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譯文題目： Mechanical Design
機 械 設 計
學生姓名： 學 號：
專 業(yè)：
所在學院：
指導教師：
職 稱：
20xx年 2月 27日
Mechanical Design
John Ernst
Abstract
A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. The motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.
Keywords: Mechanical Design；Mechanisms Design Process；Application
1. The Design Progress
Designing starts with a need real. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously.
Done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, and then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen.?These?important?objectives?can?be?attained?only?by?analysis?based?upon?the?principles?of?mechanics,?such?as?those?of?static?for?reaction?forces?and?for?the?optimum?utilization?of?friction;?of?dynamics?for?inertia,?acceleration,?and?energy;?of?elasticity?and?strength?of?materials?for?stress?and?deflection;?of?physical?behavior?of?materials;?and?of?fluid?mechanics?for?lubrication?and?hydrodynamic?drives.?The?analyses?may?be?made?by?the?same?engineer?who?conceived?the?arrangement?of?mechanisms,?or,?in?a?large?company,?they?may?be?made?by?a?separate?analysis?division?or?research?group.?Design?is?a?reiterative?and?cooperative?process,?whether?done?formally?or?informally,?and?the?analyst?can?contribute?to?phases?other?than?his?own.?Product?design?requires?much?research?and?development.?Many?Concepts?of?an?idea?must?be?studied,?tried,?and?then?either?used?or?discarded.?Although?the?content?of?each?engineering?problem?is?unique,?the?designers?follow?the?similar?process?to?solve?the?problems.
?Product?liability?suits?designers?and?forced?in?material?selection,?using?the?best?program.?In?the?process?of?material,?the?most?common?problems?for?five?(a)?don't?understand?or?not?use?about?the?latest?application?materials?to?the?best?information,?(b)?failed?to?foresee?and?consider?the?reasonable?use?material?may?(such?as?possible,?designers?should?further?forecast?and?consider?due?to?improper?use?products.?In?recent?years,?many?products?liability?in?litigation,?the?use?of?products?and?hurt?the?plaintiff?accused?manufacturer,?and?won?the?decision),?(c)?of?the?materials?used?all?or?some?of?the?data,?data,?especially?when?the?uncertainty?long-term?performance?data?is?so,?(d)?quality?control?method?is?not?suitable?and?unproven,?(e)?by?some?completely?incompetent?persons?choose?materials.?
Through?to?the?above?five?questions?analysis,?may?obtain?these?questions?is?does?not?have?the?sufficient?reason?existence?the?conclusion.?May?for?avoid?these?questions?to?these?questions?research?analyses?the?appearance?indicating?the?direction.?Although?uses?the?best?choice?of?material?method?not?to?be?able?to?avoid?having?the?product?responsibility?lawsuit,?designs?the?personnel?and?the?industry?carries?on?the?choice?of?material?according?to?the?suitable?procedure,?may?greatly?reduce?the?lawsuit?the?quantity.??
May?see?from?the?above?discussion,?the?choice?material?people?should?to?the?material?nature,?the?characteristic?and?the?processing?method?have?comprehensive?and?the?basic?understanding.?
Finally,?a?design?based?upon?function,?and?a?prototype?may?be?built.?If?its?tests?are?satisfactory,?the?initial?design?will?undergo?certain?modifications?that?enable?it?to?be?manufacturedin?quantity?at?a?lower?cost.?During?subsequent?years?of?manufacture?and?service,?the?design?is?likely?to?undergo?changes?as?new?ideas?are?conceived?or?as?further?analyses?based?upon?tests?and?experience?indicate?alterations.?Sales?appeal.
2. Some?Rules?for?Design?
In?this?section?it?is?suggested?that,?applied?with?a?creative?attitude,?analyses?can?lead?to?important?improvements?and?to?the?conception?and?perfection?of?alternate,?perhaps?more?functional,?economical,?and?durable?products.??
To?stimulate?creative?thought,?the?following?rules?are?suggested?for?the?designer?and?analyst.?The?first?six?rules?are?particularly?applicable?for?the?analyst.?
(1)A?creative?use?of?need?of?physical?properties?and?control?process.?
(2)Recognize?functional?loads?and?their?significance.?
(3)?Anticipate?unintentional?loads.?
