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譯文題目：起重機(jī)的發(fā)展、機(jī)械運(yùn)用、機(jī)械原理
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：
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20xx年 02 月 25 日
外文原文
Crane development, mechanical application, mechanical principle
One.Crane development
As in recent years the rapid development of industry of our country large-scale infrastructure construction, energy, real estate, petrochemical industry and shipbuilding industry, and so, continues to expand the scale of industrial production, the proportion of increasing efficiency of production, and production process of material handling expenses increased, the increasing demand to make large or high-speed crane. Weight is more and more big, work more and more frequently, and on the energy consumption and reliability of proposed higher requirements. Crane has become an important part of the automation production process. Crane is not only better use, easy maintenance, convenient operation and better security, fault less MTBF working hours to Long. Reliability is the focus of international competition in the product market, many foreign companies have developed internal control standards for reliability. The crane performance to catch up with the world advanced level, the key is to change the traditional concept of thinking, improve the reliability and the crane has excellent durability, trouble free, maintainability and use economy.
The diversity of modern industrial means of production and the demand of the user, so that special crane market continues to expand, increasing varieties, with special functions to meet the special need, give full play to the best utility. Special metallurgical crane, explosion-proof, anti-corrosion, insulation crane and railway, ships, special purpose vehicle crane and some special industry and special crane function continues to increase, constantly improve the performance, adaptability is stronger than ever.
Many cranes are produced into the bulk of the series of products, the system multi objective global optimization method for design of crane series has become a focus on the development, through a comprehensive consideration of performance, cost, technology, production management and batch manufacturing, use and maintenance of various factors of main parameters of reasonable matching, to to improve the performance of the whole. For reducing the cost of manufacture and improving the level of generalization, the less the number of standard parts composed of many varieties, specifications of series of products, fully meet the needs of users.
Modular design instead of the traditional design method of machine, crane on the basic functions of the same components, components and parts made for a variety of purposes, have the same connection elements and interchangeable standard module, through the combination of different modules, the formation of different types and specifications of the crane. The crane is improved, just for a
few modules. New crane design, only need to choose different modules to combine. Due to the improvement of the level of generalization, the single piece and small batch production of the products change with considerable quantities of module production, achieve high efficiency of specialized production, reduce the manufacturing cost. With fewer modules, combined into a multi product A kind of crane, meet the market demand, increase the ability of competition.
To derive a general method of product distribution, Finland KONE crane company design of bridge crane fully consider the module, the series, the whole mechanism, components and parts with each other between the parameter matching, the ability to achieve the most economic and reasonable collocation effect. The weight and the lifting speed is constant lifting mechanism is mainly component reaches the maximum. Then through the pulley ratio changes more specifications. The company at the end of the beam and girder is adopted between the friction ring and high strength bolt connection, improves the interchangeability and size precision and reduce the joint surface machining. And any girder can be quickly and effectively connected. For single girder and double girder Two forms of beam end module, according to the length and weight, can determine the applicable end beam model. And the company's sh series end beam using the eccentric adjusting design. At the end of the beam and girder assembled appear diagonal error by changing the wheel fixed way to correct.
The updating and development of the crane, depends to a large extent on improvement of the electric transmission and control. Combine automation technology and mechanical technology, advanced microelectronic technology, power electronics technology, optical cable communication technology, hydraulic technology, fuzzy control technology is applied to the mechanical drive and control system, realizes the automation and semi automation. The crane composition of material handling system has higher flexibility, in order to adapt to the flexible production mode of the future much less bulk batch. Large, crane a new generation of electric control device has been developed for fully electronic digital control system. Mainly by full digital control driving device, programmable controller p LC, fault diagnosis and data managing system, composed of a digitally manipulated to detect a given equipment. It attributed to the crane to functional information, information transmission, processing and power control, greatly improving the comprehensive automation level. The control aspects focus on the development of sling anti partial anti shake technology, fetching device automatically, unloading technology, position detection and automatic position control technology, fault self diagnosis monitoring technology.
