【機(jī)械類畢業(yè)論文中英文對照文獻(xiàn)翻譯】AutoMod 軟件的柔性制系統(tǒng)與仿真【word英文1865字6頁word中文翻譯3192字5頁】【有出處】

【機(jī)械類畢業(yè)論文中英文對照文獻(xiàn)翻譯】AutoMod 軟件的柔性制系統(tǒng)與仿真【word英文1865字6頁word中文翻譯3192字5頁】【有出處】,機(jī)械類畢業(yè)論文中英文對照文獻(xiàn)翻譯,word英文1865字6頁,word中文翻譯3192字5頁,有出處,【機(jī)械類畢業(yè)論文中英文對照文獻(xiàn)翻譯】AutoMod,軟件的柔性制系統(tǒng)與仿真【word英文1865字6頁,word中文翻譯3192字5頁】【有出處】,機(jī)械類 英文原文 Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 186-189 doi:10.4236/iim.2011.35022 Published Online September 2011(http://www.SciRP.org/journal/iim) Simulation of a Flexible Manufacturing System with AutoMod Software Zixia Chen1, Changbing Jiang2 1Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China 2Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China E-mail: czx@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn, jcb@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn Received June 2, 2011; revised July 4, 2011; accepted July 15, 2011 Abstract A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a highly automated, complex system. Simulation is a well -proven method to design or analyze an FMS. Deployment of a radio frequency identification (RFID) system in FMS produces large volumes of RFID data streams, which provide valuable information to improve the operation of FMS. Different frameworks are presented in this paper regarding the use of RFID data streams in an FMS simulation. Simulations are performed with AutoMod software. Related technical details are also presented. The paper’s structure is complied as the following steps: step 1, the introduction of AMHS, FMS and AutoMod; step 2, FMS simulation using AutoMod software; step 3, simulation frameworks driven by RFID data streams; step 4, conclusion. Keywords: FMS, RFID, Data Stream, Simulation, AutoMod Software 1. Introduction 1.1. AMHS and FMS An automated materials handling system (AMHS) stores, retrieves and moves materials through processes to change their form and packaging. It relies primarily on automated devices to handle these materials. AMHS, such as the Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) used in the logistics sector or other automated material handling systems utilized in factories play an important role in this aggressively competitive environ-ment [1,2]. Therefore, improvements to AMHS are of great value. The flexible manufacturing system (FMS) plays a more and more important role in AMHS. Figure 1 de-monstrates a flexible manufacturing system that pro-cesses metal parts. The storage/retrieval machine (S/RM) retrieves pallets of raw parts from the storage racks and places them on conveyors at the end of each aisle. An operator then removes a part from its pallet and fastens it to a fixture on an adjacent conveyor. The conveyor transports the fixtures to a pickup point, where they are loaded onto an automated guided vehicle (AGV). Six computer numeric control (CNC) machines pro-cess parts in the system. A head changer is also available for drilling the parts. The AGVs transport the fixtures to the required CNCs, or head stations. When all processing of a part has been completed, an AGV returns the part with its fixture to the conveyor near the storage racks. An operator