(4)?Devise?more?favorable?loading?conditions.?
(5)?Provide?for?favorable?stress?distribution?and?stiffness?with?minimum?weight.
(6)?Use?basic?equations?to?proportion?and?optimize?dimensions.?
(7)Choose?materials?for?a?combination?of?properties.?
(8)Select?carefully,?stock?and?integral?components.?
(9)Modify?a?functional?design?to?fit?the?manufacturing?process?and?reduce?cost.
(10)Provide?for?accurate?location?and?noninterference?of?parts?in?assembly.
?Machinery?design?covers?the?following?contents.?
(1).Provides?an?introduction?to?the?design?process,?problem?formulation,?and?safety?factors.?
(2).Reviews?the?material?properties?and?static?and?dynamic?loading?analysis,?Including?beam,?vibration?and?impact?loading.?
(3)?Reviews?the?fundamentals?of?stress?and?defection?analysis.?
(4)Introduces?fatigue-failure?theory?with?the?emphasis?on?stress-life?approaches?to?high-cycle?fatigue?design,?which?is?commonly?used?in?the?design?of?rotation?machinery.?
(5)?Discusses?thoroughly?the?phenomena?of?wear?mechanisms,?surface?contact?stresses,?and?surface?fatigue.?
(6)?Investigates?shaft?design?using?the?fatigue-analysis?techniques.
(7)?Discusses?fluid-film?and?rolling-element?bearing?theory?and?application.
(8)?Gives?a?thorough?introduction?to?the?kinematics,?design?and?stress?analysisof?spur?gears,?and?a?simple?introduction?to?helical,?bevel,?and?worm?gearing.?
(9)?Discusses?spring?design?including?compression,?extension?and?torsion?springs.
?(10)?Deals?with?screws?and?fasteners?including?power?screw?and?preload?fasteners.
?(11)?Introduces?the?design?and?specification?of?disk?and?drum?clutches?and?brakes.?
The?complete?design?of?a?machine?is?a?complex?process.?The?machine?design?is?a?creative?work.?Project?engineer?not?only?must?have?the?creativity?in?the?work,?but?also?must?in?aspect?and?so?on?mechanical?drawing,?kinematics,?engineering?material,?materials?mechanics?and?machine?manufacture?technology?has?the?deep?elementary?knowledge.?
One?of?the?first?steps?in?the?design?of?any?product?is?to?select?the?material?from?which?each?part?is?to?be?made.?Numerous?materials?are?available?to?today's?designers.?The?function?of?the?product,?its?appearance,?the?cost?of?the?material,?and?the?cost?of?fabrication?are?important?in?making?a?selection.?A?careful?evaluation?of?the?properties?of?a.?material?must?be?made?prior?to?any?calculations.?
Careful?calculations?are?necessary?to?ensure?the?validity?of?a?design.?In?case?of?any?part?failures,?it?is?desirable?to?know?what?was?done?in?originally?designing?the?defective?components.?The?checking?of?calculations?(and?drawing?dimensions)?is?of?utmost?importance.?The?misplacement?of?one?decimal?point?can?ruin?an?otherwise?acceptable?project.?All?aspects?of?design?work?should?be?checked?and?rechecked.??
The?computer?is?a?tool?helpful?to?mechanical?designers?to?lighten?tedious?calculations,?and?provide?extended?analysis?of?available?data.?Interactive?systems,?based?on?computer?capabilities,?have?made?possible?the?concepts?of?computer?aided?design?(CAD)?and?computer-aided?manufacturing?(CAM).?How?does?the?psychologist?frequently?discuss?causes?the?machine?which?the?people?adapts?them?to?operate.?A?design?personnel’s?basic?responsibility?is?diligently?causes?the?machine?to?adapt?the?people.?This?certainly?is?not?an?easy?work,?because?certainly?does?not?have?to?all?people?to?say?in?fact?all?is?the?most?superior?operating?area?and?the?operating?process.?Another?important?question,?project?engineer?must?be?able?to?carry?on?the?exchange?and?the?consultation?with?other?concerned?personnel.?In?the?initial?stage,?designs?the?personnel?to?have?to?carry?on?the?exchange?and?the?consultation?on?the?preliminary?design?with?the?administrative?personnel,?and?is?approved.?This?generally?is?through?the?oral?discussion,?the?schematic?diagram?and?the?writing?material?carries?on.??