Two, the use of lifting machinery
Crane hoisting machinery and is used for vertical lifting or vertical lifting and horizontal movement heavy mechanical and electrical equipment, the scope is specified as rated starting weight greater than or equal to 0.5T lift; rated lifting weight greater than or equal to 1t (or rated heavy torque is greater than or equal
to the 40t - m tower crane, or productivity is greater than or equal to / h of the loading and unloading bridge), and the lifting height is greater than or equal to 2m; number of layers is greater than or equal to 2 layers of mechanical parking equipment.
According to the State General Administration of quality supervision, inspection and Quarantine issued < catalogue of special equipment >, heavy machinery is divided into: bridge crane, gantry crane, tower crane, mobile crane, gantry crane, lift, cable crane, derrick crane, mechanical parking equipment.
Mainly used for transporting lifting operation is the machinery and equipment or other objects from one place to another a place of a kind of industrial process. The majority of hoisting machinery in the spreader reclaimer is vertical or perpendicular to both the level of working stroke, arrived at the destination after unloading, and air travel to reclaiming location to complete a work cycle, and then again for the second time lifting. Generally speaking, lifting machinery, reclaimer, transport and unloading is in turn, the corresponding mechanism is intermittent. Heavy mechanical handling into the item, equipped with bucket after handling coal, ore, grain, such as bulk material, equipped with bucket hoisting molten steel and liquid Some lifting machinery such as elevators can also be used for manned. In some occasions, lifting equipment or the main operating machinery, such as the loading and unloading of materials in the port and the station is the main operating machinery.
All kinds of heavy machinery for different purposes and structure have great differences, but they all have to realize the lifting the basic movements of the hoisting mechanism. Some lifting machinery also has run institutions, luffing mechanism, slewing mechanism or other special work institutions. Materials can be by wire rope or chain flexibility piece hanging lifting, but also by the screw or other rigid pieces of lifting.
Heavy machinery is a space transportation equipment, the main role is the displacement of complete weight. It can reduce labor intensity, improve labor productivity. Heavy machinery is indispensable for modern production part, some lifting machinery but also in the production process of some special process operation, realize the mechanization and automation of the production process.
From heavy machinery help human to conquer and change nature of activities, the realization of the past can not be achieved large objects of lifting and moving, such as the heavy ships of the sub assembly, lifting the overall chemical reaction tower, stadium steel roof truss hoisting.
Three, mechanical principle
Bridge crane is running on the elevated track of a bridge type crane, also known as crane. Crane bridge laying along the elevated track in the vertical sides of runs, heavy cart along the laying on the bridge transverse running track, constitute a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material, from the ground equipment hindered.
Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor warehouses, factories, docks and open pit, etc. bridge crane can be divided into simple beam bridge crane, ordinary bridge crane and metallurgical special bridge crane three kinds.
Ordinary bridge crane is generally by the bridge operation organization, heavy vehicle, structure and composition of metal bridge. Heavy car by hoisting mechanism and the car run institutions and small frame is composed of three parts. Lifting mechanism comprises a brake, motor, reducer, drum and pulley. Motor through the speed reducer, drives the drum to rotate, so that the wire rope around the drum or from the roll down, to lift heavy objects. Small frame is a support and installation of lifting mechanism and the car run institutions and other parts of the frame, usually welded structure.
More than moving crane operating mechanism driving mode can be divided into two major categories: a class is driven by a motor to drive the long drive shaft on both sides of the driving wheel; the other is respectively driven, that is, on both sides of the driving wheel, a motor drive, the small bridge hoisting machine more use of brakes, reducer and motor are combined into one of the "three a" drive mode, the weight of ordinary bridge crane for ease of installation and adjustment, the driving device is often used universal coupling. The crane running organization in general only four active and from the wheels of the car, if the weight of large, commonly used to increase the wheel of the ways to reduce the wheel pressure. When the wheel In the four one, we must use the hinge balanced frame device, so that the load of the crane is evenly d istributed on each wheel.
The metal structure of the bridge from the main beam and side beam composition, divided into two kinds: single girder bridge and the double beam bridge, single girder bridge is composed by a single main beam and in span on both sides of the end beam, dual beam bridge consists of two main beams and girders composition.
Main beam and the end beam rigid connection, both ends of the side beams fitted with wheels, to support bridge run elevated. The main welding track, for the heavy car running. Bridge girder structure types more typical of a box structure, four truss and truss structure.