removes the completed part from the fixture and returns it to a pallet for storage on the racks. The empty fixture then circulates on the conveyor to receive a new raw part. This FMS is a typical discrete event system. While it is difficult to evaluate its efficiency with traditional methods because of random factors and computing com-plexity, simulation is a well-proven way to design and analyze FMS. Figure 1. An example of a flexible manufacturing system 1.2. RFID Data Collection in FMS RFID is a powerful data collection method which can be used in product control and material handling or other material flow processes [3]. With deployment of RFID systems in FMS, operation control is strengthened with the better visibility of the process. In FMS, pallets, totes or other loads which are flowing through the FMS are tagged with RFID tags. RFID readers read the tags which store the processing information at a pre-assigned loca-tion. Sensors (RFID readers) collect the information of material which flows through the processes, and then sends this information into the database. Under certain rules, meaningful events trickle, this could be used to drive Supply Chain Management (SCM) [4], Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Manufacturing Execution System (MES) information systems. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and event-driven architecture (EDA) are dominant in this field [5,6]. The RFID readers can provide real-time material flow information like probes in the object system. The information includes item in-formation, location, processing time and arrival time with high accuracy. It can be stored in a data stream, into a database or a data warehouse. For FMS as in Figure 1, RFID readers can be set up at an AS/RS I/O station, a CNC work station and at AGV pickup points. Tags are tagged on pallets and fixtures. When pallets or fixtures flow through the system, readers read the tags and create data records as in Table 1. These records are then processed by RFID middleware. Finally, large volume records will be stored as data streams in an RFID data warehouse [7]. Thus, RFID data becomes the bridge that connects the physical world to the virtual world. 1.3. Challenges in FMS Simulation The environment in which FMS operates is stochastic in nature. So when designing and analyzing FMS, this na-ture must been taken into consideration. Simulation is a powerful tool to tackle a stochastic situation [8]. There are commercial software packages which can be used to Table 1. RFID tag records. Tag ID Load Item Time Reader Type (hh:mm:ss:ms) ID EE07000001A34621 pallet raw1 14:01:45:35 1 EE07000001A34622 pallet raw2 14:01:45:55 2 EF01000001A34621 fixture P1 14:05:05:55 3 EF01000001A34622 fixture P2 14:05:06:15 4 EF01000001A34623 fixture P3 14:05:07:05 5 simulate FMS. But simulation is still a job which needs talented people especially when the objective system is complex. Generally, commercial simulation software packages may alleviate these efforts dramatically, be-cause we can use them to model FMS with the visual entities and components in their Graphical User Inter-faces (GUIs), but for invisible data or I/O data, there