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外 文 翻 譯題目 談國內(nèi)機(jī)電一體化的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展專 業(yè)： 學(xué) 生 姓 名： 班 級(jí)： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 完 成 時(shí) 間： Talk of the electromechanical integration of domestic situation and developmentAbstract: electromechanical integration of modern science and technology is the inevitable outcome of the development. This paper the basic situation of the electromechanical integration technology at home and abroad were reviewed, and the development background of the electromechanical integration technology, this paper analyzes the developing trends of the electromechanical integration technology.Keywords: mechatronics technology development trendModern science and technology unceasing development, which greatly promoted the different disciplines, engineering and technical transformation and revolution. In the field of mechanical engineering, electronic and computer technology due to the rapid development and infiltration of mechanical industry formed the electromechanical integration, machinery industry technical structure, product structure, function and composition, production and management system, great changes have taken place in industrial production by "mechanical electrification" to "the electromechanical integration into the stage of development features.1、electromechanical integrationElectromechanical integration refers to the main function, the function, the information processing functions and control functions on introducing electronic technology and electronic devices, mechanical design and software combines the floorboard of the system.Electromechanical integration development has become a new discipline has its system, along with the development of science and technology, but also will be endowed with new contents. But its basic characteristics can be summarized as: electromechanical integration from the viewpoint of system, the comprehensive use of mechanical technology, microelectronics technology, automatic control technology, computer technology and information technology, sensing measurement technology and electronic technology, according to the functions of the system requirements, the reasonable configuration and layout in each function units, muti _ function, high quality, high reliability, low energy consumption on the significance of specific function value, and that the whole system optimization of system engineering. From the function, become a electromechanical systems or electromechanical products. Therefore, "electromechanical integration" cover "technique" and "product" two aspects. Based on the mechatronics technology is the organic integration of technology group, a comprehensive technology, instead of mechanical technology, microelectronics technology and other new technology of simple combination, piecing together. This is the electromechanical integration and mechanical and electric forming in the conceptual machinery electrification fundamental distinction. Mechanical engineering technology by pure technical development, still belongs to the traditional mechanical electric machinery, its main function is still instead and magnified system. But, after the electromechanical integration development, including the microelectronics except some mechanical parts of the original function, also endowed with many new features, such as automatic detection, automatic processing information, automatically records, automatic regulation and control, automatic diagnosis and protection, etc. Namely, the mechtronie product is not only a man's hand and body extension, or one of the senses and the mind is outspread, intelligent and mechanical characteristics of mechatronics in function of electrified essential distinction.2、the electromechanical integration developmentElectromechanical integration development can be divided into three phases: (1) the 1960s used for the first stage, the stage is called the primary stage. In this period, consciously or unconsciously, people using electronic technology to improve the preliminary results of mechanical products performance. Especially in the second world war, war stimulated mechanical products and electronic technology, combined with the combination of military technology, machinery, civil war to the restoration of postwar economy into positive role. Then, the research and development, from the overall look of spontaneous state in. As the development of electronic technology has not reaches a certain level, mechanical technology and electronic technology is impossible to wide and deep development, has developed a product cannot. (2) in the 20th century 70-80 for the second phase, can be called vigorous development stage. During this period, the computer technology, control technology, the communication technology development, for the development of mechatronics technology. Large-scale, vlsi and microcomputer, for electromechanical integration development provides sufficient material base. This period is characterized by a word first mechatronics in Japan is generally accepted, about the late 1980s worldwide have widely acknowledged, Mechatronics technology and product has been tremendous development, All nations began on electromechanical integration technology and products give a lot of attention and support. (3) in the late 1990s, started mechatronics technology to intelligent direction of the new stage, electromechanical integration into the deep development period. On one hand, optical, communication technology, etc, electromechanical integration into microfabrication techniques in mechatronics in work, optic-mechanical integration and microelectromechanical integration of new branch.Our from the early 1980s began this research and application. The state council established mechatronics leadership team, and the technology in "863" plan. The "ninth five-year plan and the 2010 when fully considering the development outline on the international development trend of the electromechanical integration technology, and the possible impact of. Many colleges and universities, research institutes, and some large and medium-sized enterprises of the technology development and application, do a lot of work, obtained some achievements. But compared with advanced countries such as Japan, there are still gaps.3、the development trend of the electromechanical integrationElectromechanical integration is the machinery, electron, optics, control, computer