Box structure can be divided into partial double rail box girder, partial rail box girder, double track box beam several. Double track box beam is wide ly used a basic form, girder is composed of an upper, bottom flange plate and the both sides of the vertical web components, trolley rail arranged on the flange of the center line, it has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacture, and is suitable for mass production, but greater weight.
Partial double track box beam and partial rail box girder section are from, flange and the different thickness of the main and auxiliary webs composition, car rail arrangement at the top of the main web, box body short stiffening plate can save, one of partial rail box girder is by a single box girder with wide flange for two main beams, small self weight but made more complex.
外文譯文
起重機(jī)的發(fā)展、機(jī)械運(yùn)用、機(jī)械原理
一、起重機(jī)發(fā)展
隨著近年來我國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、能源、房地產(chǎn)、石化工業(yè)和造船工業(yè)等行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，生產(chǎn)效率日益提高，以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中物料裝卸搬運(yùn)費(fèi)用所占比例逐漸增加，促使大型或高速起重機(jī)的需求量不斷增長(zhǎng)。起重量越來越大，工作越來越頻繁，并對(duì)能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機(jī)已成為自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機(jī)不但要好用，容易維護(hù)，操作方便，而且安全性要好，故障要少，平均無故障工作時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)?？煽啃允菄?guó)際市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)，國(guó)外許多大公司都制定了可靠性內(nèi)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我國(guó)起重機(jī)的性能要趕超世界先進(jìn)水平，最關(guān)鍵的是要改變傳統(tǒng)的思維理念,提高可靠性，使起重機(jī)具有優(yōu)異的耐久性、無故障性、維修性和使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式和用戶需求的多樣性，使專用起重機(jī)的市場(chǎng)不斷擴(kuò)大，品種也不斷增多，以特有的功能滿足特殊的需要，發(fā)揮出最佳的效用。冶金專用起重機(jī)，防爆、防腐、絕緣起重機(jī)和鐵路、船舶、車輛專用起重機(jī)以及一些特殊行業(yè)專用起重機(jī)的功能不斷增加，性能不斷提高，適應(yīng)性比以往更強(qiáng)。
許多起重機(jī)是成系列成批量的產(chǎn)品，采用系統(tǒng)多目標(biāo)整體優(yōu)化方法進(jìn)行起重機(jī)系列設(shè)計(jì)已成為發(fā)展重點(diǎn)，通過全面考慮性能、成本、工藝、生產(chǎn)管理、制造批量和使用維護(hù)等多種因素對(duì)系列主參數(shù)進(jìn)行合理匹配，以達(dá)到改善整機(jī)性能．降低制造成本，提高通用化程度，用較少規(guī)格數(shù)的零部件組成多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品，充分滿足用戶需求。
用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方法，將起重機(jī)上功能基本相同的構(gòu)件、部件和零件制成有多種用途，有相同聯(lián)接要素和可互換的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊，通過不同模塊的組合，形成不同類型和規(guī)格的起重機(jī)。對(duì)起重機(jī)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，只需針對(duì)某幾個(gè)模塊。設(shè)計(jì)新型起重機(jī)，只需選用不同模塊重新進(jìn)行組合。由于提高了通用化程度，可使單件小批生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品改換成具有相當(dāng)批量的模塊生產(chǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，降低制造成本。能以較少的模塊形式，組合成多品種多規(guī)格的起重機(jī)， 滿足市場(chǎng)需求，增加競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。
