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畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
學(xué)院: 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班級(jí):
姓名:
學(xué)號(hào):
實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間:
指導(dǎo)老師:
1、 實(shí)習(xí)目的
1、 通過(guò)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),將理論高度上升到實(shí)踐高度,更好的實(shí)現(xiàn)將大學(xué)期間所學(xué)的理論和實(shí)踐的結(jié)合,更進(jìn)一步加深對(duì)理論知識(shí)的理解,了解和掌握實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中的生產(chǎn)流程、工藝原理和技術(shù)要求,為今后學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)際工作打下良好基礎(chǔ)。
2、 培養(yǎng)自己善于觀察、勤于思考的良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣以及嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)態(tài)度和實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力,使理論與實(shí)踐得到很好的結(jié)合。
3、通過(guò)本次實(shí)習(xí)使我能夠親身感受到由一個(gè)學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)變到一個(gè)職業(yè)人的過(guò)程,進(jìn)一步了解社會(huì),增強(qiáng)對(duì)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的責(zé)任感、使命感,為離開(kāi)學(xué)校、走向社會(huì)、適應(yīng)社會(huì)、融入社會(huì)作好充分準(zhǔn)備。
4、 本次實(shí)習(xí)對(duì)我完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告起到很重要的作用。
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)是一門(mén)實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的專業(yè),畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是本科教學(xué)計(jì)劃中非常重要的一個(gè)教育環(huán)節(jié),是學(xué)生在校學(xué)習(xí)期間理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際、增長(zhǎng)實(shí)踐知識(shí)、培養(yǎng)自身各方面能力的重要手段和方法。通過(guò)實(shí)習(xí),了解企業(yè)生產(chǎn)流程、工藝流程、企業(yè)管理和機(jī)械應(yīng)用操作與機(jī)械的調(diào)試、機(jī)械設(shè)備保養(yǎng)維護(hù)等相關(guān)知識(shí),并了解本專業(yè)發(fā)展前沿,涉獵相關(guān)學(xué)科知識(shí),使機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的學(xué)生初步具有科學(xué)研究與解決工程實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力、較強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐動(dòng)手能力和創(chuàng)新意識(shí)的高級(jí)應(yīng)用型人才。畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是大學(xué)本科專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)中不可缺少的重要部分,通過(guò)一段時(shí)間的生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)后,使自己具備足夠的技能,應(yīng)付將來(lái)市場(chǎng)的挑戰(zhàn)并保持強(qiáng)勁的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,并為下一步的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
實(shí)習(xí)要求:
1、明確實(shí)習(xí)任務(wù),認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)習(xí)大綱,提高對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)的認(rèn)識(shí),做好思想準(zhǔn)備;
2、認(rèn)真完成實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容,按規(guī)定記實(shí)習(xí)筆記,收集相關(guān)資料,撰寫(xiě)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告;
3、虛心向工人和技術(shù)人員學(xué)習(xí),尊重知識(shí),敬重他人,甘當(dāng)小學(xué)生。及時(shí)整理實(shí)習(xí)筆記、報(bào)告等。不斷提高分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力;
4、自覺(jué)遵守學(xué)校、實(shí)習(xí)單位的有關(guān)規(guī)章制度,服從指導(dǎo)教師的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),培養(yǎng)良好的風(fēng)氣;
2、 實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間
2015年3月15日 -- 2015年3月25日
三、實(shí)習(xí)單位和部門(mén)
單位:江麓機(jī)電科技有限公司
部門(mén):生產(chǎn)部、技術(shù)部、制造部、裝配部
4、 實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容
1、 公司簡(jiǎn)介
