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高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)講義——?jiǎng)釉~不定式
一.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1. 不定式作補(bǔ)語
1) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive驅(qū)使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
2、
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠!?
The officer ordered his men to fire. 長(zhǎng)官命令士兵開火。注意:有些動(dòng)詞如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ),也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng),也表達(dá)正在實(shí)行,過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) 有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be,不定式一般能夠省去。例如:
consider
find
believe
think
declare
appoint
guess
fancy(
3、設(shè)想)
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如:
We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.
A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:C. 一般沒有consider+賓語+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),也沒
4、有consider+賓語+doing的結(jié)構(gòu),排除A、B、D。consider用動(dòng)詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),一般要求用不定式的完成式,故選C。
3) 有些動(dòng)詞能夠跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
believe
expect
intend
like
love
prefer
want
wish
understand
mean
例如:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war
5、. 你不至于想讓另外一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生吧。
2. 不定式作主語
不定式作主語,往往用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車的時(shí)候,鎖車是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us.他協(xié)助我們,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anythi
6、ng.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。
但是,用不定式作主語的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí),不能用It is… to…的句型。另外,這樣的句子,不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語。
3. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
這樣的句子中,因?yàn)楸碚Z形容詞性質(zhì)的不同,導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study
7、 two languages. 對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。
2)of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格,品德,心智水平,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來協(xié)助我,你真是太好了。
用for還是用of 的另一種辨別方法:
用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語作句子的主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of,不通則用for。例如:
You are nice.(通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (非
8、所表達(dá)的意思,不通,因此用for。)
4. 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。
5. 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do.我有許多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。
6. 不
9、定式作狀語
1)目的狀語
常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語,可以表示沒有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。
He s
10、earched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間,沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 見到你很高興。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和條件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.用作介詞的to
to 可以用作介詞,也可用作不定式的標(biāo)示。下面的to 都用作介詞:
admit to
object to
be accus
11、tomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to開始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
8. 省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后,感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不
12、能省去to。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看見他跳舞。
He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。
They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。
比較:He
13、wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),可以省去to be。例如:
He is supposed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
9.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如:
Tell him not to shu
14、t the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候,她假裝沒看見。
10.不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to太…以至于…。例如:
He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了,說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。這箱子
15、太重,恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝。
2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定,too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。例如:
It's never too late to mend.改過不嫌晚。(諺語)
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí),意思是:非常… 等于very。例如:
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能幫助你我非常高興。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
11. 不定式的特殊句型so as to
16、1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如:
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。
2)表示結(jié)果。例如:
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
12. 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議,翻譯為:
17、"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"。例如:
Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?
13.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
1) 一般式表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后,例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。
2) 完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如:
I'm sorry to have giv
18、en you so much trouble. 很抱歉,給你添了那么多的麻煩。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。
3) 進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如:
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么東西。
4) 完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作從過去開始并延續(xù)至說話的時(shí)候。例如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問題有好幾年了。
14. 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
2)有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語,意義基本相同。
3)有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語,意義大相徑庭。常見的,下一節(jié)有專門