If?front?sues,?the?machine?design?goal?is?the?production?can?meet?the?human?need?the?product.?The?invention,?the?discovery?and?technical?knowledge?itself?certainly?not?necessarily?can?bring?the?advantage?to?the?humanity,?only?has?when?they?are?applied?can?produce?on?the?product?the?benefit.?Thus,?should?realize?to?carries?on?before?the?design?in?a?specific?product,?must?first?determine?whether?the?people?do?need?this?kind?of?product?.
Must?regard?as?the?machine?design?is?the?machine?design?personnel?carries?on?using?creative?ability?the?product?design,?the?system?analysis?and?a?formulation?product?manufacture?technology?good?opportunity.?Grasps?the?project?elementary?knowledge?to?have?to?memorize?some?data?and?the?formula?is?more?important?than.?The?merely?service?data?and?the?formula?is?insufficient?to?the?completely?decision?which?makes?in?a?good?design?needs.?On?the?other?hand,?should?be?earnest?precisely?carries?on?all?operations.?For?example,?even?if?places?wrong?a?decimal?point?position,?also?can?cause?the?correct?design?to?turn?wrongly.?
Good?design?personnel?should?dare?to?propose?the?new?idea?moreover?is?willing?to?undertake?the?certain?risk,?when?the?new?method?is?not?suitable,?use?original?method.?Therefore,?designs?the?personnel?to?have?to?have?to?have?the?patience,?because?spends?the?time?and?the?endeavor?certainly?cannot?guarantee?brings?successfully.?A?brand-new?design,?the?request?screen?abandons?absolutely?many,?knows?very?well?the?method?for?the?people.?Because?many?person?of?conservativeness?does?this?certainly?is?not?an?easy?matter.?A?mechanical?designer?should?unceasingly?explore?the?improvement?existing?product?the?method,?should?earnestly?choose?originally,?the?process?confirmation?principle?of?design?in?this?process,?with?has?not?unified?it?after?the?confirmation?new?idea.?
Human?life?can?not?be?separated?from?the?machinery,?it?is?everywhere,?but?for?the?mechanical?manufacturing,?production,?and?its?development?and?future,?we?know?little?about.?After?this?semester,?I?have?more?knowledge?and?understanding?of?the?profession?of?the?mechanical.?From?the?primitive?society?of?early?human?use?such?as?axes,?knives?and?other?simple?tools,?to?a?simple?lever,?pulley,?human?bicycles,?animal-Kip?Shum?car?tools,?developed?to?a?more?complex?hydraulic?drive,?wind-driven?Shuinian?and?windmills?morecomplex?machinery.?After?the?18th?century?British?Industrial?Revolution,?the?steam?engine,?internal?combustion?engines,?electric?motors,?mechanical?power?source?for?the?rapid?development?of?manufacturing,?transport,?human?beings?began?to?enter?the?modern?civilized?society.?The?20th?century,?the?computer?issuing?automatic?control?technology,?information?technology,?infectious?organic?combination?of?technology,?so?that?the?machinery?is?fully?modernized?phase.?Robotics,?CNC?machine?tools,?high-speed?delivery?vehicles,?heavy?machinery?and?the?large?number?of?advanced?machinery?and?equipment?to?accelerate?the?prosperity?and?progress?of?human?society,?humans?can?travel?into?space,?landing?on?the?moon,?you?can?explore?the?vast?depths?of?the?sea,?to?live?and?pass?below?the?surface?all?of?which?can?not?be?separated?from?the?machinery,?the?development?of?the?machinery?into?the?intelligent?stage.?Machinery?has?become?one?of?the?five?elements?of?production?and?services?of?modern?society.?The?history?of?the?development?of?the?mechanical?history?of?the?development?of?human?civilization.?
