備戰(zhàn)2018年高考英語(yǔ) 考點(diǎn)一遍過(guò) 專題43 閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)題（含解析）

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1、 考點(diǎn)43 閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)題 高考頻度：★★★★★ 歷年來(lái)高考試題中的生詞量有增無(wú)減。《教學(xué)大綱》要求學(xué)生“讀懂生詞率不超過(guò)3%的傳記、故事、記敘文、科普小品文和有關(guān)社會(huì)文史知識(shí)等不同題材的材料?！痹谟⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中的生詞障礙往往會(huì)成為學(xué)生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類：1．舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我們學(xué)過(guò) course的意

2、思是“過(guò)程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文 course是汽車賽舉行的地方，可推斷 course在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3．“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語(yǔ)境才能正確理解；4．“新鮮”的外國(guó)人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景5．超綱生詞。 有的學(xué)生在閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中存在著“生詞恐懼心理”，一遇到生詞就有讀不下去的感覺(jué)。那么閱讀理解時(shí)遇到大量生詞該怎么辦? 查詞典當(dāng)然

3、是排除詞義障礙的一種方法，當(dāng)然這只有在平常的閱讀訓(xùn)練中才可以使用。但是，頻繁的查閱詞典既影響閱讀速度，又容易破壞學(xué)生閱讀的思路和興趣。況且，一詞多義是英語(yǔ)詞匯的主要特點(diǎn)，詞典不一定能為學(xué)生提供單詞在特定的上下文中的具體或確切的含義。平時(shí)的練習(xí)中遇到生詞不要馬上查詞典，可以通過(guò)一定的方法來(lái)猜測(cè)理解。猜測(cè)詞義不僅是一項(xiàng)閱讀技巧，也是高考閱讀能力考查的一個(gè)方面，每年在高考閱讀中都有猜測(cè)詞義的試題。掌握正確方法快速而又準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)出生詞的含義，對(duì)提高閱讀速度和答題效率相當(dāng)重要。 該類題常見(jiàn)的考查形式有： 1. The phrase “…”in the sentence could be replac

4、ed by ____. 2. The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ____. 3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean? 4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”? 5. The word “…” most nearly means ____. 對(duì)此類試題，考生應(yīng)該進(jìn)行大膽猜測(cè)，但這種猜測(cè)不是

5、胡亂的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的猜測(cè)詞義的方法供同學(xué)們加以運(yùn)用。 1．構(gòu)詞法猜詞 閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。掌握構(gòu)詞法對(duì)猜測(cè)詞義很有幫助。如：unforeseeable.這個(gè)詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是詞根，fore是“先，前，預(yù)”的含義，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能預(yù)見(jiàn)到的”意思。 …Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they

6、’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” … 70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means . A. value B. result C. performance D. connecti

7、on 【答案】B 2．利用同義近義詞猜詞 在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推知生詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞語(yǔ)或短語(yǔ)在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它的大致詞義。 …Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the t

8、heorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. … 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of t

9、he word “baffle” as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit people’s imagination. 【答案】B 【解析】由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具有數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled處于同等的并列關(guān)系，根據(jù)這一信息可以推

10、出baffle表示“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。 3．利用反義詞猜詞 對(duì)比是描述，說(shuō)明事物的常用方式。在對(duì)比中，對(duì)比的事物是互為相反的，因此根據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞來(lái)說(shuō)明生詞的意義，如反義詞hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。 …A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth

11、 Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. … 74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? A. A party designed by specialists. B. A plan requiring careful thought. C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble. D. A demand made by guests. 【答案】C 4．利用上下文語(yǔ)境猜詞 任何一篇文章

12、中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，是閱讀過(guò)程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年來(lái)高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。 （2017·新課標(biāo)卷I）… To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity

13、. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. 33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube.

