高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句課件
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1、 高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí):定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句課件定語(yǔ)從句一、定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的區(qū)別請(qǐng)觀察下面三個(gè)句子:1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappointed his mother.2Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother.3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother. 第一句話:
2、句中有逗號(hào),根據(jù)句意可知,空白處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該指的是前面整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容,是對(duì)前文信息的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,因此,此句是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用關(guān)系代詞which; 第二句話:句中有并列連詞and,因此整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)并列句,所以可以用代詞it指代前面句子的內(nèi)容。 第三句話:句中有分號(hào),這表明整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)并列句,因此可以用代詞it指代前面句子的內(nèi)容。 技巧 判斷是定語(yǔ)從句還是并列句,要注意句中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和句中的連接詞。如果句與句之間有連詞或者分號(hào),則是并列句;如果是逗號(hào),且逗號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面某一名詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,則是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系詞。二、“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的選擇“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引
3、導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的選擇是一個(gè)常考點(diǎn),也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)看下面三個(gè)句子,填上合適的介詞,并從中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些規(guī)律。 1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ which he went on to Cambridge. 2This is the farm _ which he worked two years ago. 3In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help. 第一句話:根據(jù)句意可知,他在一所當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z(yǔ)法學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)之后去了Cambrid
4、ge,故介詞用after。此句中介詞的使用與句子的意義有關(guān)。 第二句話:把從句補(bǔ)充完整為he worked two years ago on the farm (“在農(nóng)場(chǎng)”為“on the farm”),句中介詞的選用取決于先行詞的意義,即介詞跟先行詞的搭配。 第三句話:在黑暗的街道上,沒(méi)有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”這個(gè)短語(yǔ)是“turn to sb. for help”,因此此處用介詞to。此句中介詞的選用取決于從句中的動(dòng)詞固定搭配。 因此,考生在確定其中的介詞時(shí),可從以下三方面入手: 1句子的意思;2.先行詞的意義;3.從句中的動(dòng)詞固定搭配。 技巧 考生不妨采用還原法,把從句補(bǔ)充完整
5、,建立與主句的聯(lián)系,以便判斷這個(gè)介詞與句中其他部分的關(guān)系。 鏈接 注意way(方式)后接定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞。 先行詞是way,當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用關(guān)系詞in which, that或者省略;當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用that/which引導(dǎo)(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞也可以省略)。比較: The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple. (把從句補(bǔ)充完整:he explained the way to us,可以看出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作explained的賓語(yǔ))The way(that/in which) he explaine
6、d the sentence was simple.(把從句補(bǔ)充完整:he explained the sentence in the way,可以看出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ))三、引導(dǎo)詞as, which的區(qū)別1引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí)的區(qū)別:(1)表達(dá)“正如”之意時(shí),用as,如果僅指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容而沒(méi)有“正如”之意,則用which。 He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國(guó)了,這讓大家感到很意外。 She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be. 她是一個(gè)很出色的醫(yī)生,和她母親當(dāng)年一樣。 (
7、2)當(dāng)從句位于主句前面時(shí),只用as。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 2限制性定語(yǔ)從句中有such, the same時(shí),其后常用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(the same后也可用that,但意義不一樣)。 He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. This is the same pen as I lost. 3as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容,而which既可以指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容,又可以指代先行詞。
8、 The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as) 4as常與從句中的know, see, hear, expect等動(dòng)詞連用,也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。 He was absent from school, as is often the case. 他缺課了,這是常事。鏈接分隔定語(yǔ)從句一般情況下,定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,可是有的時(shí)候,先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入了另外一些內(nèi)容,這樣就把先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句分隔開(kāi)
9、了,這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句叫分隔定語(yǔ)從句。這類(lèi)句子應(yīng)特別注意:不要誤把插入部分當(dāng)先行詞。I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行詞是person而不是office)典例 (天津卷,10) The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.AwhenBthatCwhere Dwhich解析:A。本題考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。從句主體結(jié)構(gòu)完整,故排除B、D兩項(xiàng);where指地點(diǎn),與句意不符;故A項(xiàng)正確,引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the days。句意