In?ancient?Chinese?mechanical?engineering,?invention?and?creativity?is?very?brilliant,?such?as?grinding?technology,?metal?smelting?technology.?China's?machinery?manufacturing?industry?developed?after?1949.?After?the?founding?of?new?China,?the?tremendous?achievements?of?China’s?economy?are?inseparable?from?the?progress?of?the?manufacturing?sector.?After?decades?of?struggle,?China's?manufacturing?components?with?considerable?scale?and?level?of?manufacturing?systems,?today?China?have?become?a?remarkable?manufacturing?country.?Machinery?manufacturing?industry?overall?scale?of?production?is?constantly?increasing,?machinery?manufacturing?is?more?than?100?industry,?8.57?million?enterprises?(large?enterprises?accounted?for?1%)?and?60,000?kinds?of?products?a?complete?range?of?industrial?system.?For?six?consecutive?years?in?China's?largest?export?commodity?status,?the?machinery?industry?production?capacity?is?2600?times?that?of?the?liberation?of?the?world?5,?the?machine?has?a?world,?vehicle?production?in?the?world?4.?
But?we?still?need?to?clearly?recognize?that?China?is?a?big?manufacturing?country,?far?from?being?a?manufacturing?powerhouse.?The?overall?size?of?the?added?value?of?product?technology?and?per?capita?labor?efficiency?is?far?better?than?the?United?States,?Japan?and?other?manufacturing?power.?Therefore,?the?task?of?development?of?China's?manufacturing?industry?a?long?way?to?go.?With?the?diversification?of?the?high-tech?development?and?social?needs?of?the?industrial?production?rapidly?toward?large-scale,?integrated?and?complex,?so?that?the?modern?industrial?machinery?industry?is?facing?new?opportunities?and?challenges,?and?more?emphasis?on?the?creativity?and?the?efficiency?of?the?workers.?Therefore?need?to?continuously?enhance?the?level?of?China's?Mechanical?Design?Manufacturing?and?Automation,?thereby?contributing?to?the?development?of?China's?machinery?manufacturing?industry.
機械設計
作者：John?Ernst
摘要
一臺機器是一種轉換傳輸機制和其他組件的組合。例如發(fā)動機,發(fā)電機,車輛,吊機,印刷機,洗衣機,和電影攝影機等。許多應用到機器的設計的原理和方法也適用于制造的物品不是真正的機器。機械設計一詞用在了更廣泛的意義，不僅僅只是包括機械的設計。運動和結構方面及規(guī)定保留和圍欄是機械設計要考慮的因素。機械工程領域和其他工程領域中的應用都需要機械設備，例如開關、凸輪、閥門、器皿、攪拌機。
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關鍵詞：機械設計；機械設計過程；應用
第1章 設計過程
真正地開始設計，在耐久性、效率、重量、速度、成本上可能需要改進現有的設備，新設備之前可能需要做一個函數。如計算、裝配、或維修全部或者部分和客觀由人工做。在初步設計階段，應該讓設計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造，而不是（受制于）每一種約束。即使有許多不切實際的想法，也可以在設計早期時間，即在前面的計劃藍圖上修正。只有這樣，才不會停止創(chuàng)新的心態(tài)。通常情況下，必須提出幾套設計方案，然后進行比較。非常有可能在最后制定的計劃中，使用已經被接受的一些想法。?
通用形狀和少數幾個部件的尺寸變得明顯，分析就可以從開始中解脫出來。這種分析可以作為它的目標“滿意”或“卓越”的性能，以及安全性和耐久性與最小重量，以及具有競爭力的成本。最佳比例和尺寸將尋找每個極加載部分，連同之間的一個平衡點的若干優(yōu)點組件，材料和它們的加工選擇。這些重要的目標達到，只有通過后，根據力學原理，如反應部隊和靜態(tài)摩擦的最佳利用，分析應力材料彈性和強度的慣性，加速度和能源的動力和撓度，材料的物理性能和潤滑和水力驅動器的流體力學。分析可以由相同的工程師安排或者在一個大公司，他們可以由一個獨立的分析或研究小組。設計是一個反復和合作的過程，不論是做正式的或非正式的，分析師能有助于其他階段，而不是他自己的。產品設計需要大量的研究和發(fā)展。必須研究一個想法很多的概念，嘗試，然后或者使用或丟棄。雖然每一個工程的內容的問題都是獨特的，設計者遵循類似的程序去解決問題。
產品責任訴訟的設計師和強度材料選型中要使用最優(yōu)方案。在材料的過程中，最常見的問題有五個：（a）不理解或不使用最新的申請材料的最佳信息；（b）未能預見到，并考慮合理利用材料（盡可能設計者應進一步預測，并考慮由于使用不當造成的產品在近幾年中，許多產品責任訴訟中，產品的使用和傷害原告指控制造商，并贏得了決定）；（c）全部或部分使用的材料的數據，數據，尤其是在長期的不確定性的性能數據是這樣；（d）質量控制方法是不適合的和未經證實的；（e）由一些完全不稱職的人選擇材料。通過對上述五個問題分析，可獲得這些問題沒有充足的理由存在的結論。為避免這些問題，對這些問題的研究分析表明出現方向。盡管使用了最好的選材方法不能夠防止產品責任訴訟，設計人員和行業(yè)進行選材根據適當的程序，可大大降低訴訟的條件?