and information science, the overlapping comprehensive development and progress depends on and promote the development of related technologies. The main development direction of mechatronics roughly in the following aspects:3.1 intelligenceIntelligence is the 21st century mechatronics technology is an important developing direction. Artificial intelligence research in mechatronics, CNC and intelligent robot is one of important applications. What say here "intelligent" is the machine behavior, is on the basis of the theory of control, the absorption of artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy mathematics, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics of new thoughts, new methods, make it have judgment reasoning, logical thinking and decision-making, etc, in order to get higher capacity of control targets. Admittedly, make the mechtronie product with a man of intelligence, the same is impossible, is unnecessary. But, with high performance, high speed microprocessors makes the mechtronie product possesses the lower intelligence or partially intelligence, it is entirely possible and necessary.3.2 modularModularity is an important and difficult projects. Because the mechtronie product categories and various manufacturers, research and development with standard interface, electrical machinery, dynamic interface and environment interface of the interface mechtronie product unit is a very complicated but very important thing. As intelligent speed reducer, collection development, in one of the power unit, visual, image processing, identification and distance functions such as the control unit, and various kinds of typical operation can finish the mechanical device, etc. With the standard unit can rapidly develop new products, also can expand the scale of production. In order to achieve the above objectives, also need to develop standards, in order to match the components, unit.3.3 networkDue to the popularization of the Internet, network based remote control and monitoring of technology, and remote control terminal equipment itself is the mechtronie product. The fieldbus and LAN technology applied to electrical appliances networking has become a half, use the family network (home) will all sorts of household appliances connected to a computer for center of computer integrated appliance system (computer system, CIAS) appliance done, can make people stay at home can share various high technology brings convenience and happiness. Therefore, the mechtronie product will undoubtedly towards network development.3.4 miniaturizationMiniaturization emerged in the late 1980s, refers to the micro machine and mechatronics microcosmic development trend. Foreign called microelectromechanical system (MEMS), referring to geometric size of mechatronics 1cm does not exceed products, and to the nanometer level, development. Microelectromechanical integration products, small size, low energy consumption, sports, flexible in biological and medical treatment, military, information has incomparable advantage. The development of integration system bottlenecks in micro mechanical technology. Microelectromechanical integration products processing using fine processing technology, i.e., it includes ultra-precision technology lithography techniques and etching technique.3.5 environmental protectionFor people living in developed industry brought tremendous changes. On one hand, rich, and life comfortable. On the other hand, resources and ecological environment is polluted. So, people appeal to protect environment, return to natural resources. In the concept of green products under the voice, green is the trend of times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, specific environmental protection and human health, environmentally-friendly or harm extremely rare, resource utilization. Design of green mechtronie product, has broad prospects for development. The mechtronie product mainly refers to the green, when using, polluting the environment, can be recycled disposed.3.6 systematizationThe future of the electromechanical products and people pay more attention to the relationship between the personification of the electromechanical integration, has two meanings: one is to give the mechtronie product of human intelligence, emotion and humanity, etc, is becoming more and more important, especially for household robot, its top state is man-machine integration, Another layer is the biological mechanism, imitation developed all sorts of electromechanical products. In fact, many of the electromechanical products are inspired by animals and developed.To sum up, electromechanical integration appear not isolated, it is the crystallization of many science and technology development, and is the social productive forces development request and product. Of course, and electromechanical integration related technologies and many, and with the development of science and technology, all sorts of technology integration trend will become more and more obvious, electromechanical integration technology development foreground will be more light.談國內(nèi)機(jī)電一體化的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展摘要：機(jī)電一體化是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。此文簡述機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的基本情況和發(fā)展背景，綜述國內(nèi)外機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀，分析機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢。關(guān)鍵詞： 機(jī)電一體化 技術(shù) 現(xiàn)狀 發(fā)展趨勢現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動(dòng)了不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透，工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)改造與革命。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域，由于微電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機(jī)械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機(jī)電一體化，使機(jī)械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由“機(jī)械電氣化”邁入以“機(jī)電一體化”為特征的發(fā)展階段。1、機(jī)電一體化概述機(jī)電一體化是指在機(jī)構(gòu)的主功能、動(dòng)力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進(jìn)電子技術(shù)，將機(jī)械裝置與電子化設(shè)計(jì)及軟件結(jié)合起來所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展至今已經(jīng)成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為：機(jī)電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測控技術(shù)及電力電子技術(shù)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標(biāo)要求，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能價(jià)值，并使整個(gè)系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個(gè)機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)或機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品。