湖南省高考英語 考點(diǎn)9 定語從句

Part2 考點(diǎn)9Part2 語法專題語法專題考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)9 定語從句定語從句 對定語從句的考查在湖南高考中主要出現(xiàn)在單項填空部分。1.主要考查的知識點(diǎn)：(1)關(guān)系詞的選用(2)關(guān)系詞前加介詞等的用法(3)定語從句的時態(tài)(4)非限制性定語從句的用法復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：(1)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法區(qū)別。(2)掌握只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情形。(3)掌握介詞加關(guān)系代詞的用法。(4)掌握as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法。2.如何應(yīng)對定語從句的考查 解題時，首先要確定先行詞，根據(jù)先行詞在從句中所作的句子成分來判斷該用關(guān)系代詞還是副詞，并且確定具體用哪個關(guān)系詞。如果從句中謂語動詞為不及物動詞，應(yīng)考慮關(guān)系代詞前該不該加介詞。 (2010湖南)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：首先確定先行詞，根據(jù)空格后的從句I met in the English speech contest last year缺少met的賓語，該賓語應(yīng)當(dāng)為sb.，故可判斷先行詞不是從句最靠近的my school，而是被in my school所隔開的the students。故此，關(guān)系代詞該用who/whom或者省略。四個選項中，只有A選項正確。1.定義：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有三個作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句；代替先行詞；在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個成分。如： Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. 分析：that I have read是定語從句；novel是先行詞；that 是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞novel，在從句中作have read的賓語。關(guān)系詞指代人或物定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞株P(guān)系代詞that人或物主語、賓語、表語which 物或主句內(nèi)容主語、賓語或定語who人主語或賓語whom 人賓語whose 人或物定語as人或物或主句內(nèi)容 主語或賓語關(guān)系副詞when時間狀語where 地點(diǎn)狀語why原因狀語4. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號和主句隔開，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語，“的”。 非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college. 他那個現(xiàn)在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵他上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥) His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥，現(xiàn)在是律師，總是鼓勵他上大學(xué)。(他只有一個哥哥)熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思1.關(guān)系代詞的使用定義關(guān)系代詞的使用定義(1)She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday. (2)I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(3)Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellersthat makes the author a billionaire.熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(4)Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(5)To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 20 years ago, now has become true.(6)All that can be done has been done.(7)This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(8)The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(9)Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(10)Who is the man that is standing there?(11)They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.(12) Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.(13)The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(14)We depend on the land from which we get our food.(15)Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(16)The classroom whose door/ the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor. (17)As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. (18)This house is not such as I expect.(such為代詞，作先行詞； as在從句中作賓語)(19)As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.(20)This is the book (which / that) I am looking for. 熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(21) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.(22) I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.I dont have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.(23) Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union. 歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：關(guān)系代詞若在限制性定語從句中作賓語并且前面無介詞時，關(guān)系代詞可省略，其他情況不可省，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：定語從句中的主謂一致問題(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致，如：(2)。(2) one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 關(guān)系代詞 復(fù)數(shù)動詞；而the only one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 關(guān)系代詞 單數(shù)動詞，如：(3)。(3)非限制性定語從句中，由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個主句時，從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，如：(4)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(4)關(guān)系代詞和謂語動詞之間有插入語時，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代，如：(5)。規(guī)則規(guī)則3：指物時，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：(1)當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時，如：(6)。(2)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時，如：(7)。(3)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時，如：(8)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(4)先行詞既有人又有物時，如：(9)。(5)當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時，為避免重復(fù)要用that，如：(10)。(6)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個則用that，如：(11)。(7)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時，只用that，如：(12)。規(guī)則規(guī)則4：指物時，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用 which的情況：(1)在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，如：(13)。(2)介詞后，如：(14)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(3)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個宜用which。規(guī)則規(guī)則5：指人時，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時，如：(15)。 (2)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個宜用who。規(guī)則規(guī)則6：whose可以指代人或物，在定語從句中作定語， 后跟名詞。指物時，whose名詞名詞 of which of which 名詞，如：(16)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則7：關(guān)系代詞as和which 在非限制性定語從句中，as和which可代替整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。二者的區(qū)別主要在于：(1) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時還可以插入句中，常帶有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這”，如：(17)。