江麓淵源于當(dāng)年的"漢陽(yáng)造",1958年建廠湖南湘潭,成長(zhǎng)崛起于偉人故里,是中國(guó)兵器工業(yè)集團(tuán)公司所屬國(guó)有大型一類骨干企業(yè),國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保軍企業(yè),國(guó)家火炬計(jì)劃湘潭機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)基地首批骨干企業(yè),湖南省高新技術(shù)、創(chuàng)新型企業(yè),工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)業(yè)集群核心企業(yè)和湖南省研究生培養(yǎng)基地。公司位于湖南省湘潭市區(qū)湘江河溿,交通便利,地理環(huán)境優(yōu)越,占地面積180多萬(wàn)平方米,總資產(chǎn)26億多元。公司于2008年批準(zhǔn)設(shè)立博士后科研工作站,技術(shù)中心是國(guó)家級(jí)認(rèn)定企業(yè)技術(shù)中心。2009年公司"江麓"品牌獲批中國(guó)馳名商標(biāo),2009年國(guó)慶60周年閱兵盛典上,工廠生產(chǎn)的軍用裝甲車輛,作為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的整車方陣,順利駛過(guò)天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng),接受黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人以及全國(guó)人民的檢閱,受到了總裝備部、中國(guó)兵器工業(yè)集團(tuán)公司的通令嘉獎(jiǎng)。同年,溫家寶、李長(zhǎng)春、劉云山等黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人先后來(lái)廠視察,對(duì)工廠所取得的成績(jī)給予充分肯定,同時(shí)對(duì)工廠的后續(xù)發(fā)展寄予了殷切期盼。公司堅(jiān)持"強(qiáng)軍壯民、持續(xù)創(chuàng)新、跨越發(fā)展、追求卓越"的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,通過(guò)多年來(lái)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展,形成了集市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、科研開(kāi)發(fā)、采購(gòu)配套、生產(chǎn)制造、試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)、營(yíng)銷服務(wù)與戰(zhàn)略管理、投資融資、國(guó)際商貿(mào)為一體的企業(yè)價(jià)值鏈和軍民結(jié)合、產(chǎn)學(xué)研結(jié)合、內(nèi)外貿(mào)并舉的經(jīng)營(yíng)發(fā)展格局。"十一五"期間,公司先后圓滿完成了國(guó)家"高新工程"、"863"計(jì)劃、火炬計(jì)劃、省市重大專項(xiàng)等一批高科技項(xiàng)目,共獲國(guó)家科技進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)一等獎(jiǎng)等國(guó)家、省部級(jí)科技成果獎(jiǎng)40余項(xiàng),獲得授權(quán)專利80余項(xiàng)。軍品現(xiàn)已發(fā)展成為我國(guó)中輕型裝甲車輛、裝甲車輛中輕型綜合傳動(dòng)裝置、配套電器的研制生產(chǎn)基地。民品方面,公司先后在工程機(jī)械、環(huán)保機(jī)械、冶金機(jī)械、傳動(dòng)機(jī)械等領(lǐng)域,研發(fā)、試制、生產(chǎn)了塔式起重機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)、壓路機(jī)、垃圾壓實(shí)機(jī)、液壓挖掘機(jī)、汽車無(wú)級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器、沙漠植被機(jī)、森林消防車、滑移式裝載機(jī)、風(fēng)電偏航變漿裝置、搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)車等10多個(gè)系列的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)。公司先后獲“高技術(shù)武器裝備發(fā)展建設(shè)工程重大貢獻(xiàn)獎(jiǎng)”、"全國(guó)五一勞動(dòng)獎(jiǎng)狀"、"湖南省文明單位"、"湖南企業(yè)百?gòu)?qiáng)"、“全國(guó)創(chuàng)先爭(zhēng)優(yōu)先進(jìn)基層黨組織”等榮譽(yù)?!笆?公司以調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式、提高自主創(chuàng)新能力和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)為工作主線,努力打造成為我國(guó)防務(wù)裝備、重型裝備與工程機(jī)械、傳動(dòng)機(jī)械重要產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。
人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè):公司貫徹執(zhí)行“科技領(lǐng)先,人才先行”的人才戰(zhàn)略,建立了各類人才職業(yè)發(fā)展通道與培養(yǎng)開(kāi)發(fā)管理制度體系。吸引并匯聚了各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專家和優(yōu)秀人才,目前,公司現(xiàn)有人員5000余人,其中科研人員700余人。公司享受國(guó)務(wù)院政府特殊津貼專家25人,入選國(guó)防科技工業(yè)"511人才工程"12人,省部級(jí)優(yōu)秀專家、技術(shù)能手、技能大師近30人,兵器集團(tuán)級(jí)、成員單位級(jí)科技帶頭人、關(guān)鍵技能帶頭人共31人,省市級(jí)科技專家近50余人。同時(shí)公司聯(lián)和北京理工大學(xué)、國(guó)防科技大學(xué)、中南大學(xué)等多個(gè)院校實(shí)施國(guó)家級(jí)工程教育實(shí)踐中心的建設(shè),探索建立了“卓越工程師”培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)體系。
新進(jìn)大學(xué)生實(shí)行見(jiàn)習(xí)期管理,見(jiàn)習(xí)期內(nèi)實(shí)施“一對(duì)一”個(gè)性化“傳、幫、帶”崗位指導(dǎo),見(jiàn)習(xí)期滿,執(zhí)行項(xiàng)目工資、績(jī)效工資等寬帶薪酬分配形式,實(shí)施培訓(xùn)、晉升職業(yè)發(fā)展。公司建立了生日禮金、餐補(bǔ)、房補(bǔ)、津貼等各種福利政策,公司員工享受五險(xiǎn)一金社保待遇,同時(shí),合理化建議、創(chuàng)新大賽、大學(xué)生班組長(zhǎng)、文體協(xié)會(huì)活動(dòng)等政策提供員工充分展示才華的平臺(tái)。
