安工大《國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)》重點(diǎn)總結(jié).doc
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documents against acceptance: D/A calls for delivery of documents against acceptance of the draft drawn by the seller. In D/A terms the collecting bank is permitted to release the documents to the buyer against acceptance of a bill of exchange. documents against payment: D/P calls for actual payment against the transfer of documents. In D/P terms, the collecting bank releases the documents to the buyer only upon full and immediate cash payment. offer: An offer is a promise conditioned on acceptance which, no matter whether from a seller or a buyer, must be communicated to the offeree and must clearly undertake a performance definite as to all essential terms. Counter offer is reply to an offer in which contains additions, limitations or other modifications. Counter offer is a rejection of the offer and therefore constitutes a new offer. Enquiry is a document issued by a party interested in the purchase of goods specified therein and indicating particular, desirable conditions regarding delivery terms, etc., addressed to a prospective supplier with a view to obtaining an offer. Acceptance: Acceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer. The multimodal transport document (MTD) is a document which evidences the combined transport contract and indicates that the multimodal transport operator shall take over the goods and shall be responsible for delivering the goods according to the clauses in the contract. Distribution is a kind of international trade forms that based on a certain agreement. The seller (the supplier) authorizes the rights of purchase, sale and allocation to the buyer (the distributor) within specific areas or regions and periods. Agency is dealing with a contractual relationship when an agent is authorized to act on behalf of another (called the principal) to create a legal relationship with the third party. Tender:Tender is a procedure to generate competing offers from different bidders looking to obtain business projects in works, supply, or service contracts under a contract. It includes two parts. One is invitation to tender, and the other is submission of tender. Auction:An auction is the process of buying and selling goods by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then selling the item to the winning bidder. International auction is a method of international trade, which is usually organized by special organizations, such as auction house. Transport packing is also called big or outer packing. It means that we put the individual or several commodities into container during the process of transport. Its main functions are to protect goods, and make the goods easy to store and ship. Selling packing is also called small or inner or immediate packing. It is mainly used to protect products, make the products convenient to use, and to promote sales. Fairs and sales is a trade means that combines the fair or exhibition with sales. The seller can sell goods on fairs or exhibitions. Bill of Lading is a document issued by a carrier which is evidence of receipt of the goods, and is a contract of carriage. It describes the goods, the details of the intended voyage, and it