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附 錄A
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英文原文?:
Spindle system design
Introduction liftingmachine Come nearly thirty years, foreign elevator machinery parts has been rapid development. firsthoist motorthrough reducer drive reel system, laterappeared DCspeed motor DCmotor directdrive hoist cantilever installation. Until now, our country electriccontrol system minehoist rotor loop seriesmost metalresistance ACspeed regulation system, obsolete equipment, backward technology. Domestic hoisting machine safety, reliability, keypositions twohead deceleration section without supporting effective speed monitoring device, elevatorcontrol technology, old,compared foreigncountries, we put verybig difference.?
Lifting machine consists severalcomponents: spindle, winding mechanism, bearing mainbrake. basicpart. severalwinding mechanism, mostcommonly used structure singlecylindrical roller cylindricalroller. singlecylindrical roller, two steel ropes function platenwinding surface; firstrope from releasecorresponding surface anotherwire wrap. cylindricaldrum, ropearound uniquedrum, anymoment steelwire rope wrappedaround tworoller assembly halfwinding
Hoist second important parts windingmechanism mainshaft reducer.Speed reducer structure because itstype, use different. matterwhat type reducer,its basic structure shaftparts, box accessoriesthree major components. Shaft parts including transmission parts, shaft bearingassembly, bearing assembly includes bearing,bearing cover, sealing device adjustingwasher.?
Therefore, boxbody structure speedreducer performance, processing technology, material consumption, cost qualityhas great influence, designmust consideredcomprehensively. speedreducer betterperformance, grease,oil drainage, ventilation, lifting, check oillevel, check transmissionelement meshing, ensuring processingprecision easyassembly reducerbox often need setcertain devices boxdevice correspondinglocal structure reducerattachments manholecovers, ventilator, cursor, positioningpin plug, open coverscrew, lifting device, oil cup.Brake acts directly brakewheel brakedisc braking torque generated blocktype brake; fourthpart transmissionmechanism, brakingtorque part.According drivingenergy hydraulic,pneumatic fifthpart depth indicator protectiondevice, its use wellbore;sixth part operationplatform, brakehandlebar uniform set here,sometimes clutch hand lastpart; hoist hydraulic pneumaticequipment eachmachine necessary; hydraulicbrake transmission, machinelubrication, brakedevice.
In?coal?production,?mine?hoist?is?the?equipment?to?carry?coal,?gangue,?materials,?workers?and?equipments?along?the?rockshaft,?the?only?way?linked?underground?and?aboveground,?knownas?mine?throat.?Mine?hoist?is?a?large-scale?reciprocating?machinery?which?has?the?feature?of?own?big?inertia,?load?changes,?running?speed,?and?wide?range?et?al..?The?advantagesanddisadvantages?of?its?operating?performance,?not?only?directly?affect?the?normal?production?and?coal?production?efficiency,?but?also?relate?to?equipment?and?personal?safety.?Inrecent?years,?mine?hoist?failures?and?accidents?have?happened at?home?and?abroad?which?have?paid?a?heavy?price?to?coal?companies.?Therefore,?the?production?technology?and?safetyof?mine?hoist?are?higher,?and?its?mechanical?manufacturing?technology?and?electrical?control?technology?has?been?an?important research?area?to?the?international?machine?building?industry?and?the?electric?control?industry.?
Mine?hoist?mainly?includs?the?working?device,?control?system,transmission?system?and?drag,?protection?systems?and?other?components.?To?the?inherent?safety?mine?hoist?design,?mainlythemechanical?system,?control?system?and?monitor?system?is?the?major?part?to?considered.?The?traditional?method?of?product?has?long?design?cycle,?high?costs.?However,?the?virtual?prototype?technology?has?the?advantage?in?saving?the?design?cost,?shortening?the?design?circle,?by?using?the?method?of?modeling,?simulation?first?and?then?builds?the?physical?prototype.?Therefore,?the?virtual?design?is?the?developing?trends?of?mechanical?design.?In?mechanical?system?design,?the?application?of?virtual?prototype?is?used?to?design?mine?hoist,?not?only?speeded?up?the?design?process,?also?simulated?a?variety?of?conditions?to?the?virtual?prototype?to?discover?design?faults,to?improve?mine?hoist?performance.?Mine?hoistmechanical?system?is?composed?of?spindle,?roller,?reducer,?motor,?brakes?and?other?components.??
Mine?hoist?control?system?includes?start,?run,?brake,?etc.,?the?requirements?in?control?system?are:??
In?normal?hoist?operation,?participation?in?hoist?speed?control,?brake?the?hoist?when?reaching?the?destination,?known?asthe?service?braking;?
In?case?of?emergency,?can?quickly?slow?down?as?required,?brake?hoist,?to?prevent?the?expansion?of?the?accident,?that?is?the?safety?braking;?Participate?in?the?hoist?speed?controlwhen?decelerati;?To?double-roller?hoist,?should?brake?the?moving?roller?and?fix?roller?respectively?when?regulating?rope?length,?replacement?level?and?changing?rope,?so?that,?movingroller?would?not?move?when?spindle?rotates?with?the?fixed?roller.?