2、 具體內(nèi)容
此次實(shí)習(xí)的具體要求如下:
1、了解機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展方向;
2、收集和機(jī)械制造工藝、機(jī)械制造裝備、機(jī)械制造系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化及計(jì)算機(jī)輔
助制造有關(guān)的資料;
3、仔細(xì)觀察典型機(jī)械零部件的熱加工、機(jī)械加工及裝配和調(diào)試全過(guò)程;
以工藝過(guò)程卡片、工序卡片形式記錄典型機(jī)械零機(jī)械加工全過(guò)程(特別注意:每一道工序的定位基準(zhǔn)選擇、有無(wú)欠定位和過(guò)定位及工件夾緊方式等);
4、描繪與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)組合機(jī)床總體、夾具、電控及液壓系統(tǒng)草圖;
5、調(diào)查現(xiàn)有機(jī)械零部件制造過(guò)程、機(jī)械制造裝備存在問(wèn)題及其具體解決問(wèn)題的設(shè)想;
6、學(xué)習(xí)企業(yè)管理和技術(shù)管理的基本知識(shí)。
在機(jī)械工程類實(shí)習(xí)中,安全問(wèn)題始終是擺在第一位的。為了保證實(shí)習(xí)能順利進(jìn)行和圓滿結(jié)束,安全教育課,對(duì)廠里的規(guī)章制度進(jìn)行了講述,其中嚴(yán)格規(guī)定女生必須帶工作帽,不準(zhǔn)穿高跟鞋和裙子、男生不許穿背心和短褲、所有同學(xué)不能穿暴露出腳丫子的鞋子。車間實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)分散,不要過(guò)于集中在一兩臺(tái)機(jī)床邊以免影響工人師傅正常工作而帶來(lái)安全隱患,在車間行走注意頭下腳下,以免磕商絆倒,須在安全區(qū)域站立或行走,以免設(shè)備和切屑傷人。不允許穿涼鞋進(jìn)廠;進(jìn)廠必須穿長(zhǎng)褲;衣服袖子,領(lǐng)口要叩緊;禁止在廠里吸煙,被發(fā)現(xiàn)者罰款;禁止在宿舍私拉私調(diào)電線;進(jìn)廠后衣服不準(zhǔn)敞開(kāi),外套不準(zhǔn)亂掛在身上,不得背背包進(jìn)廠;人在廠里不要成堆,不要站在主干道上;注重自身和學(xué)校形象;要絕對(duì)注意自身安全!最后,培訓(xùn)老師給我們列舉了二汽建廠以來(lái)的一些典型的安全事故,
包括電擊、砸傷、設(shè)備傷人等工傷事故,其中的傷者、死者情形慘不忍睹,使觀看者都不寒而栗,而這些工傷大都是工人操作不規(guī)范造成。這樣更加引起了我們對(duì)安全的重視!總之,通過(guò)入廠前的安全教育,使我們更加意識(shí)到安全的重要性,
使我們牢固的樹(shù)立了安全第一的思想,同時(shí)激勵(lì)了我們虛心向工人師傅學(xué)習(xí)的求知欲,為本次實(shí)習(xí)的圓滿成功奠定了基礎(chǔ)。在這里可以見(jiàn)到組合機(jī)床,一次加工好幾個(gè)工位?;蚴菍S脢A具和雙工機(jī)床,一次加工多個(gè)零件,譬如銑床一次可銑多個(gè)零件的一個(gè)面,而這個(gè)機(jī)床的夾具實(shí)體給我們是一個(gè)更好的啟發(fā),也讓我們對(duì)夾具的設(shè)計(jì)有了更深一步的認(rèn)識(shí)。各種各樣的鉆床,鉆大孔、小孔的機(jī)床在這里隨處可見(jiàn),各工序銜接的都很緊密。該廠生產(chǎn)設(shè)備主要是普通車床外加專用夾具,這里的夾具都很特別,夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)都與加工零件相匹配,使裝夾更為方便,利于工人操作。這里的萬(wàn)能升降臺(tái)銑床工作效率很高,它可以利用專用夾具進(jìn)行多個(gè)工件同時(shí)銑,還有車床、鉆床、磨床都可以辦到。通過(guò)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)大體有三種氣門(mén)搖臂架,也可簡(jiǎn)稱作前、中、后支座,各種支座的工藝規(guī)程一般為:
1、粗銑上下面。2、粗銑精銑兩側(cè)面。
3、鉆豎直孔。4、孔兩端銑倒角。5、鉆兩側(cè)面通孔
6、鉆突出孔。7、孔外端銑倒角。8、鏜兩側(cè)面通孔
9、通孔兩端車倒角。
?
五、實(shí)習(xí)體會(huì)
經(jīng)過(guò)這次實(shí)習(xí),我親眼看到并學(xué)到了許多曾經(jīng)沒(méi)有接觸過(guò)或只停留在書(shū)本上的知識(shí),并認(rèn)識(shí)到很多自身的不足。通過(guò)親手操作機(jī)器,我掌握了一定的生產(chǎn)技能,明白了產(chǎn)品的制造過(guò)程,理論知識(shí)得到了很好的實(shí)踐應(yīng)用。在這樣一個(gè)包裝公司,我領(lǐng)略了先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)線,一道工序緊接著一道工序,秩序井然,每個(gè)人都在車間里有條不紊的分工作業(yè),這使我更深刻的感到自動(dòng)化與人工作業(yè)恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)合,可以省去很多時(shí)間和人力且絲毫不影響生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量。我也感受到現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中企業(yè)的生存之道,以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向,不斷為滿足客戶需求而前進(jìn)。作為一名包裝工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生,我也領(lǐng)會(huì)到生產(chǎn)企業(yè)中使用的包裝材料和包裝結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣化及包裝機(jī)械的自動(dòng)化,更為包裝領(lǐng)域的日新月異感到自豪。通過(guò)生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí),深刻地明白了包裝機(jī)械在包裝行業(yè)的作用和應(yīng)用情況。在目前,我國(guó)包裝行業(yè)的總體的研發(fā)技術(shù)水平較低,產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)停留在較低層次,知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)意識(shí)薄弱;而發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)將微機(jī)控制、激光技術(shù)、人工智能、光導(dǎo)纖維、圖像傳感、工業(yè)機(jī)器人等高新技術(shù)成熟的應(yīng)用于包裝。