specifies the conditions of transportation. The more or less clause is a clause which stipulates that the quantity delivered can be more or less within certain extent. It is often used in the trading of agricultural or mineral products. The most commonly used way is allowing some percentage more or less. Neutral packing means that there is neither a name of origin, nor a name and address of the manufacturer, nor a trade mark, a brand, any word on the outer or inner packing of commodity. Brands Designated by the Buyer It refers to the packing that the goods should be packed according to the trademark and brand designated by the buyer. The shipping advice is a notice to the importer on summary of the shipment. The buyer may arrange the cargo insurance on time based on the shipping advice ( if buyer is to arrange the insurance) . Moreover, the buyer may know when to receive the goods and arrange with a customs broker for the cargo clearance. Documentary Credit means any arrangement acting at the request and on the instruction of a customer ( the “applicant”) to pay a determinable sum, provided that the terms and conditions are compiled with according to the documents. Please explain the main procedures in export business. For the exporter, the main procedures in export business include preparation of goods, arrangement for letter of credit, arrangement for transportation and insurance, applying for the inspection of goods before shipment, application for custom clearance, making documents and settlement of exporting proceeds. The seller prepare for the goods according to the time limit stipulated in the contract and in accordance with the latest date of shipment in L/C. If the buyer fails to establish the L/C, or it does not reach the seller in time, the seller can urge him to expedite opening the L/C. The seller must examine carefully the L/C to make sure that it is in conformity with the sales contract. After receiving the relevant L/C, the seller should contact the ship’s agents or the shipping company for booking shipping spaces and prepare for the shipment in accordance with the buyer’s shipping instruction. Then the seller would submit the documents to banks for negotiating before the maturity and presenting date of L/C. Please explain the main procedures in import business. For the importer, the importing business procedure covers applying for opening letter of credit, arrangement for transportation and insurance ( in case of FOB ),examination of documents and making payment, application for custom clearance, and inspection for importing cargos. Importer should open letter of credit according to the contract and make appropriate amendment if it is needed. Under FOB import contract, importer should fulfill his obligation to send ship or book space and accept goods at pointed place. Then importer’s bank would examine the documents and drafts according to the L/C, decide whether or not the bank will make the payment or make an acceptance against it. After the main steps mentioned above, the importer would take up the goods at the discharging place or at destination. Please explain the meaning and features of B/L. A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier which is evidence of receipt of the goods, and is a contract of carriage.Features