Most?of?mine?hoists?in?China?(more?than?70%)?use?the?traditional?electric?control?system?(tkd-a?as?the?representative).The?control?system?is?composed?of?relay?logic?circuits,?largeair?contactors,?tachometer?generator?etc.,?which?is?a?touch?control?system.?After?years?of?development,?tkd-a?series?of?electric?control?system?has?formed?its?own?characteristics,?but?its?shortcomings?are?obvious.?Its?electrical?circuit?is?too?complicated,?multi-line,?causing?hoist?parking?and?accidents?occurred?due?to?electrical?fault.?With?the?computer?and?digital?technology,?to?form?a?digital?hoist?control?system?ofPLC?has?become?possible.?PLC?control?system?has?high?controlprecision,?parameter?stability,?simple?hardware?structure,?self-diagnostic?capability?and?communication?networking?function.
附 錄B
外文翻譯：
主軸系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
提升機(jī)概論近三十年來(lái)，國(guó)外提升機(jī)機(jī)械部分都得到了飛速的發(fā)展。起初的提升機(jī)是電動(dòng)機(jī)通 過(guò)減速器傳動(dòng)卷筒的系統(tǒng)，后來(lái)出現(xiàn)了直流慢速電動(dòng)機(jī)和直流電動(dòng)機(jī)懸臂安裝直接傳動(dòng)的提升機(jī)。直到目前為止，礦井提升機(jī)電控系統(tǒng)大多數(shù)還是轉(zhuǎn)子回路串金 屬電阻的交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng).
提升機(jī)都由若干部分組成：主軸、纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)、軸承和主制動(dòng)器。這些便是基本部分。 纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)有好幾種，最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)是單圓柱形滾筒及雙圓柱形滾筒。對(duì)于單圓柱形滾筒， 兩根鋼絲繩功用一個(gè)滾筒纏繞面；第一根鋼絲繩自滾筒松開(kāi)而相應(yīng)地漏出的滾筒面由另 一根鋼絲繩纏上。對(duì)于雙圓柱形滾筒，沒(méi)根鋼絲繩都纏繞在特有的滾筒上，即在任何時(shí) 刻鋼絲繩都只是纏在兩支滾筒總纏繞面的一半上。在這種情形下，一個(gè)滾筒結(jié)實(shí)地固定 在主軸上，另一個(gè)則活套在主軸上，借助于離合器與主軸相連，以便在必須時(shí)可使二滾 筒作相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。滾筒相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的可能行使得提升設(shè)備的操作變得容易，因?yàn)榭梢匀菀椎?調(diào)節(jié)由于鋼絲繩彈性變形而逐漸伸長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)度。此外，還可以補(bǔ)償由于對(duì)鋼絲繩做周期性 的試驗(yàn)而截下的長(zhǎng)度。
提升機(jī)的重要部分為把電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)傳到安置有纏繞機(jī)構(gòu)的主軸上的減速 器。減速器結(jié)構(gòu)因其類型、用途不同而異。但無(wú)論何種類型的減速器，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)都是 由軸系部件、箱體及附件三大部分組成。軸系部件包括傳動(dòng)件、軸和軸承組合，軸承組 合包括軸承、軸承蓋、密封裝置以及調(diào)整墊片等。減速器箱體上用以支持和固定軸系零 件，保證傳動(dòng)件的嚙合精度、良好潤(rùn)滑及密封的重要零件。箱體質(zhì)量約占減速器總質(zhì)量 的50/%。因此，在箱體結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)減速器的工作性能、加工工藝、材料消耗、質(zhì)量及成本等 有很大影響，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須全面考慮。為了使減速器具備較完善的性能，如注油、排油、 通氣、吊運(yùn)、檢查油面高度、檢查傳動(dòng)件嚙合情況、保證加工精度和裝拆方便等，在減 速器箱體上常需設(shè)置某些裝置或零件，將這些裝置和零件及箱體上相應(yīng)的局部結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)稱 為減速器附屬裝置或簡(jiǎn)稱為附件。它們包括：視孔與視孔蓋、通氣器、游標(biāo)、放游螺塞、 定位銷、啟蓋螺釘、吊運(yùn)裝置、油杯等。
多繩摩擦式提升機(jī)的主要部件有主軸、主導(dǎo)輪、主軸承、車(chē)槽裝置、減速器、 度指示器、制動(dòng)裝置及導(dǎo)向輪等。主導(dǎo)輪表面裝有帶繩槽的摩擦襯墊。襯墊應(yīng)具有較高的摩擦系數(shù)和耐磨、耐壓性能,其材質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣直接影響提升機(jī)的生產(chǎn)能力、工作 安全性及應(yīng)用范圍。目前使用較多的襯墊材料有聚氯乙烯或聚氨基甲酸乙酯橡膠等。由 于鋼絲繩與主導(dǎo)輪襯墊間不可避免的蠕動(dòng)和滑動(dòng)，停車(chē)時(shí)深度指示器偏離零位，故應(yīng)設(shè) 自動(dòng)調(diào)零裝置，在每次停車(chē)期間使指針自動(dòng)指向零位。車(chē)槽裝置用于車(chē)削繩槽，保持直 徑一致，有利于每根鋼絲繩張力均勻。為了減少震動(dòng)，可采用彈簧機(jī)座減速器。?
