2018-2019學(xué)年高中英語 Unit 22 Environmental Protection Section Ⅳ課時(shí)語法精講 北師大版選修8.doc

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Unit 22 Environmental Protection Section Ⅳ 課時(shí)語法精講 KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG [語法預(yù)備役] 用括號(hào)里動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下面句子 1．Finance ____________(organise) to deal with road noise pollution in all major cities. 答案：has been organised 2．The fund for housing ____________(allocate) by them. 答案：will be allocated 3．One of their most spectacular projects ____________(call) Surrounded Islands. 答案：was called 4．Eleven islands on the coast near Miami ____________ (surround) over six thousand square metres of pink plastic! 答案：were surrounded by 5．The question ____________(discuss) at the meeting now. 答案：is being discussed [語法講座] 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法 被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，常用于下列三種情況： (1)不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或由于某種原因沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 (2)需要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。 (3)由于某種理由(如為了禮貌、婉轉(zhuǎn)或便于組合句法關(guān)系)而需要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 The box is kept in the shade. 盒子被放在陰涼處。 Such exercises are often done by the students in class. 這類練習(xí)常常由學(xué)生在課堂上做。 二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 時(shí)態(tài) 形式 舉例 一般 現(xiàn)在時(shí) is/am/are done New problems are dealt with every day. 每天都有新的問題被處理。 一般 過去時(shí) was/were done These letters were written in 1990. 這些信是1990年寫的。 一般 將來時(shí) will be done Many trees will be planted next year. 明年將種許多樹。 過去 將來時(shí) would be done The plan would be carried out. 計(jì)劃將被執(zhí)行。 現(xiàn)在 進(jìn)行時(shí) is/am/are being done The question is being discussed at present. 問題現(xiàn)在正在討論之中。 過去 進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being done At that time he was being shown how to swim. 那時(shí)他正在被教如何游泳。 現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí) has/have been done Both the towers have already been repaired. 兩個(gè)塔已被修復(fù)完畢。 過去 完成時(shí) had been done He said that some bridges had been washed away. 他說一些橋已被沖走。 三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 1．不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)分為一般式和完成式，即：to be done和to have been done。 不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)(幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生，或是發(fā)生在它之后。不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。 The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting. 今晚要上演的新劇將十分有趣。 The press conference is to be held tomorrow. 新聞發(fā)布會(huì)明天舉行。 The room seems to have been tidied up already. 這個(gè)房間似乎已經(jīng)整理過了。 2．動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) (1)動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 這只松鼠很幸運(yùn)，它恰好逃脫。 (2)動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。 I remembered having been taken to Beijing when I was a child. 我記得我小時(shí)候被帶著去過北京。 3．現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) (1)現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 The school being built is intended for the disabled children. 正在修建的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童準(zhǔn)備的。 I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist. 我突然感到自己被重重地打了一拳。 (2)現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的完成式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前已經(jīng)完成了。 The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于受到嚴(yán)重困擾，這個(gè)人幾乎失去了記憶。 Not having been informed of the news, they didnt attend the meeting. 因?yàn)槲幢桓嬷麄儧]有到會(huì)。 ⊙強(qiáng)化印證1 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．The discovery of new evidence led to the thief ____________ (catch)． 答案：being caught 2．__________________________ (injure) in the accident, he had to be taken to the hospital immediately. 答案：Having been seriously injured 3．The broken window wants ____________ (repair)． 答案：repairing/to be repaired 4．The problem is worthy of ____________ (discuss)． 答案：being discussed 5．The question ____________ (discuss) is of great importance. 答案：being discussed 6．The meeting ____________ (hold) tomorrow afternoon is of great importance. 答案：to be held 7．Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____________ (see) whether they will enjoy it. 答案：to be seen 8．There is a meeting ____________ (attend)． 答案：to attend 9．To go shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rule ____________ (broke)． 答案：never to be broken 10．Little Tom would love ____________ (take) to the theater this evening. 答案：to be taken 四、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1．write, read, sell, wash等動(dòng)詞可用來表示主語內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或性能，與well, badly, easily等評(píng)價(jià)性副詞連用時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 2．feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain等系動(dòng)詞后接表語時(shí)一般用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 The material feels very soft. 這種布料摸起來很軟。 The food tastes delicious. 這種食品嘗起來很美味。 3．need, require, want等動(dòng)詞和be worth后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞雖為主動(dòng)形式，卻表示被動(dòng)意義。 My watch doesnt work; it needs repairing. 我的手表壞了，它需要修理。 This film is really worth seeing. 這部電影的確值得看。 ⊙強(qiáng)化印證2 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．The cloth ____________ (wash) well. 答案：washes 2．The door wont ____________ (shut)． 答案：shut 3．The story ____________ (sound) very interesting. 答案：sounds 4．This coat ____________(dry) easily. 