of B/L: a receipt for goods, signed by a duly authorized person on behalf of the carriers; a document of title to the goods described therein, the holder can have the right to control goods; evidence of the terms and conditions of carriage agreed upon between the two parties. Please explain the meaning and characteristics of documentary L/C. Documentary Credit means any arrangement acting at the request and on the instruction of a customer ( the “applicant”) to pay a determinable sum, provided that the terms and conditions are compiled with according to the documents.)Characteristics of documentary L/C: the issuing bank takes primary liabilities for payment; L/C serves as self-sufficient instrument; L/C follows pure documents principle. Trade terms refer to the division of responsibilities between parties to a contract, by using abbreviation of English letters, between a buyer and a seller in a sale including selling prices, the payment of costs such as shipping, insurance and customs; the arrangement of the performance of these activities; and the determination of the transfer of title to goods. In a word, the use of trade terms considerably facilitates negotiation and signing of contracts. Trade terms clearly divide the costs, risks and responsibilities of buyers and sellers with regard to the movement of goods between both parties.Trade terms clearly set out the structure of price. l 請(qǐng)闡明Incoterms 2010 與Incoterms 2000的關(guān)系、Incoterms 2010中的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)與分類、Incoterms 2010的主要變化及意義 答:《2010年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010, 縮寫Incoterms 2010) 是國(guó)際商會(huì)根據(jù)國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,對(duì)《2000年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的修訂,2010年9月27日公布,于2011年1月1日實(shí)施。雖然Incoterms 2010于2011年1月1日正式生效,但是Incoterms2010實(shí)施之后并非Incoterms 2000就自動(dòng)作廢。因?yàn)閲?guó)際貿(mào)易慣例本身不是法律,對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易當(dāng)事人不產(chǎn)生必然的強(qiáng)制性約束力。國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例在適用的時(shí)間效力上并不存在“新法取代舊法”的說法,即2010實(shí)施之后并非2000就自動(dòng)廢止,當(dāng)事人在訂立貿(mào)易合同時(shí)仍然可以選擇適用Incoterms 2000甚至Incoterms 1990。(3分)《2010年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》共有11種貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ),按照所適用的運(yùn)輸方式劃分為兩大類:第一組:適用于任何運(yùn)輸方式的術(shù)語(yǔ)七種:EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。第二組:適用于水上運(yùn)輸方式的術(shù)語(yǔ)四種: FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。(3分)Incoterms 2010主要變化:術(shù)語(yǔ)分類的調(diào)整:由原來的EFCD四組分為適用于兩類:適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式和水運(yùn);貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的數(shù)量由原來的13種變?yōu)?1種;刪除了INCOTERMS2000中四個(gè)D組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ),即DDU、DAF、DES、DEQ,只保留了INCOTERMS2000D組中的DDP;新增加兩種D組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ),即DAT與DAP,即用DAP取代了DAF、DES和DDU三個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ),DAT取代了DEQ,且擴(kuò)展至適用于一切運(yùn)輸方式;修訂后的《2010年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》取消了“船舷”的概念,賣方承擔(dān)貨物裝上船為止的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn),買方承擔(dān)貨物自裝運(yùn)港裝上船后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn);在FAS,F(xiàn)OB,CFR和CIF等術(shù)語(yǔ)中加入了貨物在運(yùn)輸期間被多次買賣(連環(huán)貿(mào)易)的責(zé)任義務(wù)的劃分;考慮到對(duì)于一些大的區(qū)域貿(mào)易集團(tuán)內(nèi)部貿(mào)易的特點(diǎn),規(guī)定Incoterms2010不僅適用于國(guó)際銷售合同,也適用于國(guó)內(nèi)銷售合同;賦予電子單據(jù)與書面單據(jù)同樣的效力;增加對(duì)出口國(guó)安檢的義務(wù)分配;要求雙方明確交貨位置;將承運(yùn)人定義為締約承運(yùn)人等等。