is not an efficient way to model them. Under many circum-stances, a pseudo-random number generator is the only way to drive an FMS simulation. Random numbers are used in simulations to introduce the variability of the real world into a model. Product inter-arrival times, processing times, time until machine failures, and repair times are examples of events with a duration that varies throughout the operation of a real system. When building a model, decisions must be made how to represent randomly occurring events in the simu-lation. A popular technique is to attempt to fit estimated or historic real-world data to a distribution. But for FMS, high throughput means a high volume of data. Data analysis is very difficult. On the other hand, so much in-process data is stored in MES or other enterprise in-formation systems, particularly with the deployment of an RFID system. This formal data can be utilized in an FMS simulation. In the following part of this article, we will discuss FMS simulation using commercial software. A simula-tion framework using RFID data stream will also be pre-sented. 2. FMS Simulation Using AutoMod Software AutoMod suite is world-leading industrial simulation software, which is provided by Applied Materials, an American company. It has many successful applications in various sectors, such as automobile, semiconductor, aerospace and defense, paper, logistics etc. Many of the top 500 companies in the world have used AutoMod to simulate their production logistics in order to improve the operation and efficiency of departments, reduce in-ventory and cash flow [9,10]. AutoMod is actually a combination of two programs: a build package and a runtime package. The build package is for physical and logical model definition. After the user has defined the physical and logical components of the model, it is compiled into an executable program, where the simulation and animation run concurrently. The executable model runs very fast and is fully interac-tive; it can be stopped at any instant in simulated time to view statistics and model status. The latest version of AutoMod provides database I/O functions and a model communications module which supports OPC (OLE for Process Control) or sockets communication. The visual components of FMS can be easily modeled with professional AutoMod modules, such as AS/RS, process, conveyor and path-mover subsystem. Without real world data, an FMS model is usually driven by pseudo-random streams or simple sample data which simplify the input or in-process data. Data acquisition codes are embedded in the AutoMod logic files. 3. Simulation Frameworks Driven by RFID Data Streams There are applications in different types of DEVS (Dis-crete Event Systems) simulations using RFID data. For example, RFID data was used to simulate and analyze hospital operations and resource utilization. From above we know that RFID data can drive the virtual AutoMod model in place of the pseudo-random streams or simple samples. Knowing how to use the RFID data streams collected in the FMS operation period is the problem we need to address. According to different RFID data sources, there are two ways to use RFID