SY-025-BY-2
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書
學(xué)生姓名
院系
汽車與交通
工程學(xué)院
專業(yè)、班級(jí)
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
職稱
講師
從事
專業(yè)
車輛工程
是否外聘
□是□否
題目名稱
自卸車的設(shè)計(jì)
一、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）目的、意義
自卸車是一種特殊的料斗可傾翻的短途輸送物料的車輛。車身上安裝有一個(gè)“斗”狀容器，可以翻轉(zhuǎn)以方便卸貨。適用于建筑、水利、筑路、礦山等作混凝土、砂石、土方、煤炭、礦石等各種散裝物料的短途運(yùn)輸，動(dòng)力強(qiáng) 自卸車勁，通常有機(jī)械回斗功能。根據(jù)不同的施工作業(yè)要求，目前自卸車正朝一機(jī)多用的方向發(fā)展，能快速換裝起重、推土、裝載等多種工作裝置，使之具有多功能、高效率的特點(diǎn)。隨著我國(guó)建設(shè)的發(fā)展，對(duì)自卸車的需求越來(lái)越大。進(jìn)行相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)，可以解決供需矛盾，可以培養(yǎng)正確的研究方法、理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的工作作風(fēng)、嚴(yán)肅求實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，鍛煉使用工具軟件的能力，提高綜合設(shè)計(jì)的能力。
二、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求（研究方法）
（1）自卸車不同結(jié)構(gòu)形式的比較；
（2）對(duì)汽車二類底盤進(jìn)行參數(shù)確定；
（3）對(duì)車廂等主要部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)；
（4）對(duì)液壓舉升機(jī)構(gòu)等部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)；
外形尺寸(mm) 6850,6998×2495×2920
總質(zhì)量(Kg) 7330
整備質(zhì)量(Kg) 4145
最高車速(km/h) 80
三、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）完成后應(yīng)提交的成果
全部圖紙均要求計(jì)算機(jī)CAD繪圖；合計(jì)圖量A0 3張以上；提交設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書1份，字?jǐn)?shù)大于1.5萬(wàn)字；符合規(guī)范要求；
四、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)度安排
（1） 第1、2周調(diào)研、資料收集，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告
（2） 第3周對(duì)比自卸車的不同結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
（3） 第4-5周對(duì)所收集的材料進(jìn)行整理，完成汽車二類底盤的計(jì)算
（4） 第6-9周開(kāi)始用軟件進(jìn)行繪圖撰寫說(shuō)明書
（5） 第10周完善設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容，并完成大部分圖紙
（6） 第11-13周完成主要設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)行預(yù)答辯
（7） 第14-16周設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書修改及完善
（8） 第17周畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯
五、主要參考資料
[1] 尹雄武. 輕型自卸車舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 專用汽車 , 2003, (05)
[2] 廖芳, 王承. 基于虛擬樣機(jī)與有限元技術(shù)的自卸車舉升機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造 , 2005, (03)
[3] 潘公宇, 張英. 自卸運(yùn)輸車舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 工程機(jī)械 , 1996, (12)
六、備注
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SY-025-BY-2
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
學(xué)生姓名
院系
汽車與交通工程學(xué)院
專業(yè)、班級(jí)
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
職稱
講師
從事
專業(yè)
車輛工程
是否外聘
□是否
題目名稱
Design of dump truck
一、課題研究現(xiàn)狀，選題的目的、依據(jù)和意義
自卸車，是指通過(guò)液壓或機(jī)械舉升而自行卸載貨物的車輛。由自卸車底盤、舉升機(jī)構(gòu)總成、液壓系統(tǒng)總成、鎖緊機(jī)構(gòu)總成、大箱總成5大塊組成。根據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)模式的不同還分為6X4，8X4以及半掛自卸車。根據(jù)用途的不同還分為礦用自卸車，用于運(yùn)輸煤礦，沙石的環(huán)衛(wèi)綠化自卸車，用于運(yùn)輸垃圾的垃圾自卸車等。根據(jù)車廂翻動(dòng)的方向還有前舉式和側(cè)翻式自卸車。目前還有雙向側(cè)翻自卸車，主要應(yīng)用于建筑工程。自卸車是專用車的一個(gè)重要組成部分。
近年來(lái)，我國(guó)專用汽車企業(yè)引進(jìn)消化吸收國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)。努力自主創(chuàng)新，使得自身能力得到快速提升，縮短了與世界先進(jìn)水平的差距；同時(shí)，更加重視市場(chǎng)調(diào)研和合作開(kāi)發(fā)市場(chǎng)急需和性能更先進(jìn)的產(chǎn)品。專用汽車領(lǐng)域就呈現(xiàn)出多樣性、復(fù)雜性和專用性等特點(diǎn)。微機(jī)控制技術(shù)、無(wú)線通信技術(shù)數(shù)字化視頻技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，滿足了用戶多層次需求。我國(guó)道路及運(yùn)輸業(yè)快速發(fā)展，促進(jìn)運(yùn)輸車輛加速向廂式化、重型化、專用化方向發(fā)展；節(jié)能減排和燃油稅改革，使專用車向大噸位、節(jié)能、輕量化發(fā)展步伐加快。鋁合金、不銹鋼材料罐體、廂體，機(jī)電氣液微電子一體技術(shù)，GPS等在專用車上的應(yīng)用大大增強(qiáng)了專用車的附加值和技術(shù)含量，使與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距進(jìn)一步縮短。普通廂式車、罐式車、半掛列車、自卸車等為日益增長(zhǎng)的公路貨運(yùn)量和貨物周轉(zhuǎn)量的完成立下了“汗馬功勞”。