(7分)這些變化都在很大程度上反映了國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易的實(shí)踐要求,并進(jìn)一步與《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》及《鹿特丹規(guī)則》銜接。新的國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則必將進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,并有助于解決國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易中的糾紛。(2分) 試論F組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的共性和區(qū)別 F組中包括FCA、FAS、FOB三種術(shù)語(yǔ)。共同之處在于:按這些術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí),賣方都要負(fù)責(zé)按時(shí)將合同規(guī)定的貨物運(yùn)到約定的交貨地點(diǎn)交貨;從交貨地點(diǎn)至最終目的地的運(yùn)輸事項(xiàng)均由買方負(fù)責(zé)辦理,并承擔(dān)運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用;貨物在運(yùn)輸途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也均由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。(3分)不同之處:這三種術(shù)語(yǔ)的不同點(diǎn)是三者在交貨地點(diǎn),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、責(zé)任和費(fèi)用的劃分方面均有所區(qū)別。具體來講,F(xiàn)CA條件下,賣方只要在指定的地點(diǎn)將合同規(guī)定的貨物交給買方指定的承運(yùn)人或其代理人處置,即完成交貨義務(wù),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也就此轉(zhuǎn)移。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移后,與運(yùn)輸、保險(xiǎn)相關(guān)的責(zé)任和費(fèi)用也相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移。FAS 條件下,交貨地點(diǎn)是裝運(yùn)港,賣方在規(guī)定的時(shí)間將貨物交到約定的裝運(yùn)港買方指派船只的船邊,即完成交貨。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在船邊轉(zhuǎn)移給買方,運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用也由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。FOB條件下,賣方的交貨地點(diǎn)也在裝運(yùn)港,但賣方要在規(guī)定的時(shí)間將貨物交到買方指派船只的船上,方完成交貨義務(wù)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在貨物越過船舷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。辦理運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用也由買方承擔(dān)。 試論C組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的共性和區(qū)別 C組中包括CFR、CIF、CPT、CIP四種術(shù)語(yǔ)。共同之處在于:按這些術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí),賣方都要按時(shí)在出口國(guó)的約定地點(diǎn)完成交貨,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)于交貨時(shí)由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移給買方,但是賣方承擔(dān)的責(zé)任并未相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移后,賣方仍要承擔(dān)從交貨地點(diǎn)到目的地(港)的運(yùn)輸責(zé)任和費(fèi)用。就是說,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分的界限和責(zé)任費(fèi)用劃分的界限是相分離的,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移在先,責(zé)任費(fèi)用轉(zhuǎn)移在后。(3分)不同之處;這四種術(shù)語(yǔ)中,CFR和CIF的交貨地點(diǎn)均在裝運(yùn)港,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分也都以裝運(yùn)港船舷為界,但是,在責(zé)任和費(fèi)用的劃分方面,二者不同。CFR條件下,賣方負(fù)責(zé)辦理從裝運(yùn)港至目的港的運(yùn)輸,并支付運(yùn)費(fèi),但不負(fù)責(zé)海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)。CIF條件下,賣方除了承擔(dān)以上責(zé)任和費(fèi)用外,還要負(fù)責(zé)辦理海運(yùn)貨物保險(xiǎn),并支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。CPT和CIP的交貨條件不同于CFR和CIF。它們都是賣方在指定的交貨地點(diǎn)將貨物置于承運(yùn)人的控制之下完成交貨義務(wù),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也就此轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。二者的區(qū)別在于,CPT條件下,賣方負(fù)責(zé)訂立運(yùn)輸合同,將貨物自交貨地點(diǎn)運(yùn)到指定目的地,并支付運(yùn)費(fèi)。