這就要求我們包裝工程專業(yè)的大學(xué)生要學(xué)好專業(yè)知識(shí),為以后投身包裝行業(yè)能夠發(fā)揮自己的專業(yè)技能,為我國(guó)的包裝行業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量。學(xué)校與職場(chǎng)、學(xué)習(xí)與工作、學(xué)生與員工之間存在著巨大的差異。實(shí)習(xí)使我開(kāi)始了職業(yè)化角色的轉(zhuǎn)變,提高自己,使自己能夠適應(yīng)社會(huì)、工作的需要。實(shí)習(xí)讓我接觸到真實(shí)的職場(chǎng)。有了實(shí)習(xí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),以后我畢業(yè)工作時(shí)就可以更快、更好地融入新的環(huán)境,完成學(xué)生向職場(chǎng)人士的轉(zhuǎn)換。在實(shí)習(xí)中,我總結(jié)了幾點(diǎn)主要不足:缺乏工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),專業(yè)課知識(shí)的欠缺、動(dòng)手能力不足,動(dòng)手能力失分欠缺,且不能很好的分清問(wèn)題的主次;工作態(tài)度仍然不夠積極,懶惰心理常常在作怪,沒(méi)能主動(dòng)請(qǐng)求布置工作;理知識(shí)依然欠缺。針對(duì)這些,我將繼續(xù)努力,多加鍛煉,將其改正。我也知道這不是一天兩能夠?qū)W會(huì)的,不過(guò)我堅(jiān)信我能做到這一點(diǎn)。這次實(shí)習(xí)對(duì)我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)也有很大的幫助,我想能夠在以后的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中體會(huì)到很多東西。從實(shí)習(xí)我看到了我們包裝的廣闊市場(chǎng),知道了包裝行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,一定程度上了解了包裝行業(yè)的發(fā)展方向。最重要的知道了企業(yè)需要我們具備什么能力,知道我在以后的學(xué)習(xí)中我們應(yīng)該學(xué)什么,應(yīng)該怎么學(xué),為我們專業(yè)課的學(xué)習(xí)打下了良好的基礎(chǔ);看到了自己專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)不夠?qū)5娜秉c(diǎn),但也看到我們知識(shí)全面的優(yōu)點(diǎn),我們應(yīng)該更加廣泛地學(xué)習(xí)各方面自己的知識(shí),同時(shí)也要突出自己某一方面別的專業(yè)所沒(méi)有的優(yōu)勢(shì)?!凹埳系脕?lái)終覺(jué)淺,絕知此事要躬行”.實(shí)習(xí)找到了理論與實(shí)踐的最佳結(jié)合點(diǎn)。通過(guò)實(shí)踐所學(xué)的專業(yè)理論知識(shí)得到鞏固和提高。就是緊密結(jié)合自身專業(yè)特色,在實(shí)踐中檢驗(yàn)自己的知識(shí)和水平。通過(guò)實(shí)踐,原來(lái)理論上模糊和印象不深的得到了鞏固,原先理論上欠缺的在實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)中得到補(bǔ)償,加深了對(duì)基本原理的理解和消化。
總之,這一個(gè)十天的實(shí)習(xí)使即將走上工作崗位的我受益匪淺!
- 4 -
XX 大 學(xué)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
學(xué) 院: 機(jī)電工程
專 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化
學(xué) 號(hào):
姓 名:
指導(dǎo)老師:
日 期:
XX大學(xué) 屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題 目
小型履帶式拖拉機(jī)傳動(dòng)箱設(shè)計(jì)
作者姓名
學(xué)號(hào)
所學(xué)專業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
1、 研究的意義,同類研究工作國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀、存在問(wèn)題(列出主要參考文獻(xiàn))
意義:與輪式拖拉機(jī)相比, 履帶式拖拉機(jī)雖然有自身的局限性, 但由于其具有較好的附著性能, 能發(fā)揮較大的牽引力, 適合重負(fù)荷作業(yè)(如耕、耙等);在潮濕泥濘或環(huán)境比較惡劣的地帶, 表現(xiàn)出其較好的越野性, 再加上接地比壓小, 對(duì)農(nóng)田壓實(shí)、破壞程度輕, 特別適合在低、濕地作業(yè), 而且除田間作業(yè)外, 還在農(nóng)田基本建設(shè)和小型水利工程中用作推土機(jī), 綜合利用程度較高。因此, 其在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中所具有的獨(dú)一無(wú)二的特點(diǎn)是輪式拖拉機(jī)無(wú)法替代的。多年來(lái), 我國(guó)履帶式拖拉機(jī)的發(fā)展一直走自主開(kāi)發(fā)的道路, 在中大型履帶式拖拉機(jī)方面, 目前主要以中國(guó)一拖集團(tuán)有限公司為代表,功率覆蓋了 51.5 ~ 110 kW;橡膠履帶式拖拉機(jī)是近年來(lái)才發(fā)展起來(lái)的, 履帶接地面積大, 并有減振效果, 噪音低, 乘坐舒適;接地比壓低, 對(duì)地面破壞程度輕, 尤其適于低濕地作業(yè), 并可大大提高作業(yè)速度, 可在公路上行駛并轉(zhuǎn)移, 改善道路轉(zhuǎn)移適應(yīng)性。橡膠履帶壽命可達(dá)到 6 000 h, 與鋼履帶拖拉機(jī)相比, 還可節(jié)約轉(zhuǎn)移運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用, 在開(kāi)荒、改造中低產(chǎn)田、沙壤土質(zhì)地區(qū), 顯示出極強(qiáng)的優(yōu)越性, 隨著橡膠履帶生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的成熟和制造成本的降低, 越來(lái)越受到廣大用戶的青睞。