（1）課題研究現(xiàn)狀：
美國(guó)是專用汽車發(fā)展最早的國(guó)家之一。專用汽車的生產(chǎn)是美國(guó)汽車工業(yè)的重要組成部分。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，美國(guó)1986年生產(chǎn)貨車l 593 489輛，其中專用汽車的產(chǎn)量為934 690輛，專用汽車的產(chǎn)量占貨車產(chǎn)量的58％。美國(guó)9～11．8t的中型貨車的保有量中，專用汽車占2／3以上，美國(guó)的掛車生產(chǎn)70年代平均年產(chǎn)掛車已達(dá)15萬(wàn)輛左右(約占9 t以上載貨車產(chǎn)量的40％左右)，大部分為專用掛車。美國(guó)的掛車主要集中在富荷掛車公司及其它四個(gè)較大掛車制造企業(yè)生產(chǎn)，其產(chǎn)量占全國(guó)總產(chǎn)量的85％。歐洲的專用汽車主要是重型專用汽車，且絕大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品為不同規(guī)格尺寸和不同承載量的低貨臺(tái)貨車、掛車和半掛車，最多的是適宜運(yùn)輸建筑機(jī)械的最大總質(zhì)量為30t或40t的低貨臺(tái)貨車。歐洲的大部分專用汽車生產(chǎn)廠家集中在德國(guó)，1979年原西德掛車產(chǎn)量達(dá)15.1萬(wàn)輛，占載貨車產(chǎn)量的51％，占專用汽車產(chǎn)量的87％。原蘇聯(lián)自1966年以來(lái)，汽車工業(yè)有較大的發(fā)展，但貨車在總產(chǎn)量中的比例卻在下降(50年代占81％，60年代占69％，80年代占35％)，不過(guò)專用汽車在貨車保有量中的比例卻逐年上升(50年代占5％，60年代占27％，70年代占42％，80年代占44．9％)。綜上所述，近年來(lái)，世界各國(guó)都大力發(fā)展專用汽車生產(chǎn)，致力于專用汽車的研究，擴(kuò)大汽車使用范圍，以利于各種貨物的運(yùn)輸。國(guó)外主要工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的專用汽車社會(huì)保有量占載貨汽車保有量的比率都在50％以上?；旧夏苓_(dá)到60％到80％。
專用汽車在國(guó)外不只是占很大一份比例，它的生產(chǎn)組織形式也呈現(xiàn)多樣化發(fā)展，基本上概括為以下四種：(1)主機(jī)廠(即汽車集團(tuán)、汽車公司或工廠)；設(shè)分公司或分廠生產(chǎn)專用汽車。主要生產(chǎn)本廠基本車型改裝的專用汽車。(2)專用汽車廠；從底盤廠購(gòu)買底盤，裝配自己生產(chǎn)的專用汽車。(3)非汽車公司組織專用汽車生產(chǎn)。(4)用戶兼營(yíng)；有些專用汽車生產(chǎn)運(yùn)輸公司購(gòu)買一些普通汽車底盤改裝為自己所需的專用汽車。但其結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單、數(shù)量也不大。未來(lái)國(guó)外專用車的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)也可概括為以下五點(diǎn)：(1)專用汽車重型化趨勢(shì)。近年來(lái)，國(guó)外專用汽車的產(chǎn)量明顯以重型居多，其原因主要是重型專用汽車經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好和重型車功率大、強(qiáng)度高，有中、小型專用車無(wú)法替代的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。隨著物流的龐大和公路的高級(jí)化，以及特殊作業(yè)的需要，重型專用汽車在國(guó)外得到迅速發(fā)展。(2)列車化趨勢(shì)。為了提高散裝水泥車的卸料能力，為提高遠(yuǎn)距離散運(yùn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，散裝水泥車的列車化正在成為今后的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。(3)一車多用化的趨勢(shì)。為提高專用汽車的適應(yīng)性，以滿足各種特殊需要，有趨勢(shì)表明國(guó)外正在謀求專用汽車的一車多用化，使專用車功能由單一向多功能發(fā)展。(4)專用底盤專業(yè)化趨勢(shì)。日本豐田等大汽車公司的專用底盤均已實(shí)現(xiàn)系列化、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。近年來(lái)，國(guó)外不少汽車廠專門從事專用汽車底盤生產(chǎn)，尤其重視專用底盤的系列化、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，滿足專用車的特殊需要。(5)新材料、新技術(shù)和微電腦的應(yīng)用趨勢(shì)。近年來(lái)，國(guó)外專用汽車廠家逐步重視新材料、新技術(shù)在專用汽車上的應(yīng)用。
（2）選題的依據(jù)：
我國(guó)專用汽車的生產(chǎn)是從60年代初開(kāi)始，在軍用改裝車輛、消防改裝汽車的基礎(chǔ)上逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)。70年代，一些專用汽車生產(chǎn)廠根據(jù)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門的不同需要，形成了自己的產(chǎn)品特色，逐步成為某一門類專業(yè)汽車生產(chǎn)的骨干企業(yè)。如生產(chǎn)半掛車的漢陽(yáng)特種汽車制造廠、生產(chǎn)粉罐汽車的武漢專用汽車廠、生產(chǎn)冷藏汽車的鎮(zhèn)江冷藏汽車廠等。80年代，隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，專用汽車得到了較大的發(fā)展，在汽車行業(yè)中形成了獨(dú)立的專用汽車行業(yè)。專用汽車行業(yè)經(jīng)歷了近30年的發(fā)展，已具有一定的規(guī)模，特別是1983年以后的10年，專用汽車的發(fā)展一直保持較高的速度，年平均增長(zhǎng)率在24％以上。