而采用CIP術(shù)語(yǔ),賣方除承擔(dān)上述責(zé)任和費(fèi)用外,還要負(fù)責(zé)辦理貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn),支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。 D組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ) D組包括的五種貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)中,除了DAF是在兩國(guó)邊境指定地點(diǎn)交貨外,其他四種術(shù)語(yǔ)都是在進(jìn)口國(guó)的目的港或目的地交貨,這就與前面各組術(shù)語(yǔ)有了明顯的區(qū)別。按照D組術(shù)語(yǔ)成交的合同稱到貨合同(Arrival Contract)。到貨合同是與裝運(yùn)合同(Shipment Contract)相對(duì)而言的,按照F組、C組術(shù)語(yǔ)成交的合同稱作裝運(yùn)合同,在裝運(yùn)合同下,賣方要支付將貨物按照慣常航線和習(xí)慣方式運(yùn)至約定地點(diǎn)所需的通常運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用,而貨物滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及貨物以適當(dāng)方式交付運(yùn)輸之后發(fā)生意外而導(dǎo)致的額外費(fèi)用,則由買方承擔(dān)。按D組術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí),賣方要負(fù)責(zé)將貨物安全及時(shí)地運(yùn)達(dá)指定地點(diǎn),包括邊境地點(diǎn)、目的港以及進(jìn)口國(guó)內(nèi)地,實(shí)際交給買方處置,才算完成交貨。賣方要承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)至該地點(diǎn)之前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用??梢?,D組術(shù)語(yǔ)條件下,賣方所承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要大于前面各組,特別是按照DDP術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí),賣方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物交到進(jìn)口國(guó)內(nèi)的約定地點(diǎn),承擔(dān)在此之前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、責(zé)任和費(fèi)用,其中包括辦理貨物出口和進(jìn)口的手續(xù)以及相關(guān)費(fèi)用。所以,作為賣方在對(duì)外成交時(shí),一定要認(rèn)真考慮該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)中可能會(huì)遇到的各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及可以采取的防范措施。另外,在打算采用DDP條件對(duì)外成交時(shí),賣方還應(yīng)考慮辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)有無困難,如果賣方不能直接或間接地取得進(jìn)口許可證,則不應(yīng)采用DDP成交。 試述發(fā)盤的有效期應(yīng)如何規(guī)定與掌握 發(fā)盤的有效期是指可供受盤人作出接受的期限。凡是發(fā)盤都是有有效期的,有的明確作出規(guī)定,有的不作明確規(guī)定。明確規(guī)定有效期的發(fā)盤,從發(fā)盤被送達(dá)收盤人時(shí)開始生效,到規(guī)定的有效期滿為止。不明確規(guī)定有效期的發(fā)盤,是指在一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)有效。(3分)在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中,明確規(guī)定有效期的方法主要有兩種:①規(guī)定最遲接受的期限;②規(guī)定一段接受的時(shí)間。按《公約》規(guī)定,發(fā)盤人在電報(bào)或信件中訂立的一段接受時(shí)間,從電報(bào)交發(fā)時(shí)刻或信上載明的發(fā)信日期起算。發(fā)盤人用電話、電傳或其他可立即傳到對(duì)方的形式發(fā)盤,并訂立一段接受期限,則從發(fā)盤到達(dá)收盤人時(shí)起算。對(duì)于沒有明確規(guī)定有效期的發(fā)盤,應(yīng)理解為在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)有效。一段合理的時(shí)間究竟是多長(zhǎng)與買賣貨物的性質(zhì)密切相關(guān)。凡是有關(guān)買賣貨物在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上市價(jià)頻繁波動(dòng)的,發(fā)盤有效的合理時(shí)間應(yīng)理解為短一些,而對(duì)于市價(jià)比較穩(wěn)定的貨物,合理時(shí)間可理解為較長(zhǎng)些。 最新貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用策略 (1) 恰當(dāng)選擇適合水運(yùn)方式的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)1. FOB,CFR和CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下,貿(mào)易雙方應(yīng)自行商定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的具體界限。2. 若貿(mào)易貨物為危險(xiǎn)品、重大件或其它特殊貨物,承運(yùn)人通常不愿在裝船前接受此類貨物。此時(shí)若買方愿意承擔(dān)運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用,則買賣雙方可約定選擇 FAS術(shù)語(yǔ),但若為集裝箱貨物時(shí),此時(shí)可選擇 FCA 術(shù)語(yǔ)。3.若買方具有較強(qiáng)的議價(jià)能力,且愿意租船訂艙并承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用時(shí),可適當(dāng)選擇使用 FOB 術(shù)語(yǔ)。4.中國(guó)賣方應(yīng)爭(zhēng)取使用 CIF或 CFR 術(shù)語(yǔ)。(二)恰當(dāng)選擇適合所有運(yùn)輸方式的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)1. 