現(xiàn)狀與問(wèn)題:在小型履帶式拖拉機(jī)方面, 主要以桂林玉柴工程機(jī)械有限公司為代表, 其生產(chǎn)的多功能系列小型履帶式拖拉機(jī), 功率從 18.4 ~ 29.4 kW。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下, 履帶式拖拉機(jī)企業(yè)為了生存和發(fā)展, 在充分挖掘自身的潛力下, 不斷拓寬履帶式拖拉機(jī)產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用范圍, 針對(duì)金屬和橡膠履帶、高速行走和低速作業(yè)、作業(yè)與運(yùn)輸?shù)炔煌r和應(yīng)用要求, 通過(guò)對(duì)履帶行走系進(jìn)行研究, 形成適應(yīng)不同要求的系列行走系,使履帶車輛能夠適應(yīng)各種不同的作業(yè)工況要求;通過(guò)引入輪式拖拉機(jī)技術(shù)及采用工程機(jī)械、汽車行業(yè)社會(huì)化生產(chǎn)的零部件來(lái)提升產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平, 降低成本, 提高可靠性, 獲得良好的產(chǎn)品性價(jià)比。
隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展, 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的不斷完善, 特別是在美國(guó)、歐洲、澳大利亞等發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家和地區(qū), 大型的基建機(jī)械設(shè)備如推土機(jī)、挖掘機(jī)、平地機(jī)、裝載機(jī)等等, 正在逐步退出市場(chǎng), 取而代之的是小型多功能履帶式拖拉機(jī), 正承擔(dān)著城市和農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的日常維護(hù)工作。
2、 研究目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題(根據(jù)任務(wù)要求進(jìn)一步具體化)
目標(biāo): 1.研究小型履帶式傳動(dòng)箱的工作原理與動(dòng)力傳遞形式,明確傳動(dòng)箱的功用與設(shè)計(jì)要求。
2.研究傳動(dòng)箱的主要類型和結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)分析結(jié)果進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)選型,最終確定采用哪種結(jié)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)箱進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
3.分析傳動(dòng)箱的主傳動(dòng)方案和倒檔方案。了解每種方案的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),最終選擇最適合的傳動(dòng)方案進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
內(nèi)容: (1)傳動(dòng)箱箱主要零件參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)
(2)傳動(dòng)箱結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度分析
(3)三維建模以及CAD圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì),A0圖紙三張
關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題:傳動(dòng)箱3根輸出軸的設(shè)計(jì),齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)及其強(qiáng)度的保證,同步器的設(shè)計(jì)。
3、 特色與創(chuàng)新之處
(1) 小型經(jīng)濟(jì)型方案設(shè)計(jì),機(jī)構(gòu)承載能力強(qiáng),具有較好的通用性,重復(fù)定位精度高,動(dòng)作速度快,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單;
(2) 適用性廣,適合南方的農(nóng)用。
4、 擬采取的研究方法、步驟、技術(shù)路線
(1)根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)對(duì)小型履帶式拖拉機(jī)工作的各項(xiàng)要求,參考《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》,《機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)》等專業(yè)書(shū)籍對(duì)拖拉機(jī)傳動(dòng)箱進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),并論證其強(qiáng)度,剛度等機(jī)械特性,力求完成一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)合理,經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的傳動(dòng)箱設(shè)計(jì)。
查閱國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)資料
(2)技術(shù)路線:
根據(jù)參數(shù)擬定設(shè)計(jì)方案
各主要零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及計(jì)算
主要零件的零件圖繪制及整體的裝配圖繪制
資料文件的整理及編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
5、 擬使用的主要設(shè)計(jì)、分析軟件及儀器設(shè)備
本次設(shè)計(jì)擬使用的主要設(shè)計(jì)、分析軟件主要有:AutoCAD,SolidWorks,Adams等。
6、參考文獻(xiàn)
1 .胡忠舉 陸名彰 ,《機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)》[M](第二版),中南大學(xué)出版社,2011.8
2.濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛,《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》[M](第八版),高等教育出版社,2005.12
3.潘存云,《機(jī)械原理》[M](第二版),中南大學(xué)出版社,2011.11
4.王忠;集材拖拉機(jī)的選型原則與方法[J];東北林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);1992.12
5.鞏青松;履帶式工作車輛設(shè)計(jì)及分析的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究[D];揚(yáng)州大學(xué);2008.8
6.吳朋濤;履帶拖拉機(jī)液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2013.2
注:
1、開(kāi)題報(bào)告是本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。學(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(shū)的要求和文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研結(jié)果,在開(kāi)始撰寫(xiě)論文之前寫(xiě)出開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
2、參考文獻(xiàn)按下列格式(A為期刊,B為專著)
A:[序號(hào)]、作者(外文姓前名后,名縮寫(xiě),不加縮寫(xiě)點(diǎn),3人以上作者只寫(xiě)前3人,后用“等”代替。)、題名、期刊名(外文可縮寫(xiě),不加縮寫(xiě)點(diǎn))年份、卷號(hào)(期號(hào)):起止頁(yè)碼。
B:[序號(hào)]、作者、書(shū)名、版次、(初版不寫(xiě))、出版地、出版單位、出版時(shí)間、頁(yè)碼。
3、表中各項(xiàng)可加附頁(yè)。
3
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思,還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問(wèn)題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
如前所訴,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來(lái)好處,只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如,即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò),也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí),就使用原來(lái)的方法。因此,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心,因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來(lái)成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì),要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法,在此過(guò)程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理,將其與未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來(lái)。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問(wèn)題發(fā)生,只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問(wèn)題被解決之后,才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí),也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒(méi)有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法,也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期,即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來(lái)適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作,因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來(lái)說(shuō)都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過(guò)程。
另一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開(kāi)始階段,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過(guò)口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ,需要解決下列問(wèn)題:
(1) 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要?
(2) 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力?
(3) 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)?
(4) 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便?
(5) 產(chǎn)品有無(wú)銷路?是否可以盈利?
只有時(shí)間能對(duì)上述問(wèn)題給出正確答案。但是, 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過(guò)零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門(mén)一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。
通常 ,在制造過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問(wèn)題。可能會(huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是,工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn),以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí),在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉?lái)完成設(shè)計(jì)工作,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。
近些年來(lái),工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外,選擇過(guò)程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn),而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源,可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力,都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外,材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此,為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果,設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。