如今的專用車應(yīng)用了很多高新技術(shù)，大大提高了運(yùn)輸與裝卸效率，節(jié)約了勞動(dòng)成本。而且它能在減少汽車運(yùn)輸途中的貨損、貨差和提高安全性方面有著顯著成效。發(fā)展專用汽車生產(chǎn)能擴(kuò)大汽車的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，增加汽車的工業(yè)產(chǎn)出，為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。所以它變得非常重要。我國(guó)專用汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和國(guó)外其他國(guó)家相比較而言有很大不同：1)集團(tuán)化發(fā)展?jié)u趨明顯。專用汽車行業(yè)也由分散趨向集中，走集團(tuán)化道路。各大集團(tuán)公司都設(shè)立了專用汽車的管理部門 。2)專用汽車產(chǎn)品正向調(diào)整生產(chǎn)組織結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、向規(guī)模化趨勢(shì)發(fā)展，專用汽車的生產(chǎn)集中度增加。我國(guó)的專用車還有以下特點(diǎn)：(1)重型化。國(guó)內(nèi)在運(yùn)輸和各作業(yè)領(lǐng)域使用的專用汽車明顯以重型居多。這是因?yàn)橹匦蛙嚱?jīng)濟(jì)效益好、功率大有利于綜合利用。(2)輕型化。小(或輕)型適于走街穿巷。隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，城市需要大量的生活用車、環(huán)衛(wèi)用車、醫(yī)療用車、市政用車等各種輕型專用汽車。(3)“四高”。專用汽車在適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)發(fā)展需求的同時(shí)，隨著材料的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，在不斷提高專用汽車產(chǎn)品的檔次。開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)“四高”(即高水平、高技術(shù)、高質(zhì)量、高附加值)的專用汽車，以滿足國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需求，替代進(jìn)口，使專用汽車產(chǎn)品的出口具有一定的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，能夠讓我國(guó)自主品牌的專用汽車走向國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。
舉升汽車是利用本車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓舉升機(jī)構(gòu)，將其車廂傾斜一定角度卸貨，并依靠車廂自重使其復(fù)位的專用汽車。舉升汽車按其用途可分為兩大類：一類屬非公路運(yùn)輸用的重型和超重型(裝載質(zhì)量在20t以上)自卸汽車。主要承擔(dān)大型礦山、水利工地等運(yùn)輸任務(wù)，通常是與挖掘機(jī)配套使用。這類汽車也稱為礦用自卸汽車。它的長(zhǎng)度、寬度、高度以及軸荷等不受公路法規(guī)的限制，但它只能在礦山、工地上使用。另一類用于公路運(yùn)輸用的輕、中、重型(裝載質(zhì)量在2～20 t)普通舉升汽車。它主要承擔(dān)砂石、泥土、煤炭等松散貨物運(yùn)輸，通常是與裝載機(jī)配套使用。某些舉升汽車是針對(duì)專門用途設(shè)計(jì)的，故又稱專用自卸汽車。如：擺臂式自裝卸汽車、自裝卸垃圾汽車等。按運(yùn)載貨物傾卸方向分為：后傾式、側(cè)傾式、三面傾式和底卸式舉升汽車；按車廂欄板結(jié)構(gòu)分為：欄板一面開(kāi)啟式、欄板三面開(kāi)啟式和簸箕式(即無(wú)后欄板)舉升汽車。
（3）選題的目的與意義
隨著國(guó)內(nèi)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)需要不斷增加，自卸車近年來(lái)一直保持較高產(chǎn)銷量。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，自卸車在中重型卡車市場(chǎng)需求量上約占百分之四十的份額，并在專用車綜合產(chǎn)量中保持第一位置，成為卡車市場(chǎng)的兵家必爭(zhēng)之地。自卸車的騰飛為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展做出了不可磨滅的貢獻(xiàn)。自卸車能夠快速興起的主要原因是固定資產(chǎn)投資強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)，巨大的投資規(guī)模奠定了自卸車市場(chǎng)需求基礎(chǔ)；舉升汽車品種增加，不僅適應(yīng)和滿足施工需求，同時(shí)還能向運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)發(fā)展，可以讓它成為運(yùn)輸業(yè)的主力車型；
但是，如今我國(guó)的自卸車在種類、型式、材料運(yùn)用方面與國(guó)外還有一定的差距。所以就需要我們進(jìn)行研究，使其得到更好的完善與發(fā)展。選擇本課題充分考慮了研究課題對(duì)車輛工程專業(yè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和工作的指導(dǎo)作用，能夠使學(xué)生了解專用汽車改裝設(shè)計(jì)方法，通過(guò)本課題的研究學(xué)生可以完成理論課程的實(shí)踐總結(jié)，獲得一定的工程設(shè)計(jì)工作方法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。進(jìn)行相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)，可以解決供需矛盾，培養(yǎng)正確的研究方法、理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的工作作風(fēng)、嚴(yán)肅求實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，鍛煉使用工具軟件的能力，提高綜合設(shè)計(jì)的能力。對(duì)學(xué)生的作用是不可言喻的。
二、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的基本內(nèi)容,擬解決的主要問(wèn)題
運(yùn)用CAD繪圖，結(jié)合所學(xué)的汽車構(gòu)造和汽車設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)，對(duì)自卸車這種專用汽車進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，使其結(jié)構(gòu)更合理，性價(jià)比更合適。體現(xiàn)汽車設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，主要解決以下問(wèn)題：
（1）自卸車不同結(jié)構(gòu)形式的比較；通過(guò)研究比較出不同結(jié)構(gòu)的自卸車所具有的不同特點(diǎn)。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，不同結(jié)構(gòu)的自卸車各自優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。各種不同自卸車又應(yīng)用于哪些領(lǐng)域等。
（2）對(duì)汽車二類底盤進(jìn)行參數(shù)確定；通過(guò)給定的要求參數(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能用于現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中的自卸車設(shè)計(jì)方案。要求能夠符合現(xiàn)實(shí)需求，并且能夠最大限度的滿足性價(jià)比的要求。