若賣方欲將其責(zé)任僅限于在其所在地或另一指定地點(diǎn)將貨物置于買方處置之下,而不承擔(dān)任何其他義務(wù),包括不承擔(dān)或無須承擔(dān)出口清關(guān)手續(xù)和費(fèi)用時(shí),可考慮使用 EXW 術(shù)語(yǔ)。2. 若賣方愿意自行辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)并承擔(dān)相關(guān)費(fèi)用,且在出口國(guó)指定地點(diǎn)將貨物交給買方指定的承運(yùn)人處置時(shí),可考慮使用FCA 術(shù)語(yǔ)。3. 若買方所在地不是港口,且賣方欲掌握運(yùn)輸途中的貨物控制權(quán),并承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)至目的地的運(yùn)費(fèi)時(shí),可考選擇使用 CPT 術(shù)語(yǔ)。4.若貿(mào)易貨物為大宗商品,如散裝或液體原料等,賣方欲在目的地指定地點(diǎn)交貨,并愿意承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)至該地點(diǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用,但不承擔(dān)目的地的卸貨費(fèi)時(shí),可考慮選擇 DAP 術(shù)語(yǔ) 。在DAP術(shù)語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)上,若賣方還愿意承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)至目的地并從運(yùn)輸工具上卸貨產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用時(shí),可考慮選擇 DAT 術(shù)語(yǔ)。5. 若貿(mào)易雙方之間距離較近,且有直達(dá)運(yùn)輸工具,賣方無須或愿意承擔(dān)貨物進(jìn)口報(bào)關(guān)手續(xù)及關(guān)稅時(shí),可考慮選擇 DDP 術(shù)語(yǔ) 。 案例分析 l 某公司按CIF London向英國(guó)出口一批季節(jié)性較強(qiáng)的貨物,雙方在合同中規(guī)定:買方須于9月底將信用證開到,賣方保證運(yùn)貨船只不得遲于12月2日駛抵目的港。如貨輪遲于12月2日抵達(dá)目的港,買方有權(quán)取消合同。如貨款已收,賣方須將貨款退回買方。問:如此簽約是否正確? 答:在國(guó)際貿(mào)易買賣中,確定合同的性質(zhì)是至關(guān)重要的。采用什么樣的價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ),即屬于什么樣的合同性質(zhì)。因?yàn)閮r(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)本身就規(guī)定了買賣雙方的有關(guān)責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)界限的劃分。但若合同的其他條款又規(guī)定了與這種價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)完全不同或有抵觸的條款,那么有關(guān)這一價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)的慣例解釋就完全不適用該合同,甚至被認(rèn)為是無效。在本案例中,在CIF價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)下竟限定“到貨日期”,這就與CIF價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)所賦予的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)界限劃分的本意相悖。按CIF來說,是裝運(yùn)港交貨,貨物越過船舷后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均由買方負(fù)責(zé),與賣方無關(guān)。如果限定“到貨日期”則成了賣方要承擔(dān)越過船舷后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其次,CIF是“憑單交貨”,只要賣方提供齊全、正確的運(yùn)輸單據(jù),買方則不能拒收單據(jù),拒付貨款,而該合同竟規(guī)定:如運(yùn)貨船只不能如期到達(dá),買方將收回貨款。這實(shí)際上成了“貨到付款”,成了“目的地交貨”,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)全部在賣方,而買方幾乎沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。該合同在一些主要條款上已與CIF價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)的本意相悖,盡管名義上是按CIF成交,但不是CIF合同性質(zhì)。應(yīng)重新確定價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ),否則對(duì)賣方來講,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大,極有可能貨款兩空?! ? l 我出口企業(yè)對(duì)意大利某商人發(fā)盤限10日復(fù)到有效,9日意商人用電報(bào)通知我方接受該發(fā)盤,由于電報(bào)局傳遞延誤,我方于11日上午才收到對(duì)方的接受通知,而我方在收到接受通知前獲悉市場(chǎng)價(jià)格已上漲,對(duì)此,我方應(yīng)如何處理? 答:中國(guó)與意大利都是《公約》的締約國(guó),該案雙方洽談過程中,均未排除或作出任何保留,因此,雙方當(dāng)事人均應(yīng)受《公約》的約束。按《公約》規(guī)定,如果載有逾期接受的信件或其他書面文件表明,他是在傳遞正常條件下能及時(shí)傳達(dá)到發(fā)價(jià)人的情況下寄發(fā)的,則該逾期接受具有接受效力,除非發(fā)盤人毫不遲延地用口頭或書面通知被發(fā)盤人,他認(rèn)為發(fā)盤已失效。據(jù)此,我方于11日收到的接受電報(bào)屬因傳遞延誤而造成的逾期接受。因此,如我方不能同意此項(xiàng)交易,應(yīng)立即復(fù)電通知對(duì)方:我方原發(fā)盤已經(jīng)失效。如我方鑒于其他原因。愿意按原發(fā)盤達(dá)成交易,訂立合同??苫仉姶_認(rèn),也可不予答復(fù),予以默認(rèn)。 l 一廠商出口一批重型機(jī)械,合同中的價(jià)格條件為安特衛(wèi)普船上交貨(DES Antwerpen),支付方式為不可撤銷的保兌信用證。信用證上規(guī)定,賣方要提供商業(yè)發(fā)票和由買方簽發(fā)的已在安特衛(wèi)普提貨的證明。不久,貨物按期裝運(yùn),船到安特衛(wèi)普后,買方卻不來提貨。