從上面的討論中可以看到，人們應該選擇材料的材料性質、特點及處理方法有全面而基本的理解。?
最后，設計基于功能，一個樣機可以被建立。如果它是令人滿意的測試，初步設計將接受一定的修改，使它能夠以較低的成本生產一定的數量。在接下來的幾年的生產和服務，設計可能要進行構思的變化或新思想的進一步分析表明基于試驗和經驗的主因銷售的吸引力。
第2章 一些設計的規(guī)則
這一節(jié)里，我們建議，通過創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度，分析可以引起重要性的提高，也可引起多樣性，或者功能性，經濟性和耐用產品的完善和備用。?
為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，以下規(guī)則是設計師和分析師的建議。首六個規(guī)則是特別適用于使用分析師。?
（1）一個創(chuàng)造性的使用需要的物理性質和控制過程；???
（2）識別功能負荷及它們的意義；???
（3）預期無意的負載；???
（4）設計更有利的加載條件；?
（5）提供良好的應力分布和剛度和最低重量；???
（6）使用基本方程比例和優(yōu)化尺寸；???
（7）選擇材料的結合性能；???
（8）選擇小心，股票和整體部件；
（9）修改功能設計以適應市場；?
（10）提供準確的位置和不干預各部分的裝配；?
機械設計包括以下內容：?
（1）介紹了設計過程，制定問題，安全的因素；?
（2）綜述了材料的性質，靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析（包括梁、振動和沖擊載荷）；???
（3）綜述了應力和損傷分析基礎。?
（4）介紹了fatigue-failure理論重點high-cycle疲勞設計方差方法，也就是一般用于旋轉機械的設計。?
（5）討論了徹底的磨損機理的現象；
（6）調查軸設計，利用疲勞分析技術。
（7）討論了流體膜和滾動元件軸承的理論和應用?
（8）給出了一個全面地介紹了直齒圓柱齒輪的運動學，設計和應力分析，?并簡單介紹螺旋錐，環(huán)面蝸桿傳動。?
（9）討論彈簧設計，包括壓縮，擴展和扭轉彈簧。??
（10）包括電源螺釘和預緊緊固件用螺釘和緊固件的優(yōu)惠活動。?
（11）介紹了磁盤和鼓離合器和制動器的設計和規(guī)范。?
一臺機器的完整的設計是一個復雜的過程。本機的設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。項目工程師不僅要在工作中有創(chuàng)造力，而且還必須對機械制圖，運動學，工程材料，材料力學，機械制造技術等方面有著深厚的基礎知識。任何產品設計的首要步驟之一，是從每個部分作出選擇材料。今天的設計師提供許多材料。產品的外觀，材料成本和制造成本的作用是重要的選擇。仔細評估的一個屬性。材料必須作出之前的任何計算。?
仔細計算是很有必要的，可以保證設計的有效性。如有任何部分的失敗，這是合乎情理的，要知道在原本設計上就是有缺陷的。檢查的計算(和圖紙尺寸)是極為重要的。一個小數點的錯位會毀了另一個可接受的項目。各方面的設計工作中應檢查和核對。?
計算機是一種工具，幫助機械設計師，以減輕繁瑣的計算，并提供擴展現有數據的分析?；谟嬎銠C能力，互動系統取得了計算機輔助設計（CAD）和計算機輔助制造（CAM）的概念。心理學家如何經常討論適應他們操作的機器的人的原因。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器適應人。這當然不是一件容易的工作，因為肯定沒有給所有的人，其實說的所有是最優(yōu)越的經營面積和經營過程中另一個重要的問題，項目工程師必須能夠進行其他有關人員的交流與協商。在初始階段，設計人員進行的初步設計與管理人員的交流和咨詢，并得到批準。這通常是通過口頭討論，示意圖和書面材料進行。?