（3）對(duì)車廂等主要部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)；能夠繪出各部件的CAD圖。設(shè)計(jì)的各部件均要求運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，工作可靠。對(duì)一些可能的工作異常要做出預(yù)測(cè)，故障維修要提出相應(yīng)解決措施。
（4）對(duì)液壓舉升機(jī)構(gòu)等部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)；能夠分析常見(jiàn)的液壓舉升機(jī)構(gòu)故障，了解油泵的工作原理，分析可能泄露的原因。
三、技術(shù)路線（研究方法）
通過(guò)網(wǎng)上搜索、圖書閱覽電子資料搜集相關(guān)資料，對(duì)比自卸車的結(jié)構(gòu)形式
根據(jù)給定數(shù)據(jù)初步選擇二類底盤
對(duì)東風(fēng)自卸車的液壓舉升機(jī)構(gòu)和車廂等
部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)
進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
應(yīng)用CAD軟件對(duì)自卸車的重要組成部件進(jìn)行繪制，使其符合生產(chǎn)要求。
初步審核，查找不足之處，修改設(shè)計(jì)方案
再次復(fù)核，最終確定設(shè)計(jì)方案，完成東風(fēng)自卸車設(shè)計(jì)
四、進(jìn)度安排
（1） 第1、2周調(diào)研、資料收集，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告
（2） 第3周對(duì)比自卸車的不同結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
（3） 第4-5周對(duì)所收集的材料進(jìn)行整理，完成汽車二類底盤的計(jì)算
（4） 第6-9周開(kāi)始用軟件進(jìn)行繪圖撰寫說(shuō)明書
（5） 第10周完善設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容，并完成大部分圖紙
（6） 第11-13周完成主要設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)行預(yù)答辯
（7） 第14-16周設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書修改及完善
（8） 第17周畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯
五、參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 過(guò)學(xué)迅，鄧亞?wèn)|.汽車設(shè)計(jì)[M].人民交通出版社.2005，（08）
[2] 徐達(dá)，蔣崇賢.專用汽車結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京大學(xué)出版社.2000，（05）
[3] 葉南海.自卸車油缸位置的改進(jìn)[J].專用汽車. 2000，（05）
[4] 唐應(yīng)時(shí)，李陽(yáng)，何友朗.自卸車車架的靜動(dòng)態(tài)計(jì)算分析[J].專用汽車.2006，（01）
[5] 李萍，匡西友. 一種新型雙側(cè)卸貨自卸車[J].專用汽車，2002，（03）
[6] 趙立軍,劉濤. 一種多角度自卸車的設(shè)計(jì)[J].專用汽車，2003，（05）
[7] 尹雄武.輕型自卸車舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J].專用汽車，2003，（05）
[8] 肖永清.EQ3090自卸汽車液壓系統(tǒng)常見(jiàn)故障檢修[J].汽車與配件，2000，（03）
[9] 廖芳, 王承. 基于虛擬樣機(jī)與有限元技術(shù)的自卸車舉升機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造 , 2005, (03)
[10] 潘公宇, 張英. 自卸運(yùn)輸車舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 工程機(jī)械 , 1996, (12)
[11] 陳家瑞. 汽車構(gòu)造（第二版）[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 ,2005
[12] 蔡興旺. 汽車構(gòu)造與原理[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 , 2004
[13] 肖生發(fā). 汽車工程學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[M]. 北京：人民交通出版社 , 2002
[14] David Gartman ，Publisher Routledge，Auto Opium: A Social History of American Automobile Design[J].1994，（10）
[15] Jonathan Bell ，Publisher Rotovision ，Concept Car Design: Product Design[J] 2003
六、備注
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)：
簽字： 年 月 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目: 東風(fēng)自卸車的改裝設(shè)計(jì)
院 系 名 稱: 汽車與交通工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 班 級(jí): 車輛工程B07-2
學(xué) 生 姓 名: 賀巍
導(dǎo) 師 姓 名: 呂德剛
開(kāi) 題 時(shí) 間:
指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)審查意見(jiàn)：
簽字： 年 月 日
摘 要
自卸車，是指通過(guò)液壓或機(jī)械舉升而自行卸載貨物的車輛。由自卸車底盤、舉升機(jī)構(gòu)總成、液壓系統(tǒng)總成、鎖緊機(jī)構(gòu)總成、大箱總成5大塊組成。本次設(shè)計(jì)主要包含有車廂，取力器，液壓缸，整車布置等內(nèi)容。選擇本課題充分考慮了研究課題對(duì)車輛工程專業(yè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和工作的指導(dǎo)作用，能夠使我們了解專用汽車改裝設(shè)計(jì)方法，通過(guò)本課題的研究我們可以完成理論課程的實(shí)踐總結(jié)，獲得一定的工程設(shè)計(jì)工作方法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。進(jìn)行相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)，可以解決供需矛盾，培養(yǎng)正確的研究方法、理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的工作作風(fēng)、嚴(yán)肅求實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，鍛煉使用工具軟件的能力，提高綜合設(shè)計(jì)的能力這次設(shè)計(jì)為我們了解專用車帶來(lái)了很大的好處，通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)我們知道了專用車的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和舉升樣式等知識(shí)，對(duì)我們以后的工作有很大的益處。
