高三英語復(fù)習(xí) 非謂語動詞考點總結(jié)歸納講義

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非謂語動詞考點總結(jié)歸納 非謂語動詞包括不定式，動名詞和分詞。它們是高中所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)語法，也是高考必考內(nèi)容。既是高考的難點又是高考的熱點。真正領(lǐng)悟非謂語動詞的用法要具備以下基礎(chǔ)知識： ①具有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識，會分析句子成分。 ②具有簡單句最基本的五種句型的知識，要分得清雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語。 ③具有扎實而豐富的動詞知識，要分得清及物動詞和不及物動詞。 ④具備各種復(fù)合句的知識，能夠拆析復(fù)合句和長難句。 1． 三種非謂語動詞的構(gòu)成及變化形式。 不定式 主動 被動 一般形式（本身包含將去做的含義） To do To be done 進(jìn)行形式 To be doing -------------- 完成形式 To have done To have been done 動詞的ING 形式 主動 被動 一般形式（本身包含正在進(jìn)行的含義） Ving Being Ved 完成形式 Having Ved Having been Ved ●過去分詞 done （無變化） ●所有非謂語動詞的否定形式都是把否定副詞not,never放在非謂語動詞的前面。 2.三種非謂語動詞形式句法功能比較 功能 種類 主 賓 表 定 狀 補 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 動名詞 √ √ √ √ 分詞 √ √ √ √ 考點一：非謂語作主語。 1. 在很多情況下沒有明顯的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe. 2. 不定式做主語 表示某一次具體的,特定的或有待實現(xiàn)的動作, 而動名詞則表示通常的情況. eg:To tell him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art. 動詞不定式（短語）作主語時，另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語，而將動詞不定式（短語）移到謂語之后作真正主語。用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞，動詞和名詞 1)形容詞作表語It is adj/n.(for sb.) to do sth. （常見的形容詞是：necessary,important,possible等） It is adj./n.(of sb.) to do sth. (常見的形容詞是clever,stupid,foolish,wise,cruel等) 2)常見的動詞有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy等 eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didn’t occur to me to ask him to help me. 3)一些名詞作表語 eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way 動名詞做主語時 常用的句型有： It is nice doing sth./It’s foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/It’s a waste of time doing this. /It’s worth one’s while doing sth./ It’s no good (use) doing that. It’s an awful job doing this. /It’s fun doing this. There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考點二：非謂語動詞作賓語 詳細(xì)見5+3 P70-72頁 補充:1.begin和start在下列三種情況下, 通常跟不定式, 不跟動名詞 1) 當(dāng)begin和start的主語是無生命之物時. eg: Snow began to melt. 2) 當(dāng)begin和start用于進(jìn)行時時. eg: He is beginning to study English. 3) 當(dāng)begin和start后面跟著一些表示心理狀態(tài)的詞時. eg: I began to believe his story. 2. be afraid to do 不敢去做…… be afraid of doing 害怕發(fā)生某事 3. be sure to do 一定會…… be sure of doing 確信會…… eg: Tom is sure to pass the exam.(說話人的看法, 認(rèn)為Tom 一定會考試通過.) Tom is sure of passing the exam. ( Tom 對自己通過考試很有把握.) 考點三：非謂語動詞作表語 不定式、動名詞、分詞做表語： 1. 不定式做表語常表示謂語動詞所表示動作之后發(fā)生的動作。不定式一般緊跟在系動詞如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用來說明主語的內(nèi)容。這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語一般為名詞，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention,wish, dream, etc. eg. My purpose is to teach them a lesson. l 有時句子主語也可以是不定式或名詞性從句。 eg:To be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. 如果主語中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. 2. 動名詞做表語是對主語內(nèi)容的解釋，這時主語與表語位置可互換，動名詞常用于口語中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3. 分詞做表語: 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語:一般表示主動或主語的性質(zhì)和特征, “令人……”的, 主語多數(shù)情況是sth. 過去分詞作表語: 一般表示被動或說明主語情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主語多數(shù)是sb. exciting, excited/annoying, annoyed /amazing, amazed /boring, bored/confusing, confused/ encouraging, encouraged /embarrassing, embarrassed /frightening, frightened等 考點四：非謂語動詞作賓語補足語 詳細(xì)見5+3 P68-70頁 補充：1.動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式: 常用動詞: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二聽); make, let, have(三讓); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看);help(半幫助,可帶to或不帶to)etc. 注意一：但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to. 注意二：一定要注意動詞與賓語直接的主動還是被動關(guān)系 make oneself understood/heard 解題技巧： 牢記固定搭配，辯邏輯關(guān)系。不定式和分詞作賓語補足語是考察的重點 還要仔細(xì)分析非謂語所表示的動作與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后問題。 l 固定句型sb/sth be said/believed/ reported/ considered/ thought to do /to be doing /to have done 要分清 eg. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 考點五：非謂語動詞作定語 詳細(xì)見5+3 P67-68頁 解題訣竅：找所修飾的詞，辯邏輯關(guān)系，析動作先后 與被修飾的名詞或代詞是主動關(guān)系 與被修飾的名詞或代詞是被動關(guān)系 正在進(jìn)行 doing being + done 將要去做 to do to be done 已經(jīng)完成 無 done 考點六：非謂語作狀語 詳細(xì)見5+3 P66-67頁 非謂語動詞作狀語1)多表示伴隨狀態(tài)，或事情發(fā)生的原因，結(jié)果，時間，條件等。作狀語 2)分詞要和句子主語 關(guān)系保持一致 1．不定式 1）表示目的，很常用。作目的狀語只能是不定式，也可用in order to / so as to +動詞原形(不能放句首) 2）表示結(jié)果，很常用。不定式做結(jié)果狀語的固定搭配 only to do too +adj/adv to do so +adj/adv as to do ， such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do only（just） to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的結(jié)果。 3）表示原因 eg.He laughed to see them fall down./He wept to hear the news. 4）表示選擇和比較 eg.She opened her lips as through to speak./ He would die rather than give in. 2.分詞 解題訣竅：找邏輯主語，辨邏輯關(guān)系，析動作先后 語法作用： 1）表示時間，相當(dāng)于表示時間，相當(dāng)于狀語從句when, while。常用于連詞When, before, while, after, since等后面。也可以省略連詞 eg. When allowed, we are supposed to come into the room. Having finished his work, he had a walk. 2) 表示原因 相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句because, since, for 和 as。 eg. Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. 3）表示條件，相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句if eg. Given more time, I can finish the work. 4) 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語從句 though, although。 eg. Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 5) 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語從句，這種分詞前通常有thus 或thereby。 eg. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 6) 表示方式或伴隨情況，分詞短語沒有相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z從句，漢譯時一般譯成并列復(fù)合句 eg. They shook hands, smiling at each other. The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 7）表示方式 eg. He sat there, as though waiting. 考點七：非謂語動詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 詳細(xì)見5+3 P67頁 1． 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能 在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等;有時還可以做定語 1)作時間狀語 Spring coming ,the fields are full of life . 2)作條件狀語 Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this Sunday . 3)作原因狀語 There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi . 4)作伴隨狀語或補充說明 The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . (伴隨狀語) We met many guests ,most of them Americans.(補充說明) 5)作定語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 注意一：“邏輯主語+being+其他”是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯主語+動詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，being往往可以被省去，這種省去being的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱之為無動詞“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。 2．動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分： 一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語的作用 另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語等構(gòu)成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動作 1)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): (若動名詞的邏輯主語為無生命的東西,只用普通格) ① 物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動名詞(作主語、賓語、表語) ② 代詞賓格或名詞普通格+ 動名詞(作賓語、表語) 2)不定式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”構(gòu)成為：名詞／代詞（主格）＋不定式，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 eg: His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. （= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） 3)-ing形式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動詞的-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。可以表示時間，原因，條件，方式狀語 eg: Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （=時間狀語從句When everyone was ready） The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（=原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way） My health allowing, I will work far into the night. （=條件狀語從句If my health allows） 4)-ed形式“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing一樣，若-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg:The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. 注意二：動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進(jìn)行。 eg:1.)The manager looks worried，many things to settle.（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束） 2)The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進(jìn)行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的） 注意三：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，二是在邏輯主語是代詞的情況下;其他情況可以省略 eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。 (作賓語時, 通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)。Members like there to be plenty of choice.) eg: It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因為是星期日，所有辦公室都關(guān)門。 eg: He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. eg: School over, we all went home.（school和over之間省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home. eg: He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 注意四：在“邏輯主語+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里，如果名詞用單數(shù)，可以不用冠詞，同時介詞短語里的限定詞也可省略。 eg:The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.） 6、 with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞withwithout +賓語+賓語的補足語可以構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。 A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞 eg.He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open. B． with+名詞代詞+副詞 eg.Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語eg.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式eg.With his homework done, Peter went out to play. E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式eg.The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式 eg.The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 提示：在with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.（without不能省略） 考點八：有些分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習(xí)慣用法。（懸浮式分詞） 這些短語有：Generally speaking （總的說來），F(xiàn)rankly speaking （坦率地說），Judging from （從……判斷），Supposing （假設(shè)），admitting that…, supposing that…, provided (that)…, regarding, seeing that…, concerning that…, granted…, 有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式，表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest（老實說），to be sure （確實），to tell you the truth （說實話），to cut a long story short （長話短說），to be frank （坦率地說），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。