10、:完全靠體力勞動(dòng)謀生的日子已一去不復(fù)返了。四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞是定語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。要確定引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分(如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ),則用why, when或where,否則用that或which),考生可以采用“補(bǔ)全法”,即依據(jù)句意把從句補(bǔ)充完整(補(bǔ)上去的部分在從句中所作的成分就是引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分),這樣就可以很容易地判斷出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作的成分。 1Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? 分析:把從句
11、補(bǔ)充完整為“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”,考生據(jù)此可以判斷出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ),因此填關(guān)系代詞that/which。 2In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. 分析:把從句補(bǔ)充完整為“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”,考生據(jù)此可以判斷出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),因此填關(guān)系代詞that/which。 3Some preschool
12、children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs. 分析:把從句補(bǔ)充完整為“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”,據(jù)此可以判斷出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),因此用where/in(at) which。 技巧 遇到時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),判斷成分是關(guān)鍵;主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)用關(guān)代,狀語(yǔ)才能用關(guān)副。(關(guān)代:關(guān)系代詞;關(guān)副:關(guān)系副詞) 精析 在考查定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),有時(shí)命題人故意在空格處設(shè)置一些插入語(yǔ)等干擾信息迷惑考生。解題時(shí),考生可以將其忽略,從而排除
13、干擾。 Is that the small town you often refer to? Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. 分析:空白處應(yīng)填where。此題很容易受you know的影響而誤填關(guān)系代詞。其實(shí)you know是插入語(yǔ),解題時(shí)可以將其忽略,簡(jiǎn)化句子結(jié)構(gòu):just the one _ I used to work for years,這樣考生就很容易判斷出引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故用關(guān)系副詞where。 探究 表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的先行詞的模糊化。研究高考試題后,考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)近幾年高考試題中表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的
14、先行詞有些已經(jīng)不是一個(gè)明顯的表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ),如:period, ten years ago, the street, the museum,而是已經(jīng)模糊化的詞語(yǔ),如:activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解題時(shí)考生要弄清這些詞匯在句中的意義,并結(jié)合其在從句中所作的成分選用恰當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)詞。 警示 point, situation, case后的定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞并非總是由where來(lái)引導(dǎo),只有當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),才用關(guān)系副詞where,否則用關(guān)系代詞。狀語(yǔ)從句一、連詞when, while, as的用法區(qū)別1下列情況下只能用when(1)作
15、并列連詞,意思是“在這時(shí)”(at this time),常用于下列句型:be doing.when.某事正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)發(fā)生了另外一件事We were walking along the river when I heard a cry of help.be about to do.when.即將做某事,這時(shí)發(fā)生了另外一件事 I was just about to leave when I saw him running towards me with a bag in his hand. had(not)過(guò)去分詞.when.某事剛發(fā)生,就發(fā)生了另外一件事;某件事情還沒(méi)有持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,就發(fā)生了另
16、外一件事 We had just sat down when someone knocked at the door. We hadnt been asleep for long when we heard a terrible noise. (2)表示“既然”。 How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me? (3)表示“雖然”,位于句中。 He walks when he could take a taxi. 2下列情況下只能用while (1)表示對(duì)比或比較,意為“然而,可是”。 He likes dancin
17、g while his brother likes singing. (2)表示“盡管”,用于句首。 While she is a top student, she has some shortcomings. 3表示發(fā)展、變化的情況時(shí),只能用as As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.拓展when, while, as的用法共同點(diǎn)在說(shuō)明事情發(fā)生的背景時(shí),when, while, as都可以使用。He broke his leg when/while/ as he was playing footba
18、ll.拓展表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”,可以使用when,也可以使用while。when從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的,也可以是非延續(xù)性的,而while從句中的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。請(qǐng)比較:1It was nine oclock when I got home.(非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)2He was reading a newspaper while he was waiting for a bus.(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)二、“Itbe時(shí)間從句”中連詞的選擇“Itbe時(shí)間從句”句型是高考考查的熱點(diǎn),其中連詞的選擇是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。突破這個(gè)難點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵是要把握好句意,根據(jù)句意的需要選擇合適的連詞: 1表示“再過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間某事才會(huì)發(fā)生”,
19、用“It will be時(shí)間段before從句”。 It will be three weeks before we have the next exam. 再過(guò)三個(gè)星期我們才會(huì)進(jìn)行下次考試。 2表示“自從以來(lái)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”用“It be時(shí)間段since從句”,be動(dòng)詞如果用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),則從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),如果be動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),則從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 It is three years since he joined the army. He said it was three years since he had joined the army. 3It be時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)that其他,構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)