14、 B. The still. C. The hole. D. The cup. 【答案】B 5．利用定義和解釋猜詞 有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來(lái)猜測(cè)這些詞的意思。釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對(duì)生詞以定語(yǔ)（從句）、表語(yǔ)甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明的方式。 “Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (農(nóng)藥), and you

15、 are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow the

16、ir organic food business. 62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text? A. Growing interest in organic food. B. Better quality of organic food. C. Rising market for organic food. D. Higher prices of organic food. 【答案】A 【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number o

17、f shoppers buying something可以推斷出，越來(lái)越多的顧客像Gold一樣開(kāi)始購(gòu)買有機(jī)食物，其實(shí)也就是對(duì)這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越濃厚的興趣。答案為A。 6．根據(jù)語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞 有時(shí)文章的作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，會(huì)用一些含有表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，副詞或短語(yǔ)。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我們可以根據(jù)

18、轉(zhuǎn)折意思猜測(cè)詞義。 …However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. … 71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_____”. A. try very hard B. take our time C. are

19、 very unhappy D. feel especially painful 【答案析】A 7．利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)猜詞 …“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highwa

20、y. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.” 63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to ___________ . A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 【答案】D 【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容描述，可以知道panicked 意

21、思是“驚慌”，相當(dāng)于fear。Zx.xk 題組一（2017年高考真題） Passage1(2017·新課標(biāo)卷II，D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants c

22、an get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a

23、plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers

24、. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because the

25、y heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cr

26、y. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles?Darwin,?over?150?years?ago,?imagined?a?world?far?busier,?noisier?and?more?intimate(親密的) ?than?the?world?we?can?see?and?hear.?Our?senses?are?weak.?There’s?a?whole?lot?going?on. 32.?What?does?a?plant?do?w

27、hen?it?is?under?attack? A.?It?makes?noises.????? B.?It?gets?help?from?other?plants. C.?It?stands?quietly???? D.?It?sends?out?certain?chemicals. 33.?What?does?the?author?mean?by?“the?tables?are?turned”?in?paragraph?3? A.?The?attackers?get?attacked. B.?The?insects?gather?under?the?table.

28、 C.?The?plants?get?ready?to?fight?back. D.?The?perfumes?attract?natural?enemies. 34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 3

29、5.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before C. The world is more complex than it seems D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative. Passage2(2017·新課標(biāo)III卷，C) After years of heated debate, gray wolves were rei

30、ntroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, bu

31、t they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk

32、populations — major food sources (來(lái)源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and co

33、mpletely drove away the park’s beavers. As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their

34、 farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. El

35、k, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 28. What is the text mainly about? A. Wildlife rese

36、arch in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean? A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out.

37、 D. Tracked down. 30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s income. C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals. 31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A. Do

38、ubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring. Passage3(2017·天津卷) This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such

39、 cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always c

40、hooses property(財(cái)產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will

41、permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them al

42、l,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “W

43、hen you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehic

44、les you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as

45、a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A place where cars often break down. B. A case where passing a law is impossible. C. An area where no driving is permitted. D. A situation where drivers’ role is not

46、 clear. 47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A. stop people from breaking traffic rules B. help promote fully automatic driving C. protect drivers of all ages and races D. prevent serious property damage 48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?

47、A. It should get the attention of insurance companies. B. It should be the main concern of law makers. C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D. It should involve no human responsibility. 49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________. A. Singapore

48、 B. the UK C. the US D. Germany 50. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed! D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents Passage4(2017·江蘇卷) Before birt

49、h, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may t

50、each their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Femal

51、e Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂ call. To find out if the special quality was more widespre

52、ad in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analys

53、is blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity. It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team

54、set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can t

55、hen be drawn. ＂As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?＂ Kleindorfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.＂ 58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means＂____________＂. A. be the worst B. be the best

56、C. be the as bad D. be just as good 59. What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on? A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals. D. Controlled experiments on wrens and

57、other birds. 60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____________. A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call 題組二（2016年高考真題） Passage1(2016·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷I) I am Peter Hodes , a

58、 volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻(xiàn)者) to the time t

59、hey can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arriv

60、ed at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:“Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, y

61、ou’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box

62、 you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 30.Why?does?Peter?have?to?complete?his?trip?within?4

63、2hours? A.?He?cannot?stay?away?from?his?job?too?long. B.?The?donor?can?only?wait?for?that?long. C.?The?operation?needs?that?much time. D.?The?ice?won’t?last?any?longer. 31. Which?flight?did?the?woman?put?Peter?on?first? A.?To?London. B.?To? Newark. C.?To?Providence.? ? ??? D.?To?Was

64、hington. Passage2(2016·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II) Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said: “Make something out of the Tinkertoys.

65、You have 45 minutes today—and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week.” A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built some

66、thing out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the r