因此， “機(jī)電一體化”涵蓋“技術(shù)”和“產(chǎn)品”兩個(gè)方面。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機(jī)融合的一種綜合技術(shù)，而不是機(jī)械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)及其它新技術(shù)的簡單組合、拼湊。這是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械加電氣所形成的機(jī)械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機(jī)械工程技術(shù)由純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機(jī)械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體系。但是，發(fā)展到機(jī)電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機(jī)械部件的原有功能外，還被賦予許多新的功能，如自動(dòng)檢測、自動(dòng)處理信息、自動(dòng)顯示記錄、自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)與控制、自動(dòng)診斷與保護(hù)等。也就是說，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的延伸，智能化特征是機(jī)電一體化與機(jī)械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。2、機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為三個(gè)階段：（1）20世紀(jì)60年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級(jí)階段。在這一時(shí)期，人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來完善機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭刺激了機(jī)械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合，這些機(jī)電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù)，戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用，對戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)起到了積極的作用。那時(shí)，研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達(dá)到一定水平，機(jī)械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經(jīng)開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無法大量推廣。 （2）20世紀(jì)70-80年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時(shí)期，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，為機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)是：mechatronics一詞首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到20世紀(jì)80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認(rèn)；機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展；各國均開始對機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給予很大的關(guān)注和支持。 （3）20世紀(jì)90年代后期，開始了機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進(jìn)的新階段，機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)入深入發(fā)展時(shí)期。一方面，光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進(jìn)入機(jī)電一體化，微細(xì)加工技術(shù)也在機(jī)電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現(xiàn)了光機(jī)電一體化和微機(jī)電一體化等新分支。我國是從20世紀(jì)80年代初才開始進(jìn)行這方面的研究和應(yīng)用。國務(wù)院成立了機(jī)電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，并將該技術(shù)列入“863計(jì)劃”中。在制定“九五”規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時(shí)充分考慮了國際上關(guān)于機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動(dòng)向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機(jī)構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，取得了一定成果。但與日本等先進(jìn)國家相比，仍有相當(dāng)差距。3、機(jī)電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢機(jī)電一體化是集機(jī)械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步依賴并促進(jìn)相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展。機(jī)電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向大致有以下幾個(gè)方面：3．1智能化 智能化是21世紀(jì)機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機(jī)電一體化的研究中日益得到重視，機(jī)器人與數(shù)控機(jī)床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用之一。這里所說的“智能化”是對機(jī)器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動(dòng)力學(xué)等新思想、新方法，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維及自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠然，使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速度的微處理器使機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級(jí)智能或者人的部分智能，則是完全可能而且必要的。3．2 模塊化模塊化是一項(xiàng)重要而艱巨的工程。由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、電氣接口、動(dòng)力接口和環(huán)境接口等的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元是一項(xiàng)十分復(fù)雜但又非常重要的事情。如研制集減速、智能調(diào)速、電機(jī)于一體的動(dòng)力單元，具有視覺、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測距等功能的控制單元，以及各種能完成典型操作的機(jī)械裝置等。有了這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元就可迅速開發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，同時(shí)也可以擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。為了達(dá)到以上目的，還需要制定各項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便于各部件、單元的匹配。3．3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾，而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品。現(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化已成大勢，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)(home net)將各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家電系統(tǒng)(computer integrated appliance system，CIAS)，能使人們呆在家里就可分享各種高技術(shù)帶來的便利與快樂。因此，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑將朝著網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。3．4 微型化微型化興起于20世紀(jì)80年代末，指的是機(jī)電一體化向微型機(jī)器和微觀領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的趨勢。國外稱其為微電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)（MEMS） ，泛指幾何尺寸不超過1cm 的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，并向微米、納米級(jí)發(fā)展。微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品體積小，耗能少，運(yùn)動(dòng)靈活，在生物醫(yī)療、軍事、信息等方面具有無可比擬的優(yōu)勢。微機(jī)電一體化發(fā)展的瓶頸在于微機(jī)械技術(shù)。微機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的加工采用精細(xì)加工技術(shù)，即超精密技術(shù)，它包括光刻技術(shù)和蝕刻技術(shù)兩類。3．5 環(huán)?；I(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)給人們生活帶來巨大變化。一方面，物質(zhì)豐富，生活舒適；另一方面，資源減少，生態(tài)環(huán)境受到嚴(yán)重污染。于是，人們呼吁保護(hù)環(huán)境資源，回歸自然。綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，綠色化是時(shí)代的趨勢。綠色產(chǎn)品在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀的生命過程中，符合特定的環(huán)境保護(hù)和人類健康的要求，對生態(tài)環(huán)境無害或危害極少，資源利用率極高。設(shè)計(jì)綠色的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，具有遠(yuǎn)大的發(fā)展前景。機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指，使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，報(bào)廢后能回收利用。3．6 系統(tǒng)化未來的機(jī)電一體化更加注重產(chǎn)品與人的關(guān)系，機(jī)電一體化的人格化有兩層含義：一層是如何賦予機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品人的智能、情感、人性等等，顯得越來越重要，特別是對家用機(jī)器人，其高層境界就是人機(jī)一體化；另一層是模仿生物機(jī)理，研制出各種機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品。事實(shí)上，許多機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品都是受動(dòng)物的啟發(fā)而研制出來的。綜上所述，機(jī)電一體化的出現(xiàn)不是孤立的，它是許多科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)晶，是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段的必然要求和產(chǎn)物。當(dāng)然，與機(jī)電一體化相關(guān)的技術(shù)還有很多，并且隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)相互融合的趨勢將越來越明顯，機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展前景也將越來越光明。