關(guān)鍵詞：東風(fēng)自卸車；自卸車；專用汽車；專用車設(shè)計(jì)；舉升機(jī)構(gòu)；液壓系統(tǒng)；
ABSTRACT
Dump truck, is also called the car to through the hydraulic or mechanical lifting and unloading goods to the vehicle. By dump of lifting mechanism of assembly, chassis, hydraulic system assembly, locking mechanisms assembly, big box of five large assembly. This design mainly contains the car, take the force, the hydraulic cylinder, the arrangement of the whole car, etc. Choose this topic full consideration of the research on vehicle engineering students to study and work guidance, can make us understand special automobile refitting design method, through this topic research we can complete theory course the practice, access to certain engineering design work methods and experience. Related design, can solve the contradiction between supply and demand, the research methods, cultivate correct theory with practice work style, serious realistic learning attitude, exercise the ability of tool use software, improve the overall design of the ability for us to understand this design has brought great benefits a., through the design we know the special structure of the form and lifting style and etc, to our knowledge later work to have the very big profit.
Keywords: dongfeng skip; Equipments; Special vehicle; Special automobile design; Lifting mechanism; Hydraulic system;
II
目 錄
摘 要 III
ABSTRACT
第1章 緒 論 7
1.1 課題的研究現(xiàn)狀 7
1.2 選題的目的與實(shí)際意義 8
1.3 國(guó)內(nèi)外自卸汽車的發(fā)展概況 9
1.4主要研究?jī)?nèi)容 11
1.5本章小結(jié) 11
第2章東風(fēng)自卸車主要性能參數(shù)確定 12
2.1整車尺寸參數(shù)的確定 12
2.1.1自卸車的分類 12
2.1.2自卸車的結(jié)構(gòu) 12
2.2整車尺寸參數(shù)的確定 15
2.3質(zhì)量參數(shù)的確定 17
2.4其它性能參數(shù) 18
2.5本章小結(jié) 19
第3章 自卸車車廂的結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì) 20
3.1舉升汽車車廂的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 20
3.1.1車廂的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 20
3.1.2車廂選材 21
3.2車廂的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范及尺寸確定 21
3.2.1車廂尺寸設(shè)計(jì) 21
3.2.2車廂內(nèi)框尺寸及車廂質(zhì)量 22
3.3車廂板的鎖啟機(jī)構(gòu) 23
3.4 本章小結(jié) 24
第4章 自卸舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 25
4.1自卸舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇 25
4.1.1舉升機(jī)構(gòu)的類型 25
4.1.2自卸汽車傾卸機(jī)構(gòu)性能比較 30
4.2舉升機(jī)構(gòu)受力分析與參數(shù)選擇 32
4.3 本章小結(jié) 36
第5章 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 37
5.1液壓系統(tǒng)工作原理與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 37
5.1.1工作原理 37
5.1.2液壓系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)布置 38
5.1.3 液壓分配閥 39
5.2油缸選型與計(jì)算 40
5.3取力器的選擇 46
5.4本章小結(jié) 48
第6章 副車架的設(shè)計(jì) 49
6.1 主車架的改裝 49
6.1.1 主車架的鉆孔和焊接 49
6.1.2 主車架的加長(zhǎng)設(shè)計(jì) 50
6.1.3 主車架加強(qiáng)板的設(shè)計(jì) 50
6.2 副車架的設(shè)計(jì) 51
6.2.1 副車架的截面形狀及尺寸 51
6.2.2 加強(qiáng)板的布置 52
6.2.3 副車架的前端形狀及安裝位置 53
6.2.4 縱梁與橫梁的連接設(shè)計(jì) 54
6.2.5 副車架與主車架的連接設(shè)計(jì) 55
6.2.6 副車架的強(qiáng)度校核 57
6.3本章小結(jié) 58
結(jié) 論 59
參 考 文 獻(xiàn) 60
致 謝 61
附 錄A 62
2
黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
附 錄A
1.An overview of the Autodumper
Special Autodumper use this vehicile motor-powered the hydraulic lift up the engine, the car at the angle, and rely on the importance of the recovery of private Autodumper.