答案：dries [考點(diǎn)研討] 1．There are still many problems ____________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 答案研討：to be solved　句意：在我們在月球上長久居住之前，仍有許多問題要解決。problems與solve是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，solve又是將要發(fā)生的事，故應(yīng)用to be solved。做非謂語動(dòng)詞題型時(shí)，既要分析判斷出非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系，還要分析判斷非謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間。 2. We wont start the work until all the preparations ____________ (make)． 答案研討：have been made　句意：直到一切準(zhǔn)備就緒時(shí)，我們才開始干活。在時(shí)間狀語從句中，實(shí)行“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，故從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，preparations與make構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 3. The lecture ____________ (give)，a lively questionandanswer session followed. 答案研討：having been given　句意：演講完成后，接下來是現(xiàn)場問答會(huì)。give這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在follow之前，而the lecture與give構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。 4. We are confident that the environment ____________ (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution. 答案研討：will be improved　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)we are confident 和by our further efforts可知，環(huán)境得到改善應(yīng)該是將來的事情，故用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 5.—So what is the procedure? —All the applicants ____________ (interview) before a final decision is made by the authority. 答案研討：are interviewed　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：——那么程序是什么樣？——所有申請人都被面試后，官方才做最終抉擇。申請人通過面試為客觀事實(shí)情況而不是具體一次性行為，且為被動(dòng)。 [達(dá)標(biāo)演練] Ⅰ.完成句子 1．The press conference is ____________ (hold) tomorrow. 新聞發(fā)布會(huì)將于明天舉行。 答案：to be held 2．The question ____________ (discuss) at present. 這個(gè)問題目前正在討論。 答案：is being discussed 3．He said that some houses ____________ (burn) down in the big fire. 他說一些房子在這場大火中燒毀。 答案：had been burnt 4．The room seems ____________ (clean) already. 這個(gè)房間似乎已經(jīng)打掃了。 答案：to have been cleaned 5．Her new album ____________ (sell) well and she rises to fame overnight. 她的新唱片很暢銷，使她一夜成名。 答案：sells 6．The little trees require ____________ (water) every day. 這些小樹需要每天澆。 答案：watering/to be watered 7．The picturebook is well worth ____________ (read)． ＝The picturebook is very worthy ____________ (read)． 這本圖畫書非常值得一讀。 答案：reading; to be read/ of being read 8．This problem is difficult ____________ (work out)． 這個(gè)問題難以算出。 答案：to work out 9．The next week we will go to America. If so, our pet dog will ____________ (take care of) by grandma. 下周我們要去美國。如果那樣的話，我們的寵物狗要由奶奶照顧了。 答案：be taken care of 10．The teacher made me go out of the lecture hall. That is to say, I was made ____________ (go) out of the lecture hall. 老師讓我到演講大廳外，也就是說，我被趕出了演講大廳。 答案：to go Ⅱ.單句語法填空(不多于3個(gè)單詞) 1． Shakespeares play Hamlet ____________ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years. 答案：has been made　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：在過去的幾年里，莎士比亞的戲劇《哈姆雷特》被制作成至少10部不同的影片?！皁ver the past ＋時(shí)間段”通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，且句子主語與make之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 2．The lecture _______ (give), a lively questionandanswer session followed. 答案：having been given句意：演講之后，緊跟著一個(gè)生動(dòng)的問答環(huán)節(jié)。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。the lecture是give的邏輯主語，兩者間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞followed之前，故應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式，the lecture having been given是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作時(shí)間狀語。 3． Unless some extra money________(find), the theatre will close. 答案：is found句意：除非找到一些額外資金，否則這家劇院就得關(guān)門。由主句中的will可知unless引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表將來，且money和find之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案為is found。 4． Most highways are lined with billboards, which are intended to ____________ (read) by passing drivers. 答案：to be read　考查不定式的被動(dòng)形式。句意：大部分公路兩旁都有廣告牌，這些廣告牌是為了讓來往的司機(jī)看的。be intended to do sth.“是用來做……的”，再依據(jù)后面的“by passing drivers”可知，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式。 5． The stones each ____________ (weigh) as much as two tons. 答案：weigh　考查主謂一致和語態(tài)。句意：這些石頭每個(gè)重達(dá)兩噸。本句的主語The stones是復(fù)數(shù)形式，故謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；且weigh“重量是……”，無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故空處填weigh。 6．Hundreds of jobs ____________ (lose) if the factory closes. 答案：will be lost　jobs與lose是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用將來時(shí)。句意：如果這家工廠關(guān)閉，人們將失去幾百份工作。 7．____________ roses ____________ (smell) sweet? 答案：Do; smell　smell/taste/look/sound/feel是系動(dòng)詞，無被動(dòng)，無進(jìn)行時(shí)。句意：玫瑰花聞起來很香嗎？ 8．Our teacher keeps telling us that the future ____________ (belong) to the welleducated. 答案：belongs　考查belong的用法。句意：我們的老師一直告誡我們說未來屬于受過良好教育的人。belong to “屬于”，此詞組在使用時(shí)要注意，不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 9． There are still many problems ________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 答案：to be solved句意：在我們準(zhǔn)備好在月球上長久停留之前，仍然還有許多問題有待解決。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語。根據(jù)句意可知“這些問題還未解決”，to be solved既表被動(dòng)又表示將來，故答案為to be solved。 10．His puter, which cost him a sum of money several weeks ago, is out of order and wants ____________ (repair), though it looks very new. 答案：repairing/to be repaired　考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。句意：他幾個(gè)星期前花了一大筆錢買的電腦，盡管看起來很新，但是發(fā)生了故障，需要修理。want doing sth.“需要做某事”，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，也可用to be done結(jié)構(gòu)。