data streams in an FMS simulation. An individual framework will be presented under each mode in the following section. Technical details will also be mentioned. In both these modes, the simulation software concen-trates on the operational characters of RFID tags and tagged object name, such as arrival time, arrival location. Other information in the tags is not sent to the software. The transferred information must be formal and can be parsed into meaningful events which can be understood by the software. Transparent standards and protocols must be complied with before the simulation. 3.1. Offline Mode (Historical RFID Data) In offline mode, a simulation model is driven by histori-cal RFID data streams stored in a database. In this mode, processed RFID data has been stored in a database. When an AutoMod model of FMS runs, it reads Auto-Mod database I/O functions (like Open Database Con-nectivity function) and parses the RFID data streams into certain events which are meaningful to AutoMod. Figure 2 shows the framework of offline mode. 3.2 Online Mode (Emulation) When RFID data streams are used in online mode, the FMS model interacts with real time RFID data streams. It’s a type of hardware-in-loop simulation, or emulation. In this mode, the virtual simulation model is combined with real world equipment and the bridge is the RFID data streams. The whole FMS is divided into two parts. This method is very useful when we want change part of FMS like a temporary storage warehouse. If an AS/RS is planned to replace the manual high bay warehouse, an AS/RS is built in the AutoMod software. The I/O RFID data source of temporary storage warehouse from the real world RFID readers is used to drive the FMS simu-lation. So the decision may be made easily with the help of simulation. The latest AutoMod software provides OPC or sockets communication in its Model Communications Module (MCM, or MCM Plus). Industrial RFID readers always use TCP/IP, OPC or other industrial communication protocols. The framework can be realized as the Figure 3. In this mode, all minor tag reading failures must be ignored as bad data. 4. Conclusions This paper presents different frameworks of FMS simu-lations using RFID data. Still, there is hard work to be done with respect to the execution especially for reading exceptions. But the framework has been successfully tested. Simulation is a well-proven method to design or analyze FMS. It is valuable to use the data stream to im-prove the operation of FMS. Figure 2. FMS Simulation in Offline Mode; Note: An RFID database stores the preprocessed records from RFID rea-ders (homogeneous or heterogeneous). Database procedures can be executed to get special data view to be used in the simulation. Figure 3. FMS simulation in online mode 中文譯文 智能信息管理， 2011,3,186-189 DOI：10.4236/iim.2011.35022線上發(fā)表于2011年9月(http://www.SciRP.org/journal/iim) AutoMod 軟件的柔性制系統(tǒng)與仿真 1陳紫霞 2江長濱 1中國宜賓宜賓職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 2中國杭州浙江工商大學(xué) 電子郵件： czx@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn， jcb@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn 收稿于 20116.2； 修正于2011.7.4； 公認(rèn)于2011.7.15 摘要 柔性制造系統(tǒng) （FMS）是一高度自動化，復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。 