這樣,賣方由于未得到買方的提貨證明,也就無法憑此向銀行交單取得信用證項(xiàng)下的該筆貨款。后經(jīng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)一年多的磋商談判,賣方雖然獲得了補(bǔ)償,但仍然遭受了很大的損失。賣方為此曾請(qǐng)教過國(guó)際商會(huì)和國(guó)際貿(mào)易方面的專家,對(duì)跟單信用證業(yè)務(wù)收取貨款的可靠性產(chǎn)生懷疑,認(rèn)為憑借不可撤銷的保兌信用證仍不能取得貨款,說明跟單信用證方式存在嚴(yán)重缺陷。請(qǐng)做分析。 答:此案例并不能說明跟單信用證業(yè)務(wù)本身存在嚴(yán)重缺陷,而只能說明賣方在審查和接受信用證時(shí)存在著不當(dāng)之處。賣方之所以不能得到貨款,是由于賣方?jīng)]有提交符合信用證規(guī)定的全套單據(jù)。賣方未能得到買方的提貨證明,是問題的關(guān)鍵所在。(4分)在通常的信用證業(yè)務(wù)中,出口商在完成貨物裝運(yùn)之后,向銀行提交符合信用證規(guī)定的單據(jù),如提單、匯票、發(fā)票、檢驗(yàn)證書、保險(xiǎn)單、產(chǎn)地證明書等,就能順利議付。因?yàn)槌隹谏淘谕隄M履行合同之后,他自己就能從有關(guān)方面取得這些單據(jù)。然而在本例中,信用證規(guī)定要求出口商提供買方簽發(fā)的提貨證明,這一條對(duì)賣方極為不利。因?yàn)樵撎嶝涀C明要由買方來簽發(fā),這樣,賣方向銀行提交全套合格單據(jù),取得貨款的控制權(quán)由買方掌握著,買方制約著賣方。通常把這樣的信用證稱為“軟條款”欺詐信用證。所謂“軟條款”就是指信用證上規(guī)定將某些單據(jù)由開證申請(qǐng)人或其代理來控制的條款,這樣的“軟條款”,由于對(duì)收取貨款沒有保障,受益人是決不應(yīng)該接受的。 l 1996年我國(guó)某銀行收到一國(guó)外銀行開來的信用證,證內(nèi)規(guī)定:金額為10萬美圓,單價(jià)為100美圓/公噸CIF紐約,數(shù)量為1000公噸。信用證內(nèi)對(duì)金額和數(shù)量既未規(guī)定“約(about)”或允許多或少于x%(with x% more or less),也沒有規(guī)定其它限制性條款。該信用證的受益人在裝運(yùn)出口時(shí),實(shí)際裝貨為995公噸。在這種情況下,國(guó)外開證銀行拒絕付款。請(qǐng)問該如何處理? 答:對(duì)于這種情況,銀行沒有拒絕付款的權(quán)利。相反,受益人有權(quán)要求銀行按995公噸付款。根據(jù)UCP500第39條b款規(guī)定:凡是信用證內(nèi)對(duì)金額和數(shù)量既未規(guī)定有伸縮度,也未規(guī)定限制性條款,在付款總額不超過信用證總額的條件下,貨物數(shù)量準(zhǔn)許在增減5%的限度內(nèi)伸縮。在本案中,信用證規(guī)定的數(shù)量為1000公噸,而實(shí)際交貨為995公噸,兩者相差5公噸,相當(dāng)于規(guī)定數(shù)量的5‰,完全未超過UCP500所規(guī)定5%的波動(dòng)幅度。只要其他各項(xiàng)條件符合信用證規(guī)定,開證行無權(quán)拒付。受益人可據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)。 FOB術(shù)語(yǔ)項(xiàng)下,賣方的基本義務(wù)(1)在合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間或期限內(nèi),在裝運(yùn)港、按照習(xí)慣方式將貨物交到買方指派的船上,并及時(shí)通知買方;(2)自負(fù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用,取得出口許可證或其他官方批準(zhǔn)文件。在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí),辦理貨物出口所需的一切海關(guān)手續(xù);(3)負(fù)擔(dān)貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過船舷為止的一切費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(4)自付費(fèi)用提供證明貨物已交至船上的通常單據(jù)。如果買賣雙方約定采用電子通訊,則所有單據(jù)均可具有同等效力的電子數(shù)據(jù)交換(EDI)信息所取代。 l 我國(guó)以CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)向美國(guó)出口一批貨物,貨物交運(yùn)前賣方及時(shí)投保了一切險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn),貨物在馬六甲海峽附件遭遇海盜搶劫,部分貨物被搶走。試分析說明: (1)被搶走的貨物屬于什么海損?為什么?(2)應(yīng)該由買方還是賣方向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠?為什么? (3)保險(xiǎn)公司是否應(yīng)該賠償?為什么? 答:(1)被搶走的貨物屬于部分海損中的單獨(dú)海損。因?yàn)檎浳镏皇艿讲糠謸p失,因此是部分海損,因?yàn)樨洆p直接由風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素造成,不是救助造成,因此屬于單獨(dú)海損。(2)應(yīng)該由買方向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠。因?yàn)樵贑IF術(shù)語(yǔ)下,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移點(diǎn)在裝運(yùn)港,案例中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)歸于買方,索賠應(yīng)該由買方辦理。(3)保險(xiǎn)公司應(yīng)該賠償。因?yàn)橥侗A藨?zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn),戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)中包括海盜搶劫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 l A向B發(fā)盤,發(fā)盤中說:“供應(yīng)50臺(tái)拖拉機(jī),100匹馬力,每臺(tái)CIF香港3500美元,訂立合同后兩個(gè)月裝船,不可撤銷即期信用證付款,請(qǐng)電復(fù)?!盉收到發(fā)盤后,立即電復(fù)說:“我接受你的發(fā)盤,在訂立合同后立即裝船?!钡獳未作任何答復(fù)。問雙方的合同是否成立?為什么? 答:A與B之間的合同并未成立。(2分)因?yàn)?(1)合同成立必須是一方發(fā)盤另一方作出有效接受。