From the bus in its purposes may be divided into two categories of the road transport : Such a heavy load and heavy (20t quality in the car. the above).
Mainly for large construction projects for mining, transport, usually with excavator for the use of this kind of car. the mining has also known as the car.Its length, width, height, and the netherlands, etc from the highway code restrictions. But ,it can only be used in mining, the site. Another class is used for road use of light, medium and heavy load quality (in 2 ～ 20 t) from the ordinary car. It is mainly responsible for sazaraishi, earth, the coal for transporting goods are often loosely, with supporting loader. The car is for some special purpose, and called from the private car. as : the car from the loading and unloading, loading and unloading the bus, etc. fig. 1 for surface from the structure of the car.
Ordinary the car from the branch with the quality is divided into :light from the bus, since the medium and heavy loads to carry the car ；The direction of the goods into the side of the type, "and" three sides and the bottom of the joint from the car to car;Tailgate structure : a column into the open expression, column three, opening and he will winnow his style (that the tailgate) from the bus.
With the internal infrastructure needs to increase production in recent years has remained Autodumper higher production sales volume, the general's special motor vehicle output in the first place, but in the types and type, materials, the use and have a certain gap.Since the car continued to grow rapidly and sale is over the cargo to the first. The main reason is that the growth and huge investment in fixed assets investment scale established Autodumper ; Since its foundation in market demand of the car, not only to satisfy the demand, and to lead the development of transport market ; Kept fast growth and has become a long road transport vehicles the main.
2. Autodumper features outlined.
Special Autodumper and the difference is mainly adapted for a special feature of the coat, can fulfil certain specific functions and operations. Thus the design of, except to meet the basic model of car for performance, specialized functions to meet the requirements of this form its own characteristics, as follows :
Autodumper designed many special use of chassis on the ground in the modified .The design of the first need to know about foreign cars products, especially the production conditions, the chassis and supply sources, the selling price and other related materials, etc. And to design proper Autodumper functions and performance indicators in a match and power output, drive size, shape, it is quality, the acquisition cost analysis and comparison ,Preferred a ground as a private car chassis Autodumper modified the design of the movement.You can choose to a better car, be able to design a better use of premises. Autodumper.
For not immediately to adopt two or three type of chassis chassis for a special Autodumper, it should try to use the car assembly and the component design to shorten the product development cycle and to improve the reliability of the product.
Special Autodumper the design of the major work is the general layout and design work is suited to ensure that private functions to meet its performance requirement, should also consider the basic chassis not be affected. where necessary, May be appropriate to the chassis some performance indicators, to meet some special job performance. The device for special Autodumper variety and quantity of production of a little special Autodumper design should consider product seriation, according to user needs and soon the product variante. The special Autodumper parts of the design, should the " trivoltine ", the maximum use, or choose the difficult parts of the product has been to minimize self-control. For special Autodumper to make a design, should follow the singleton or a small quantity of production at the possibility of a worker Special Autodumper to work in some of the core components and assemblies of fuel pump, and, pump, valves, presser and different from professional manufacturer of the special Autodumper preferred the performance of the special operations, major decisions in these parts of the performance and reliability.
In the ordinary car on a chassis and chassis special Autodumper is probably with the original design is different, so for some important both to school. sufficient strength of the nuclear.
Special Autodumper design should meet the motor vehicle highway traffic safety and regulations for some particular, such as heavy traffic a trailer, the field, the airport passenger wide-bodied aircraft , should be as specific work of the environment of the special vehicles for processing.
Some special Autodumper may be in a bad environment, the use of the condition is complicated, we need to understand and grasp countries and sectors of the norms and standards, the special Autodumper good adaptability. Work is to set up a security device.
In summary, special Autodumper design has its own characteristics and demands, to meet the car design for .At the same time to get good Autodumper can. this requires the car and special work reasonably well, that constitutes a coherent whole. The basic and specialized capabilities are adequate.