芬蘭科尼起重機(jī)公司設(shè)計(jì)的橋式起重機(jī)充分考慮了模塊化，使系列、整機(jī)、機(jī)構(gòu)、部件和零件互相之間的參數(shù)匹配，能力分布達(dá)到最為經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的搭配效果。利用起重量與起升速度的乘積為常數(shù)的方法使起升機(jī)構(gòu)主要部件達(dá)到最大限度的通用。再通過滑輪倍率的變化派生出更多的規(guī)格。該公司的端梁與主梁之間采用摩擦環(huán)和高強(qiáng)度螺栓的連接方式，提高了互換性和尺寸精度，減少了接合面的加工量。與任一主梁都可快速有效相接。有適用于單梁或雙梁兩種形式的端梁模塊，根據(jù)起重量及跨度就可確定出適用的端梁型號(hào)。并且該公司的 SH 系列端梁采用了偏心調(diào)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)，在端梁與主梁拼裝時(shí)出現(xiàn)對(duì)角線誤錯(cuò)時(shí)可通過改變車輪的固定方式來糾正。
起重機(jī)的更新和發(fā)展，很大程度上取決于電氣傳動(dòng)與控制的改進(jìn)。將自動(dòng)化
技術(shù)和機(jī)械傳動(dòng)技術(shù)相結(jié)合，將先進(jìn)的微電子技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、光纜通訊技術(shù)、液壓技術(shù)、模糊控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用到機(jī)械的驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化和半自動(dòng)化。使起重機(jī)組成的物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)具有更高的柔性，以適應(yīng)未來多批次少批量的柔性生產(chǎn)模式。大型高效起重機(jī)的新一代電氣控制裝置已發(fā)展為全電子數(shù)字化控制系統(tǒng)。主要由全數(shù)字化控制驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置、可編程序控制器 PLC、故障診斷及數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)字化操縱給定檢測(cè)等設(shè)備組成。它賦于起重機(jī)以信息功能，可進(jìn)行信息傳遞、處理及動(dòng)力控制，大大提高了綜合自動(dòng)化水平。目前控制方面重點(diǎn)發(fā)展吊具防偏防搖技術(shù)，取物裝置自動(dòng)取、卸物技術(shù)，位置檢測(cè)及自動(dòng)位置控制技術(shù)，故障自診斷監(jiān)控技術(shù)等。
二、起重機(jī)械運(yùn)用
起重機(jī)械，是指用于垂直升降或者垂直升降并水平移動(dòng)重物的機(jī)電設(shè)備，其范圍規(guī)定為額定起重量大于或者等于 0.5t 的升降機(jī)；額定起重量大于或者等于1t（或額定起重力矩大于或者等于 40t·m 的塔式起重機(jī)，或生產(chǎn)率大于或者等于 300t/h 的裝卸橋），且提升高度大于或者等于 2m 的起重機(jī)；層數(shù)大于或者等于 2 層的機(jī)械式停車設(shè)備。
根據(jù)國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局頒布的《特種設(shè)備目錄》，起重機(jī)械分為：橋式起重機(jī)、門式起重機(jī)、塔式起重機(jī)、流動(dòng)式起重機(jī)、門座式起重機(jī)、升降機(jī)、纜索式起重機(jī)、桅桿式起重機(jī)、機(jī)械式停車設(shè)備。
起重作業(yè)是將機(jī)械設(shè)備或其他物件從一個(gè)地方運(yùn)送到另一個(gè)地方的一種工 業(yè)過程。多數(shù)起重機(jī)械在吊具取料之后即開始垂直或垂直兼有水平的工作行程， 到達(dá)目的地后卸載，再空行程到取料地點(diǎn)，完成一個(gè)工作循環(huán)，然后再進(jìn)行第二次吊運(yùn)。一般來說，起重機(jī)械工作時(shí),取料、運(yùn)移和卸載是依次進(jìn)行的,各相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)的工作是間歇性的。起重機(jī)械主要用于搬運(yùn)成件物品，配備抓斗后可搬運(yùn)煤炭、礦石、糧食之類的散狀物料，配備盛桶后可吊運(yùn)鋼水等液態(tài)物料。有些起重機(jī)械如電梯也可用來載人。在某些使用場(chǎng)合，起重設(shè)備還是主要的作業(yè)機(jī)械，例如在港口和車站裝卸物料的起重機(jī)就是主要的作業(yè)機(jī)械。
