drinks on a Friday night, or for get-togethers featuring a speaker or a lively, freewheeling discussion. All are with fellow members who share your intellectual interests. Some groups have special get-togethers or activities throughout the month. Others, especially the larger groups, have events nearly every day. Of course, participation in local group activities is always entirely at your option. There are also widely attended annual conventions offering workshops, seminars, and parties, plus numerous regional gatherings are held each year, offering social and intellectual excitement. What other Benefits Does Mensa offer? In some countries Mensa sponsors a members-only credit card and insurance program. There is also a program that aids traveling Mensans. III. 成功人士六大秘密 秘密1 選定生活方式 馬克記得50年前的一段經(jīng)歷。當(dāng)時，他和奶奶到了一片海灘。他迫不及待地?fù)溥M(jìn)大海，奶奶則一點一點地向水中邁進(jìn)。她撩起水，先撩向胳臂，又撩向身體的其他部位。奶奶在適應(yīng)水溫的變化。馬克瞬間就做成的事情，奶奶卻似乎用了整整一生。 故事包含了許多內(nèi)容。你可以把它理解為給自己的未來增加保險系數(shù)。下水之前，你先要清楚自己會遇到什么，以便在事情來臨時胸有成竹，而且有逃脫的方法。做出改變生活的積極決定之前，你需要理清事情的輕重緩急、權(quán)衡選擇的利弊。 秘密2 保證家庭第一 1984年，參議員保羅桑切斯被診斷出患了淋巴癌。為了和家人在一起的時間更長一些，他放棄了名望甚高的工作。正像一位睿智的朋友所說，“沒有人希望臨終前在辦公室度過更多的時光”。你可以掙得生活所需，解決財務(wù)上的問題——甚至富裕繁榮——但并不一定就要你去扮演工作狂：沒有時間去玩玩游戲、修繕籬笆，或者停下腳步嗅一下玫瑰的芳香。 總之，無論是傳統(tǒng)家庭還是現(xiàn)代家庭，家庭的意義都跳不開同樣的意義：一家人相聚相守，讓生命繁衍下去。 秘密3 養(yǎng)成創(chuàng)業(yè)習(xí)性 想獲得成功，你就要養(yǎng)成創(chuàng)業(yè)的習(xí)性：多才多藝、靈活自如、善于推銷自己、精于個人理財、排定事情的優(yōu)先順序，而且時刻準(zhǔn)備著棄職而去。今天的員工需要有跳槽的心理準(zhǔn)備。平均來說，跳槽常常是4到8年一次。 將你的創(chuàng)業(yè)念頭付諸實施前，先經(jīng)營一兩項小產(chǎn)業(yè)，對你來說，是一種很好的歷練。它對你的起步、經(jīng)營、經(jīng)驗積累都有很大幫助。我們把它看作你手中的“王牌”。你可能因為喜歡手中的“王牌”而辭掉工作，也可能為工作的轉(zhuǎn)換做好各種準(zhǔn)備。 秘密4 節(jié)省每一分錢 也許你不相信，節(jié)省小錢是值得的。小錢雖小，增加的速度卻很快。假如每天你都成二倍地往儲蓄罐里丟硬幣（第二天，兩個；第三天，四個，八個；一直持續(xù)下去），到月底，你的儲蓄罐將昂貴無比，因為，里面已經(jīng)是500萬美元——5億分的硬幣。隨手節(jié)省幾分的硬幣，能給你帶來多么巨大的財富。 如果我們充分運用積攢的每一分錢——我們照樣可以滿足生活的基本需要，和心中廣博的欲望。 秘密5 投資你的債務(wù) 有一則故事到處流傳：當(dāng)聲名浪藉的威利被問到為什么要搶劫銀行時，他回答道：“因為這里有錢?！蓖赡苁莻€惡棍，但不是個笨蛋。他選對了目標(biāo)。不過如能夠到銀行里投資，而不是到這里搶劫，事情當(dāng)然會好些。 負(fù)債相當(dāng)于財務(wù)上的俄羅斯輪盤賭——槍膛里上滿了子彈！你永遠(yuǎn)不知道，哪一天失業(yè)、醫(yī)療危機(jī)、離婚，甚至漏雨的屋頂，就會引發(fā)你的財務(wù)危機(jī)。所以，讓債務(wù)降到最低是最明智的做法——還有另外一個理由：你可以為自己省下一大筆財富。 秘密6 規(guī)劃理財前景 假定你的財產(chǎn)沒有巨大的增加、工作生涯中也沒有什么一流的投資，但你仍將掙到一筆財產(chǎn)。比如說你和愛人都年方25歲，你們家的收入和普通的美國家庭一樣——每年掙到最新估計的數(shù)字54910美元。如果你們二人都工作到65歲，即使你們的收入從不增加，也沒有過分的生活費用，到頭來，你們的收入將超過200萬美元。如果你的薪水以3%的比例逐年增長，最后你的收入將超過400萬美元。還說什么呢？你成了百萬富翁。 那么，你如何利用這些錢呢？聽任它點點流失，還是善加利用？最好的理財設(shè)計師，是你自己。