(2)而B的接受并非有效接受,因A在原發(fā)盤中規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)日期是:“訂立合同后兩個(gè)月裝船”。而B在接受中把它變?yōu)椤坝喠⒑贤罅⒓囱b船”。對(duì)裝船日期的變更視為實(shí)質(zhì)性變更。實(shí)質(zhì)性變更是對(duì)發(fā)盤的拒絕構(gòu)成還盤。(3)即使A不作任何答復(fù),合同也是不成立的。 l A國(guó)商人將從別國(guó)進(jìn)口的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)賣,向B國(guó)商人發(fā)盤,B國(guó)商人復(fù)電,接受發(fā)盤,同時(shí)要求提供產(chǎn)地證。兩周后,A國(guó)商人收到B國(guó)商人開來的信用證,正準(zhǔn)備按信用證規(guī)定發(fā)運(yùn)貨物,卻獲商檢機(jī)構(gòu)通知,因該貨非本國(guó)產(chǎn)品,不能簽發(fā)產(chǎn)地證。經(jīng)電請(qǐng)B國(guó)商人取消信用證中要求提供產(chǎn)地證的條款,遭到拒絕,引起爭(zhēng)議。A國(guó)商人提出,其對(duì)提供產(chǎn)地證的要求從未表示同意,依法無此義務(wù),而B國(guó)商人堅(jiān)持A國(guó)商人有此義務(wù)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)《公約》的規(guī)定,對(duì)此案作出裁決。 答:A國(guó)與B國(guó)均為《公約》締約國(guó),由于雙方對(duì)《公約》的適用未作排除和保留,本案應(yīng)按《公約》規(guī)定處理。(2)A商在收到B商對(duì)其發(fā)盤作出附加條件的接受時(shí),未提出任何異議,即接受有效。因?yàn)榻邮苤械母郊訔l件屬于非實(shí)質(zhì)性的添加、限制和更改,且A商人沒有在不過分遲延的時(shí)間內(nèi)表示反對(duì)。A商應(yīng)負(fù)有提供產(chǎn)地證的義務(wù)。(3)B商已根據(jù)其接受條件開立信用證,A商接受信用證后,又未提出異議,并準(zhǔn)備履行信用證的規(guī)定交貨,后因商檢機(jī)構(gòu)不能出證才要求取消提供產(chǎn)地證的義務(wù)。這與B商無關(guān),構(gòu)成A商違約。 l 某進(jìn)出口公司以CIF鹿特丹出口食品1000箱,即期信用證支付,貨物裝運(yùn)后,憑已裝船清潔提單和已投保一切險(xiǎn)及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)單,向銀行收妥貨款,貨到目的港后經(jīng)進(jìn)口人復(fù)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)下列情況:(1)該批貨物共有10個(gè)批號(hào),抽查20箱,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中2個(gè)批號(hào)涉及200箱內(nèi)含沙門氏細(xì)菌超過進(jìn)口國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(2)收貨人只實(shí)收998箱,短少2箱。(3)有15箱貨物外表情況良好,但箱內(nèi)貨物共短少60公斤。根據(jù)以上情況,進(jìn)口人應(yīng)分別向誰(shuí)索賠? 答:對(duì)于進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中的損失進(jìn)行索賠,首先要分清責(zé)任,然后根據(jù)責(zé)任確定索賠對(duì)象進(jìn)行索賠工作。第(1)種情況應(yīng)向賣方索賠,因?yàn)樵b貨物有內(nèi)在缺陷。第(2)種情況應(yīng)憑提單向承運(yùn)人索賠,因承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)清潔提單,在目的港應(yīng)如數(shù)交足貨物。第(3)種情況可以向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠,屬保險(xiǎn)單責(zé)任范圍以內(nèi)(一般附加險(xiǎn)中的“短量險(xiǎn)”:保險(xiǎn)人承擔(dān)所承保貨物的數(shù)量和重量發(fā)生短少的損失)。但如進(jìn)口人能舉證原裝數(shù)量不足,也可以向賣方索賠。 l 我某公司與外商按CIF條件簽訂一筆大宗商品出口合同,合同規(guī)定裝運(yùn)期為8月份,但未規(guī)定具體開證日期。外商拖延開證,我方見裝運(yùn)期快到,從七月底開始,連續(xù)多次催外商開證。8月5日,收到開證的簡(jiǎn)電通知,我方因怕耽誤裝運(yùn)期,即按簡(jiǎn)電辦理裝運(yùn)。8月28日,我方才收到信用證證實(shí)書,該證實(shí)書對(duì)有關(guān)單據(jù)作了與合同不符的規(guī)定。經(jīng)辦人審證時(shí)未予注意,交銀行議付時(shí),銀行也未發(fā)現(xiàn),開證行即以單證不符為由,拒付貨款。你認(rèn)為,我方應(yīng)從此事件中吸取哪些教訓(xùn)? 答:(1)規(guī)定裝運(yùn)期時(shí)應(yīng)考慮將裝運(yùn)期和開證日期有機(jī)銜接起來。(2)審證時(shí),應(yīng)依據(jù)合同進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的核對(duì)與審查,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,影響我方安全收匯時(shí),必須要求國(guó)外客戶通過開證行進(jìn)行修改后才能對(duì)外發(fā)貨。 l .我國(guó)某出口企業(yè)以CIF紐約與美國(guó)某公司訂立了200套家具的出口合同。合同規(guī)定某年12月交貨。11月底,我企業(yè)出口商品倉(cāng)庫(kù)發(fā)生雷擊火災(zāi),致使一半左右的出口家具燒毀。我企業(yè)以發(fā)生不可抗力事故為由,要求免除交貨責(zé)任,美方不問意,堅(jiān)持要求我方按時(shí)交貨。我方無奈經(jīng)多方努力,于次年1月初交貨,美方要求索賠。 試分析:(1)我方要求免除交貨責(zé)任的要求是否合理?為什么?(2)美方的索賠要求是否合理?為什么? 答:(1)本案中,我方遭受了出口商品倉(cāng)庫(kù)發(fā)生雷擊火災(zāi),致使一半左右的出口家具燒毀,屬于不可抗力事故,我方可以發(fā)生不可抗力事故為由,向?qū)Ψ教岢鲅悠诼男泻贤囊螅荒芴岢鼋獬贤囊蟆?2)美方的索賠要求不合理。因?yàn)?,既然發(fā)生了不可抗力事故,且已備好的貨物—半被 燒毀。這必然影響我方的交貨時(shí)間。另外,不可抗力是一項(xiàng)免責(zé)條款,可免除遭受不可抗力 事故一方不能如期履約的責(zé)任。美方應(yīng)考慮實(shí)際情況同意延期履行合同。因此,美方的索賠要求是不合理的。- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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