制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通??梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段:(a)初步設(shè)計(jì);(b)功能設(shè)計(jì);(c)生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段,設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案,然后決定這種思想是否可行;如果可行,則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段,關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問(wèn)題是:是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇;如果沒(méi)有的話,是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。
在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段,要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙,選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明,在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前,應(yīng)該更換某些材料,但是,絕對(duì)不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能,認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí),所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同,并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對(duì)公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來(lái),或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同,則這種樣機(jī)就沒(méi)有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作,而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?,在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的,這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。
在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中,與材料有關(guān)的主要問(wèn)題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來(lái),使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng),能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工,而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。
在制造過(guò)程中,不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而,在大多數(shù)情況下,在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作,可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開(kāi)始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見(jiàn)的原因。當(dāng)然,這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是,必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià),以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住,新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前,沒(méi)有真正了解它們的長(zhǎng)期使用性能而引起的。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí),采用最好的程序。在材料過(guò)程中,五個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題為:(a)不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預(yù)見(jiàn)和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途(如有可能,設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來(lái)的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中,由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家,并且贏得判決);(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定,尤其是當(dāng)其長(zhǎng)期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候;(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證;(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過(guò)對(duì)上述五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析,可以得出這些問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的研究分析可以為避免這些問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì),特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。
Machine design theory
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I
n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.