模擬設(shè)計(jì)或者分析 FMS 是一個證明行之有效的方法。 在 FMS 中的射頻識別（RFID）系統(tǒng)的配置產(chǎn)生大量的RFID數(shù)據(jù)流，提供有價值的數(shù)據(jù)，改善 FMS 的操作。 在本文使用RFID數(shù)據(jù)流在FMS下模擬的結(jié)構(gòu)。 模擬與 AutoMod 軟件一起運(yùn)行。 技術(shù)上的細(xì)節(jié)也被呈現(xiàn)。 本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是遵從下列的步驟：第 1 步, AMHS 、 FMS 和 AutoMod 的介紹；第 2 步， FMS 模擬AutoMod 軟件；第 3 步，通過RFID數(shù)據(jù)流驅(qū)動的仿真框架；第 4 步，結(jié)論。 關(guān)鍵詞： FMS（柔性制造系統(tǒng)） 、 RFID 、數(shù)據(jù)流，模擬， AutoMod 軟件 1. 介紹 1.1. 航空交通服務(wù)訊息處理系統(tǒng)（AMHS）和 FMS AMHS是一個自動化的材料處理系統(tǒng)。它通過改變自己的形式和包裝從而通過存儲，檢索和運(yùn)輸材料的過程。 它主要依賴于自動化設(shè)備的裝置處理這些材料。 AMHS，像是在物流業(yè)或其他自動化材料處理系統(tǒng)中的存儲和檢索系統(tǒng)（AS/RS），在這個競爭激烈的環(huán)境中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[1,2]。因此，改善航空交通服務(wù)訊息處理系統(tǒng)具有極大的價值。 柔性的制造業(yè)的系統(tǒng) （FMS）在 AMHS 擔(dān)任一個越來越重要的角色。 圖 1 展示了柔性制造系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行處理金屬零部件的過程。（S/RM）的存儲/檢索機(jī)從儲物架上檢索托盤的原料，并將其放置在輸送機(jī)上的每個通道。然后操作員從托盤上消除了部分，并扣緊到相鄰輸送機(jī)的夾具上。輸送機(jī)輸送到拾取點(diǎn)，在那里它們被加載到自動搬運(yùn)車（AGV）的夾具上。 圖1：柔性制造系統(tǒng)的例子 這個系統(tǒng)由6個計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制（CNC）加工零件。變化器的頭部也可用于鉆孔的部件。 AGV運(yùn)輸夾具到所需的CNC或頭站。當(dāng)已完成所有處理的一部分時，AGV返回，而其夾具的一部分輸送到附近的存儲機(jī)架。操作員移除已完成的部分。并把它從夾具上返回用于機(jī)架上用于存儲的托盤上。空夾具然后在傳送帶上接受一個新的原始部分循環(huán)。 FMS是一個典型的離散事件系統(tǒng)。雖然這很難評估其效率與傳統(tǒng)的方法，因?yàn)殡S機(jī)因素和計(jì)算的復(fù)雜性，仿真設(shè)計(jì)與分析FMS是一個行之有效的方法。 1.2.FMS中的FRID數(shù)據(jù)采集 RFID是一種強(qiáng)大的數(shù)據(jù)收集方法，該方法可以用在產(chǎn)品控制和材料處理或其他材料的流動過程[3]。柔性制造系統(tǒng)中的RFID系統(tǒng)的部署，加強(qiáng)了運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)控制的流程與更好的可視性。流通過FMS柔性制造系統(tǒng)的托盤，箱或其他負(fù)載都貼有RFID標(biāo)簽。RFID閱讀器在預(yù)先分配的位置讀取存儲的處理信息的標(biāo)簽。傳感器（RFID讀取器）收集信息材料流經(jīng)進(jìn)程，然后把此信息發(fā)送到數(shù)據(jù)庫中。根據(jù)一定的規(guī)則，有意義的事件流程，這可以用來驅(qū)動供應(yīng)鏈管理（SCM）[4]，企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃（ERP）或制造執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)（MES）信息系統(tǒng)。面向服務(wù)的架構(gòu)（SOA）和事件驅(qū)動架構(gòu)（EDA）在這一領(lǐng)域占主導(dǎo)地位[5，6]。RFID閱讀器可以提供即時的物料流信息，如該對象系統(tǒng)中的探測器。這些信息包括項(xiàng)目的信息，位置，加工精度和到達(dá)時間。它可以被存儲在數(shù)據(jù)流中，數(shù)據(jù)庫中或數(shù)據(jù)倉庫。 對于FMS，如圖1所示，RFID閱讀器可以設(shè)置在AS/RSI/O站，數(shù)據(jù)工作站和AGV拾取點(diǎn)。標(biāo)簽標(biāo)記在貨盤和夾具上。當(dāng)托盤或夾具流經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，讀寫器讀取和創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)記錄如表1所示。然后這些記錄被RFID處理。最后，大容量的記錄將被存儲為數(shù)據(jù)流的RFID數(shù)據(jù)倉庫[7]。因此，RFID數(shù)據(jù)成為連接到虛擬世界的橋梁。 1.3.FMS仿真面臨的挑戰(zhàn) FMS經(jīng)營所處的環(huán)境是隨機(jī)的性質(zhì)。因此，在設(shè)計(jì)和分析FMS，這自然必須被考慮。仿真是一個功能強(qiáng)大的工具，以解決隨機(jī)的情況[8]。有商業(yè)軟件產(chǎn)品可以用于模擬的FMS。 表1 RFID標(biāo)簽記錄 標(biāo)簽ID 負(fù)載類型 項(xiàng)目 時間 （hh:mm:ss:ms） 閱讀器ID EE07000001A34621 托盤 原料 1 14:01:45:35 1 EE07000001A34622 托盤 原料 2 14:01:45:55 2 EF01000001A34621 夾具 P1 14:05:05:55 3 EF01000001A34622 夾具 P2 14:05:06:15 4 EF01000001A34623 夾具 P3 14:05:07:05 5 但是模擬仍然是一個需要人才的工作，尤其是當(dāng)目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的時候。一般情況下，商業(yè)仿真軟件包可以大幅緩解這些工作，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢杂盟鼈儊斫MS的可視化實(shí)體和組件的圖形用戶界面（GUI）的，但無形的數(shù)據(jù)或I/O數(shù)據(jù)，不是一個有效的建模方式。