(2) 主句中出現(xiàn)the same, as, such, so修飾先行詞，需選擇as做關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語，如：(18)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)【注意】當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時，有時也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的意思不同：that表示同一個，as表示同一類。(3)在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out/said/reported/announced, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see等，如：(19)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則8：“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，指物時用which。(1) 某些帶有介詞的動詞短語，介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短語動詞中，由于動詞和介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等，如：(20)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(2)“介詞關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞，有時數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞關(guān)系代詞”之后，如：(21)。(3)介詞which / whomto do結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為：介詞which / whom定語從句，如：(22)。(4)在非限制性定語從句中，which可作定語，指先行詞(短語或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介詞which 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于and in/at/during this/that名詞，如：(23)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思2. 關(guān)系副詞的使用關(guān)系副詞的使用(1) I still remember the day when / on which I first came to the school.(2) The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(3) I dont know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.(4) The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising. (5) China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 規(guī)則規(guī)則1：when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語；when表示時間的介詞(in / at / on / during)which，如：(1)。 規(guī)則規(guī)則2：where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in / at / on / under)which，如：(2)。規(guī)則規(guī)則3：why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語， why表示原因的介詞(for)which，如：(3)。規(guī)則規(guī)則4：以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷裕纾?4)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)【注意】 The way (which / that) he explained to us was quite simple.(which / that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語成分) 規(guī)則規(guī)則5：有時為了表達(dá)更清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等，如：(5)。【注意】 一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語、賓語和表語時，用關(guān)系代詞 t h a t / w h i c h ； 作 狀 語 時 ， 用 關(guān) 系 副 詞where/when或“介詞which”。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié) There is one point (that/which) we must insist on. 有一個觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅持。(定語從句可還原為：we must insist on the point, 所以先行詞point在定語從句中作賓語，故用that/which或省略。) Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來對話。 (定語從句可還原為：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語從句中作狀語，所以關(guān)系詞用where/at which。)歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思3. 關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞的選擇關(guān)系副詞的選擇 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空(1) I will remember the days that we spent together. (2) June 7 is the day when we begin to take the college entrance examination. (3) This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday. (4) This is the place where he worked for ten years. 歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：用還原法：將先行詞放入定語從句中，找到它的原有位置，判斷它作什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：一般說來，作主語、賓語或表語時，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語時，用關(guān)系副詞或介詞which；作定語時，用whose。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思4. 定語從句和其他句型之間的區(qū)別定語從句和其他句型之間的區(qū)別用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空(1) He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (2) He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (3) He said nothing that made me angry. (4) He said nothing, which made me angry.(5) He said nothing, and that made me angry.(6) As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. (7) News came that our class had won the game. 熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(8)What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth. (9)I dont know the reason how he has worked out the problem. (10)When you read the book, youd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions. (11)When you read the book, youd better make a mark where you have any questions. (12)It was a small village (that/which) we know from my father. (13)It was in this small village that we got to know each other. 歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：區(qū)別suchas / soas引導(dǎo)的定語從句和such/sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句 如果從句缺少主語或賓語就是定語從句，連接詞用as，如：(2)；如果從句的結(jié)構(gòu)完整，就是結(jié)果狀語從句，連接詞用that，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：區(qū)別非限制性定語從句與并列句 定語從句與主句之間用關(guān)系詞連接，如：(4)；并列句之間用并列連詞，如：(5)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則3：定語從句與名詞性從句定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語，如：(6)；而名詞性從句中的連詞that在從句中不作任何成分，如：(7)；疑問代詞what及疑問副詞how可連接名詞性從句，但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，如：(8)、(9)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則4：定語從句與地點(diǎn)狀語從句 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其前面必須有時間、地點(diǎn)、原因等先行詞，如：(10)；而疑問副詞連接狀語從句時，其前面沒有，如：(11)。規(guī)則規(guī)則5：定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句、狀語從句 that在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語，如：(12)；而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中不作任何成分，但不能省，如：(13)；在結(jié)果狀語從句中that也只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。