20、句型,意思是“就是在某一時(shí)間發(fā)生了某事”。 It was at six oclock that we got home. 4It be時(shí)間點(diǎn)when從句,表示“某事發(fā)生在什么時(shí)間”,it指代時(shí)間。 It was six oclock when we got home.技巧區(qū)分“It be時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)that其他”(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)和“It be時(shí)間點(diǎn)when從句”妙招:采用還原法,將it be和that去掉,如果能夠還原成一個(gè)完整的句子,就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。三、幾種讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的用法區(qū)別1though, although, as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別although引導(dǎo)正常語(yǔ)序的讓步狀語(yǔ)
21、從句;though既可以引導(dǎo)正常語(yǔ)序的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)倒裝語(yǔ)序的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;as引導(dǎo)倒裝語(yǔ)序的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。Although/ though he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),要把作表語(yǔ)的形容詞、名詞,作狀語(yǔ)的副詞或謂語(yǔ)的一部分提到句首,如果是單數(shù)名詞作表語(yǔ),把它提到句首時(shí),其前不用冠詞。分為以下幾類(lèi): (1)“名詞as主語(yǔ)其他”構(gòu)成讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,單數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞。 Scientist as he is, he is still as mod
22、est as before, which always moves all the people who know him.(不能用although, scientist前不用冠詞) (2)“動(dòng)詞as主語(yǔ)其他”構(gòu)成讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 Struggle as he might, he was not able to get out.(不能用although) (3)形容詞as主語(yǔ)其他。 Crazy though/as his ideas may sound, some people think there is something in them.(不能用although) (4)副詞as主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)。
23、 Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John.(不能用although)2表示“不管還是”用whether.or.來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。Whether you like the job or not, you have to do it right now.拓展其他形式的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句讓步狀語(yǔ)從句還可以由下列的詞來(lái)引導(dǎo):no matter how/what/who/when/where.這幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意思是“不論怎樣(什么,誰(shuí),什么時(shí)候,什么地方)”,相當(dāng)于however, whatever, w
24、hoever, whenever, wherever.。 no matter how形容詞或副詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)however形容詞或副詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ),表示“無(wú)論”。 We will solve the problem, no matter how hard it is.We will solve the problem, however hard it is. 點(diǎn)撥 用although, though,還是as,關(guān)鍵是要看句子結(jié)構(gòu):是正常語(yǔ)序還是倒裝語(yǔ)序。典例(新課標(biāo)卷,22)Try _ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open.Aif BwhenCsince D
25、as解析:D本題考查連詞的用法。句意:盡管蘇嘗試了,但她還是打不開(kāi)門(mén)。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本題考查as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:動(dòng)詞/名詞/形容詞/副詞as主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ),故D項(xiàng)正確。 【2012浙江卷】17.Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. whichB. who C. whereD. whom 【考點(diǎn)】定語(yǔ)從句 【答案】B 【解析】who引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中做主語(yǔ),修飾先行詞Ellen(人名)。W
26、hich修行先行詞是物的定語(yǔ)從句;whom修飾先行詞為人,且在從句中做賓語(yǔ);where修飾先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞,且在從句中地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),均不符合語(yǔ)境,故排除。 【難度】中等 【2012四川卷】13. In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses. A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them 答案與解析】 C 本題考查定語(yǔ)從句。前后兩句話之間無(wú)連詞,故不能用人稱(chēng)代詞them而應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;在46個(gè)學(xué)生當(dāng)中,表所屬,應(yīng)用of。故答案選C。 【2012全國(guó)II】8. That e
27、vening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. A. that B. which C. what D. when 【答案】B【解析】這里that evening是先行詞,其在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞about的賓語(yǔ),所以用which。句意:以后我將和你談起的那個(gè)晚上,我工作到了很晚?!究键c(diǎn)定位】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。 【2012重慶卷】30.Coach, can I continue with the training? Sorry, you cant _you havent recovered
28、 from the knee injury. A. until B. before C. to consider D. unless 【考點(diǎn)】狀語(yǔ)從句 【答案】 C 【解析】短語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境表示“抱歉,你不能繼續(xù)訓(xùn)練因?yàn)槟阆ドw受的傷還沒(méi)有恢復(fù)?!庇纱丝芍?,空白處后面為原因狀語(yǔ)從句,C選項(xiàng)符合題意。因此,正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。 【難度】一般 【2012福建卷】30. It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties_ gets more financial support from the European Union. A. if B. unlessC. because D. since 【考點(diǎn)】考查從句的連詞 【答案】B 【解析】根據(jù)句意可知“除非有來(lái)自歐洲聯(lián)盟的更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持,否則希臘政府很難克服目前的困難”,只能選擇unless“除非”才能使句意完整??疾闋钫Z(yǔ)從句的連詞題事實(shí)上非常簡(jiǎn)單,只要找到句中的關(guān)鍵詞,然后從句意上去排除就行了,本題關(guān)鍵詞是hard和more financial support。 【難度】中等
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