?總之，不同的提升機(jī)用于不同的場(chǎng)合，根據(jù)環(huán)境，產(chǎn)量，設(shè)備的配套，進(jìn)行選擇。 這樣，合理的選擇才能更好的為礦業(yè)服務(wù)。提升機(jī)和提升絞車(chē)被廣泛應(yīng)用于礦山企業(yè)中升降人員和物料，而雙滾筒提升機(jī)和提升絞車(chē)要求有一調(diào)繩裝置，在需要調(diào)節(jié)提升鋼絲繩的長(zhǎng)度時(shí)，能使活動(dòng)滾筒與主軸分離,主軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，與固定滾筒產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。在正常提升時(shí)，能夠使活動(dòng)卷筒與主軸連成一 體，可靠的傳遞動(dòng)力。提升機(jī)和提升絞車(chē)對(duì)調(diào)繩離合器的基本要求是：接合平穩(wěn)、分離 徹底、動(dòng)作準(zhǔn)確、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、操縱省力、重量輕、強(qiáng)度大、壽命長(zhǎng)、調(diào)繩精度高。
在煤礦生產(chǎn)中，礦井提升機(jī)是沿著巖石豎井?dāng)y帶煤炭、煤矸石、材料、工人和其他設(shè)施的設(shè)備，豎井是唯一的和地上地下連接的方式，就是我們所知的煤礦的喉嚨。礦井提升機(jī)是一種具有的大慣性、負(fù)荷變化、運(yùn)行速度快等特征的大型往復(fù)式機(jī)械。它本身操作性能的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)不僅直接影響到正常的產(chǎn)量和煤炭生產(chǎn)效率,而且關(guān)系著設(shè)備和人身安全。近年來(lái)，在國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)生的礦用提升機(jī)失效和意外情況，已經(jīng)讓煤炭企業(yè)付出了沉重的代價(jià)。因此,生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和礦用提升機(jī)的安全性越高，那么它的機(jī)械制造技術(shù)與電氣控制技術(shù)就會(huì)成為一個(gè)國(guó)際機(jī)械建筑行業(yè)和電氣控制行業(yè)的重要研究領(lǐng)域。
礦井提升機(jī)主要包括工作裝置、控制系統(tǒng)、傳輸系統(tǒng)和阻力、保護(hù)系統(tǒng)以及其他組成部分。在本質(zhì)安全的礦井提升機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中，機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)是需要考慮的主要部分。
傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)方法周期長(zhǎng)、成本高。然而,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)通過(guò)采用建模、仿真，然后建立物理原型的方法從而有了節(jié)約設(shè)計(jì)成本、縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期的優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此,虛擬設(shè)計(jì)是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中，應(yīng)用虛擬樣機(jī)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)礦用提升機(jī)，不僅提高了設(shè)計(jì)速度，而且模擬了虛擬樣機(jī)的各種情況以發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤，提高設(shè)計(jì)、改善礦井提升機(jī)的性能。
礦井提升機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)包括啟動(dòng)、運(yùn)行、剎車(chē)等，控制系統(tǒng)的要求是：?在正常的提升機(jī)操作中，參與提升機(jī)的速度控制，到達(dá)目的地的時(shí)候制動(dòng)提升機(jī)，稱為制動(dòng)服務(wù)；萬(wàn)一發(fā)生緊急情況,可以根據(jù)要求快速慢下來(lái)，制動(dòng)提升機(jī)，以防止事故的擴(kuò)大，也就是安全制動(dòng)；在減速的時(shí)候參與提升機(jī)的速度控制；對(duì)于雙滾筒提升機(jī)，在調(diào)節(jié)鋼絲繩長(zhǎng)度、更換水平和變化的鋼絲繩時(shí)，應(yīng)該分別制動(dòng)活動(dòng)卷筒和固定卷筒。這樣以來(lái)，當(dāng)主軸隨固定卷筒一起轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，活動(dòng)卷筒就不能動(dòng)了。?
中國(guó)的大部分礦井提升機(jī)（70%以上）使用傳統(tǒng)的電氣控制系統(tǒng)(以TKD-A作為代表)。TKD控制系統(tǒng)由邏輯電路、大型空氣接觸器、轉(zhuǎn)速發(fā)電機(jī)等部分組成，是一個(gè)觸摸控制系統(tǒng)。經(jīng)過(guò)多年的發(fā)展，TKD-A系列電動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)形成了自身的特點(diǎn)，但其存在的缺陷顯而易見(jiàn)。其電路過(guò)于復(fù)雜、多線，由于電路故障使提升機(jī)造成停車(chē)和事故的發(fā)生。通過(guò)運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)字技術(shù)，形成一個(gè)數(shù)字化提升機(jī)的PLC控制系統(tǒng)已成為可能。PLC控制系統(tǒng)具有較高的控制精度、參數(shù)穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)單的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)、自診斷能力和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信功能。