在很多情況下，一個偽隨機(jī)數(shù)發(fā)生器是唯一用來驅(qū)動FMS仿真的方式。 模擬中使用的隨機(jī)數(shù)引入到一個模型中，來表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的變化。產(chǎn)品達(dá)到間隔時間，處理時間，時間，知道機(jī)器故障，和維修時間是一個真正的系統(tǒng)的整個操作過程中的持續(xù)時間而變化的事件的例子。構(gòu)建模型時，必須決定如何代表在模擬隨機(jī)發(fā)生的事件。一種流行的方法是嘗試，以適應(yīng)估計(jì)或歷史的真實(shí)世界的數(shù)據(jù)到分配。丹對于FMS，意味著大批量的，高吞吐量的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)分析是很困難的。另一方面，這么多的過程數(shù)據(jù)被存儲在MES或其他企業(yè)的形成系統(tǒng)中，特別是與RFID系統(tǒng)的部署。這個數(shù)據(jù)可以用在正式的FMS仿真中。 在本文的以下部分，我們將討論FMS模擬使用商業(yè)軟件。也可以預(yù)先給出一個使用RFID數(shù)據(jù)流的模擬框架。 2.FMS仿真AutoMod的軟件 AutoMod的套件是世界領(lǐng)先的工業(yè)仿真軟件，該軟件是由一家美國應(yīng)用材料公司開發(fā)。它成功應(yīng)用在許多領(lǐng)域，如汽車，半導(dǎo)體，航空航天和國防，造紙，物流等。許多世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)中已經(jīng)使用AutoMod來模擬他們的生產(chǎn)物流，以提高運(yùn)行效率部門，減少庫存和現(xiàn)金流動[9,10]. AutoMod實(shí)際上是兩個方案的組合：構(gòu)建包和運(yùn)行時包。構(gòu)建包包括物理和邏輯模型的定義。在用戶定義的物理和邏輯組件模型下，它將被編譯成一個可執(zhí)行程序，模擬和動畫同時運(yùn)行。可執(zhí)行模型速度非?？?，是完全可以互動的，它可以停在任何時刻在模擬的時間來查看統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和模型狀態(tài)。提供數(shù)據(jù)庫的最新版本AutoMod的I/O功能和模式的通訊模塊，該模塊支持OPC（用于過程控制的OLE）或套接字通訊。 FMS的可視組件，可以很容易地模擬專業(yè)AutoMod的模塊，如AS/RS，處理，輸送和路徑子系統(tǒng)。如果沒有現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的數(shù)據(jù)，F(xiàn)MS模型通常是由偽隨機(jī)流或簡單的示例數(shù)據(jù)，簡化了輸入或過程中的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)獲取代碼被嵌入在AutoMod的邏輯文件。 3.RFID數(shù)據(jù)流驅(qū)動的仿真框架 有DEVS（離散事件系統(tǒng)）模擬使用RFID數(shù)據(jù)在不同類型的應(yīng)用程序。例如，RFID數(shù)據(jù)被用來模擬和分析醫(yī)院的經(jīng)營和資源利用率。從上面，我們知道，RFID數(shù)據(jù)代替?zhèn)坞S機(jī)流或簡單的樣品中，可以驅(qū)動虛擬AutoMod模型。了解如何使用RFID在FMS運(yùn)行期間收集的數(shù)據(jù)流是我們需要解決的問題。根據(jù)不同的RFID數(shù)據(jù)源，使用RFID數(shù)據(jù)流的FMS仿真有兩種方式。在下面的部分中，在每種模式下，一個單獨(dú)的框架將提交。技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)也將被提及。 在這兩種模式中，模擬軟件專注于操作的RFID標(biāo)簽和標(biāo)記對象的名稱，如到達(dá)時間到達(dá)位置的字符。在標(biāo)簽的其他信息還沒有發(fā)送到軟件。傳送的信息必須是正式的，并可以被拆解成有意義的事件，這可以由軟件理解。具有前仿真，透明的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和協(xié)議必須遵守。 3.1.離線模式（歷史RFID數(shù)據(jù)） 在離線模式下，存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫中的歷史RFID將驅(qū)動仿真模型。在這種模式下，處理的RFID數(shù)據(jù)已被存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫中。AutoMod的模型FMS運(yùn)行時，它會讀取自動的MOD數(shù)據(jù)庫I/O功能（如開放式數(shù)據(jù)庫連接性功能），并剖析RFID數(shù)據(jù)流轉(zhuǎn)化為若干具有意義的AutoMod事件，圖2展示框架的離線模式。 3.2.在線模式（模擬） 在在線模式下，當(dāng)使用RFID數(shù)據(jù)流，F(xiàn)MS模型交互實(shí)時RFID的數(shù)據(jù)流。這是一種實(shí)物仿真與模擬的硬件。在這種模式下，與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的設(shè)備相結(jié)合的虛擬的仿真模型與橋接的是RFID數(shù)據(jù)流。整個FMS分為兩部分。這種方法是非常有用的。當(dāng)我們想改變部分時，F(xiàn)MS就好像一個臨時的存儲倉庫。如果AS/RS計(jì)劃取代手動高貨架倉庫，AS/RS需建立在AutoMod的軟件基礎(chǔ)上。I/O從現(xiàn)實(shí)中的RFID閱讀器的臨時儲存?zhèn)}庫的RFID數(shù)據(jù)源用于驅(qū)動FMS仿真關(guān)系。因此，可以很容易的得到進(jìn)行模擬的幫助。 圖2：離線模式下的FMS模擬；注：RFID數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲的預(yù)處理記錄是從RFID閱讀器（同構(gòu)或異構(gòu)）。數(shù)據(jù)庫程序可以執(zhí)行特殊的數(shù)據(jù)視圖以此應(yīng)用于模擬中 圖3：FMS模擬在線模式 AutoMod的軟件提供最新的OPC或套接字通信模型通信模塊（MCM或MCM+）。工業(yè)RFID閱讀器使用TCP/IP，OPC或其他工業(yè)通信協(xié)議。該框架可以被實(shí)現(xiàn)為圖3。在這種模式下，所有讀取失敗的小標(biāo)簽將被忽略，就好像錯誤的數(shù)據(jù)。 4.結(jié)論 本文介紹了不同的FMS仿真中使用RFID的框架。盡管如此，還是有復(fù)雜工作的運(yùn)行，特別是對閱讀的例外情況。但是這個框架已經(jīng)成功的測試。模擬設(shè)計(jì)或分析FMS是一個行之有效的方法。它是利用有價值的數(shù)據(jù)流，以提高FMS的操作。