各種起重機(jī)械的用途不同，構(gòu)造上有很大差異，但都具有實(shí)現(xiàn)升降這一基本動(dòng)作的起升機(jī)構(gòu)。有些起重機(jī)械還具有運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、變幅機(jī)構(gòu)、回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)或其他專用的工作機(jī)構(gòu)。物料可以由鋼絲繩或起重鏈條等撓性件吊掛著升降，也可由螺桿或其他剛性件頂舉。
起重機(jī)械是一種空間運(yùn)輸設(shè)備，主要作用是完成重物的位移。它可以減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。起重機(jī)械是現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)不可缺少的組成部分，有些起重機(jī)械還能在生產(chǎn)過程中進(jìn)行某些特殊的工藝操作，使生產(chǎn)過程實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化。
起重機(jī)械幫助人類在征服自然改造自然的活動(dòng)中，實(shí)現(xiàn)了過去無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的大件物件的吊裝和移動(dòng)，如重型船舶的分段組裝，化工反應(yīng)塔的整體吊裝，體育場(chǎng)館鋼屋架的整體吊裝等。
三、機(jī)械原理
橋式起重機(jī)是橋架在高架軌道上運(yùn)行的一種橋架型起重機(jī)，又稱天車。橋式起重機(jī)的橋架沿鋪設(shè)在兩側(cè)高架上的軌道縱向運(yùn)行，起重小車沿鋪設(shè)在橋架上的軌道橫向運(yùn)行，構(gòu)成一矩形的工作范圍，就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運(yùn)物料，不受地面設(shè)備的阻礙。
橋式起重機(jī)廣泛地應(yīng)用在室內(nèi)外倉(cāng)庫(kù)、廠房、碼頭和露天貯料場(chǎng)等處。橋式起重機(jī)可分為簡(jiǎn)易梁橋式起重機(jī)、普通橋式起重機(jī)和冶金專用橋式起重機(jī)三種。
普通橋式起重機(jī)一般由橋架運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、起重小車、橋架金屬結(jié)構(gòu)組成。起重小車又由起升機(jī)構(gòu)、小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)和小車架三部分組成。起升機(jī)構(gòu)包括制動(dòng)器、電動(dòng)機(jī)、減速器、卷筒和滑輪組。電動(dòng)機(jī)通過減速器，帶動(dòng)卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，使鋼絲繩
繞上卷筒或從卷筒放下，以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)等部件的機(jī)架，通常為焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。
起重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式可分為兩大類：一類為集中驅(qū)動(dòng)，即用一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)長(zhǎng)傳動(dòng)軸驅(qū)動(dòng)兩邊的主動(dòng)車輪；另一類為分別驅(qū)動(dòng)、即兩邊的主動(dòng)車輪各用一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。中、小型橋式起重機(jī)較多采用制動(dòng)器、減速器和電動(dòng)機(jī)組合成一體的“三合一”驅(qū)動(dòng)方式，大起重量的普通橋式起重機(jī)為便于安裝和調(diào)整， 驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置常采用萬向聯(lián)軸器。起重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)一般只用四個(gè)主動(dòng)和從動(dòng)車輪，如果起重量很大，常用增加車輪的辦法來降低輪壓。當(dāng)車輪超過四個(gè)時(shí)，必須采用鉸接均衡車架裝置，使起重機(jī)的載荷均勻地分布在各車輪上。
橋架的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)由主梁和端梁組成，分為單主梁橋架和雙梁橋架兩類。單主梁橋架由單根主梁和位于跨度兩邊的端梁組成，雙梁橋架由兩根主梁和端梁組成。
主梁與端梁剛性連接，端梁兩端裝有車輪，用以支承橋架在高架上運(yùn)行。主梁上焊有軌道，供起重小車運(yùn)行。橋架主梁的結(jié)構(gòu)類型較多比較典型的有箱形結(jié)構(gòu)、四桁架結(jié)構(gòu)和空腹桁架結(jié)構(gòu)。
箱形結(jié)構(gòu)又可分為偏軌箱形雙梁、偏軌箱形單主梁、正軌箱形雙梁等幾種。正軌箱形雙梁是廣泛采用的一種基本形式，主梁由上、下翼緣板和兩側(cè)的垂直腹板組成，小車鋼軌布置在上翼緣板的中心線上，它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，制造方便，適于成批生產(chǎn)，但自重較大。
偏軌箱形雙梁和偏軌箱形單主梁的截面都是由上、下翼緣板和不等厚的主副腹板組成，小車鋼軌布置在主腹板上方，箱體內(nèi)的短加勁板可以省去，其中偏軌箱形單主梁是由一根寬翼緣箱形主梁代替兩根主梁，自重較小，但制造較復(fù)雜。