The car from the special kinds of complicated in structure, use, face, short waiting for the development phase, therefore dedicated from the car's designers have .To have knowledge in car design ability. Also to master the various specialized Autodumper work of the principles and design calculations. In addition, special Autodumper designers also need to users and market dynamics have a full understanding of this design of the performance and advanced in the market in use readily marketable satisfy users.
3. The domestic private Autodumper outlined the development of the status .
The domestic private Autodumper development outlined in recent years china's economic status quo with the rapid development of automobile industry for national industry was a rapid development. Special from the car as an important part of the car industry, and got fast development. the other hand, with gradual implementation of policies for industries and the industry standard and policies, standards and regulations on the policy to regulate the production, increase the technological level and quality ;On the other hand, as china's urban construction and high-speed railway construction, construction of highways and road transportation has developed rapidly. To our special Autodumper provide a lot of market demand and special Autodumper product range is extensive and more reasonable, product quality and technology continued to increase output, and hiked.
Our country from the private car started in the 1950s the early 1960s, the main focuses on application. Though application earlier, but the overall development of the 1980s, the developed countries in thirty years later. after 20 years, china has dedicated Autodumper of a certain scale, especially in recent years, our dedicated Autodumper developed rapidly. according to statistics, national data in 1999, from private Autodumper 546 by private enterprises, Autodumper 6282006 has been enlarged to 800 home ; Productivity has seen considerable expansion in production for 174.2 thousands, 2004 to 2005 350 thousands, for half a million, 2006 and 2007 is nearly 600 thousands a more reached their 700 thousands. At present, our dedicated Autodumper alongside of the total of about 40 ％ has nearly 5,000 product varieties Has become an important part of china automobile industry. Iit is estimated that the sectors, our dedicated Autodumper product will reach 6 thousands of products, output of cars, alongside 900000 in the production of 65%.
In addition, our dedicated Autodumper products and developed countries and regions of the product is basically Autodumper compare near, though in some respects and developed countries and regions of similar products in a certain gap. But ,on the whole our special Autodumper industry in the international private Autodumper in occupy an important position, basically has participated in the international market competition. Product varieties, htn, processes, equipment, and have greatly improved. basic to import to export from the change. The five-year period, the purchased of a restructuring enterprises, many smes through the changeover, merging and restructuring, the business sector basically changed. Most of the enterprise has complete purchased the product development system. few products have reached advanced international standards. Undoubtedly, our dedicated Autodumper also a serious problem, if not resolved these issues in the very large extent, affect our own healthy development of private car industry. First, research and development ability, with the quality of phenomenon. the present division Autodumper, trailer, the purchased motor van for large quantities, other technical content of purchased are mostly small batches range of products, tap new products and technical transformation into a large, achieved results very slow, and small, most companies lack of funds, do not want to make long-term investment and use the simple process equipment, the product quality have no guarantee that the quality of product to a greater increase. Shortage of funds, technology, more likely to put on a way, most businesses are counterfeit foreign, then each other with the quality of that phenomenon is very serious. Secondly, the use of chassis. The country is basically a firm manufacturing special Autodumper the chassis, more than 800 home country's special motor vehicle manufacturers to produce various kinds of special Autodumper, most was in the ordinary alongside the chassis basis as in these enterprises, most of the movement for a modified production of small and medium-sized enterprises, our mechanized low level, the product quality, and developed countries have very big gap, the situation greatly constrain our development. Special Autodumper.Third, the irrational structure. at present, china's special motor vehicle market share of 40% of all alongside, and 70% of the developed country's special motor vehicle market share, there is still a gap. Now foreign goods purchased in such light, medium and heavy proportion is three four three yahweh. yahweh the present only three to five, yahweh yahweh medium-sized purchased much less heavy. The products purchased the irrational structure and growing diversification, personalization user needs the most impressive scaling. Fourth, industry concentration is lower, private production enterprises Autodumper not professional and dedicated Autodumper production, and there are about the status quo. A product with a few dozens or even hundreds of companies, enterprises and production and many kinds of products ;And the developed countries, a product of the three? five enterprises producing enterprises, most of the products production. in contrast, our dedicated Autodumper industry concentration is lower, private production enterprises are not professional Autodumper. Fifth, the special unit of development and manufacture special Autodumper to limit the level of greater. our special Autodumper special device key fittings.The general standard is not high, such as hydraulic, pump, valves, control and wait for it is not reached a height of skill, still needs to import and this restricts the high level of development and production. special Autodumper. Finally, domestic private Autodumper with the advanced countries have the technology gap.In the united states, for example, usually a 48 (14m), the amount of the two shafts 20t motor van a trailer, the vehicle at 7t importance, and translated into our present standard 13m long axis motor van second half of the trailer, a heavy about 6t ;And are usually 13m second shaft motor van a feeling of the trailer 8t. if the axis of more than half of the trailer was the same kind of restriction and the united tractor trailer motor van in full will be our vehicle more than about the goods unloaded 2t about the revival of 2t a light, the fuel for car, tyres losses are considerable impact of transport, the advanced economy to be self-evident.