假如前面的敘述，這臺機器的設計目標是人類需要生產產品，肯定的發(fā)明、發(fā)現和技術知識本身并不能帶來優(yōu)勢，人類只有當他們的應用程序可以生產產品的利益。因此，應該認識到在一個特定的產品設計前，必須先確定是否人們需要這種產品。?
必須把機械設計看成是機械設計人員運用創(chuàng)新能力進行產品設計，系統的分析和制定產品生產技術的好機會。抓項目的基本知識，必須熟記一些數據和公式是更為重要的。只是服務的數據和公式是不足以完全決定一個好的設計需要。另一方面，應該認真準確地進行所有操作。例如，即使地方錯了一個小數點的位置，也可以導致錯把正確的設計。?
???一個好的設計人員要敢于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風險，當新的方法是不適合的，使用原來的方法。因此，設計人員必須要有耐心，因為花費的時間和努力的肯定不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計，請求屏幕絕對放棄許多，深知人民的方法。穩(wěn)妥許多人因為這肯定不是一件容易的事。的機械設計師應該不斷探索改進現有產品的方法，要認真選擇原來，在這個過程中的設計過程中確認的原則，并沒有統一后確認的新思路。?
如今人類的生活已經離不開了機械，它無處不在，但對于機械的制造，生產及其發(fā)展和未來，我們卻知之甚少。經過這學期的學習，我對機械這個專業(yè)有了更多的認識和了解。?
從原始社會早期人類使用的諸如石斧、石刀等最簡單的工具，到杠桿、轆轤、人力腳踏車、獸力汲水車等簡單工具，發(fā)展到較復雜的水力驅動，風力驅動的水碾和風車等較為復雜的機械。18世紀英國的工業(yè)革命以后，以蒸汽機、內燃機、電動機為動力源的機械促進了制造業(yè)、運輸業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，人類開始進入現代化的文明社會。20世紀電子計算機的發(fā)自動控制技術、信息技術、傳染技術的有機結合，使機械進入完全現代化階段。機器人、數控機床、高速運載工具、重型機械及其大量先進機械設備加速了人類社會的繁榮和進步，人類可以遨游太空、登陸月球，可以探索遼闊的大海深處，可以在地面以下居住和通行所有這一切都離不開機械、機械的發(fā)展已進入智能化階段。機械已經成為現代社會生產和服務的五大要素之一。機械的發(fā)展史也是人類文明的發(fā)展史。?
在古代的中國機械工程領域的發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造也是非常輝煌的，如磨制技術，金屬的冶煉技術等。而中國機械制造業(yè)主要是1949年后發(fā)展起來的。新中國建立后，我國經濟取得的巨大成就也是和制造業(yè)的進步分不開的。經過幾十年的奮斗，我國制造業(yè)已經構件了具有相當規(guī)模和水平的制造體系，當今中國已成為舉世矚目的制造大國。機械制造業(yè)總體生產規(guī)模不斷加大，機械制造是有100多個行業(yè)、857萬個企業(yè)（大型企業(yè)占1%）及6萬多種產品門類齊全的工業(yè)體系。連續(xù)6年保持我國第一大類出口商品地位，機械工業(yè)生產能力是解放前的2600倍，居世界第5位，機床擁有量居世界第1位，汽車產量居世界第4位。?
但我們仍需清楚地認識到我國是制造業(yè)大國，遠不是制造業(yè)強國?？傮w規(guī)模、產品技術附加值和人均勞動效率遠不如美國、日本等制造業(yè)強國。所以，發(fā)展我國制造業(yè)的任務任重而道遠。隨著高新技術的發(fā)展和社會需求的多樣化，工業(yè)生產迅速走向大規(guī)模、集成化和復雜化，從而使現代化工業(yè)特別是機械工業(yè)面臨新的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)，更強調勞動者的創(chuàng)造性和工作效率。因此需要不斷加強我國的機械設計制造及其自動化的水平，從而促進我國機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展。