Purchased in the manufacturing industry is attached to the undercarriage on the basis of a large and small, variety, science and technology content of high quality, and vo- vehicle operation close contact with. But vo- vehicle operation the development of the movement's special motor vehicle was purchased meet the needs of diversification and specialization, can satisfy the users and market demand and directly affect vo- vehicle operation the chassis of the market.So vendors and users purchased vo- vehicle operation the request should be given special attention to the development of market demand purchased the chassis. How to satisfy users vo- vehicle operation development and market demand, should be purchased from the following considerations :
First, and purchased the manufacturer for adapting to the technical exchanges and understanding of one part of the special performance requirements, specifications and requirements for private development movement.
Second, a full understanding of purchased using the environment and conditions of some components on the corresponding improvements to meet specific conditions and conditions.
Third, the influential's special motor vehicle business and technology exchanges, the user to hear different views and requires continuous upgrading and development, or purchased the chassis.
Fourth, watching the movements, the purchased of the development of international and domestic market demand and develop high technology and high added value special Autodumper, narrow the gap and preemptive the international market.
Our special Autodumper the trend of the special Autodumper
The mainstream of the market will be concentrated in the urban construction and services and transportation and management of high-grade highways two plates and special Autodumper development would render the following major trend :
1) Products. the varieties, the developed countries such as german special Autodumper. Variety of Autodumper have over 6000 franchises across from the present demand, germany, japan, britain, is also entirely by market and the user needs for production. The special autodumper universality and professional services, the purchased much strain. According to statistics, our country has been a special Autodumper 228 1553, a variety of different trades. The characteristics of specific items, there is also different. special Autodumper market in many organizations exist side by side of the situation, thereby forming the market diversification, for the production enterprise with a broad space for development.
2) Heavy, and the large number of statistical data. in recent years, heavy truck market sales from 2002, the engine power for most 205kw (280hp) in the following the rapid growth in the car engine power, the 480,000 in ～ 257kw most 205 leaving350hp) (280 degrees, especially heavy truck card chassis fully support the trend of the heavy, purchased large development trend. Road improvement in terms of development and transportation for road transport of containers, this created favourable conditions, at the same time, for large tonnage and large, the extensive application of the special Autodumper provide great space. experts predict that, "sectors, the transport vehicles such as heavy, motor van car, tractor and trailer motor van and container transport, for half a trailer, insulation in refrigerated vehicles will be the hero.
3) Light. new material and the adoption of new technology to lighten the weight and improve the efficiency and facilitate and promote china's special Autodumper Technical progress and close the gap between the product is definitely important. Europe and america's special motor vehicle for aluminium alloy steel body and material, full of the application has been more than twenty years, the japanese enterprises have also purchased a coat in the application of light aluminium alloy, material and the material of industry in our country's special Autodumper application in its infancy. This means that our dedicated Autodumper products will also towards that direction, only a quantitative the speed of development are different conditions vary.
Our special Autodumper is in the light and quantitative aspects, the united states and japan companies had very big gap, because our special Autodumper levels of consumption is still relatively low ; the domestic transport companies to save on transport costs, and assiduously overload, and didn't realize overload itself may significantly increase of traffic in three bkc bunker charges; be some areas of governance overload enough.
Therefore, promote the use of quantitative Autodumper light, the relevant departments to intensify tax administration, reforms, we should lead a user to buy a product of the economy good measure.
4) Motor van and cities. the special Autodumper new materials for light-weight vehicles.Promoting motor van transport has been on the tenth five-year plan, has been recognized as the industry. in particular the development of a trailer and set motor van put the boot of a trailer has become a logistics enterprises are the main forces of the model.As the people's living standards increase, and put the boot of a trailer will gradually become our development direction in the future. however, the world business magnates were entering the chinese market, the supermarket are everywhere, light motor van car will be increasing demand, City dedicated Autodumper new materials for light-weight vehicles the trend has appeared.
5 ） High technology and high added value. As the economy of the trend of development constitute a change, the market for special Autodumper variety of the demand will be the appropriate framework change. Common demand from the car will continue to improve the infrastructure, and gradually reduce motor van a trailer service and for the city traffic demand will greatly increase. At the same time, competitive market trend, the product cost increases, the labor-intensive products in price competition advantages will be further weakness, with technical innovation is the replacement of economic growth will become a special Autodumper industry new economic growth mode. In addition, markets for high technology products of high added value of the demand greatly increased, this trend to increase the purchased enterprise development of high-tech and high added value of products. , Electricity, gas, liquid, the microelectronics integration technology and technology in the gps applications can be purchased considerably added value of purchased products and technology content. Pundits predict the future, a period, and a large number of applications, and our products and special Autodumper the cost advantage for the domestic exports Autodumper.
6) Humanization, security and energy. Special Autodumper the chassis design more humanized it is considered, including drivers, for better working conditions; is allowed to personalize the capability parameter. as society advances, the technological level, The design of the security and to ensure the safety of the drive to become a designer will consider the question, in addition, the parking brake, basic security measures, through the provision of the functional monitoring system and integral side through the system, and adopt electronic control, hydraulic and mechanical three separate set of brake system and greatly improve the reliab